Lombok Earthquake Research Articles

Preliminary Assessment of Liquefaction Vulnerability using Microtremor Analysis in North Lombok

Abstract One of the disasters associated with the Mw 6.9 Lombok earthquake on August 5, 2018 was liquefaction. The liquefaction took the form of sand boil and lateral spreading, causing damage to buildings, docks, and wells in the North Lombok region. Therefore, liquefaction vulnerability assessment in this region is necessary to prevent future damage. This study presents an assessment of the liquefaction vulnerability in North Lombok using microtremor analysis. Single-station microtremor measurements were conducted at 37 sites, including around the liquefaction sites caused by the 2018 event. The soil susceptibility index (Kg ) was estimated from these recordings using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) and compared with geological conditions and liquefaction history. A comparison of the spatial distribution between Kg values and liquefaction sites shows that almost all liquefaction events occur at Kg values greater than 6. Our results also show that liquefaction events occur mostly in coastal areas, illustrating a strong influence of groundwater level on liquefaction potential. This research finds that microtremor analysis combined with groundwater level information can adequately illustrate the liquefaction potential of an area. Therefore, this study can also identify highly liquefiable zones in North Lombok.

Strategic approaches in disaster management: Analyzing the roles of public health professionals from emergency response to post-disaster recovery

Disaster management presents a global challenge requiring the coordinated efforts of various sectors, especially public health professionals. The COVID-19 pandemic, declared by WHO in March 2020, marked a paradigm shift in disaster management and public health responses. This study examines the role of public health professionals during different disaster management phases, with a focus on Indonesia and global examples. Findings from Siti Marlina et al. (2022) and O. Olu (2017) highlight the critical role of community health centers and resilient health systems. The research also explores the Lombok earthquake response (Xu et al., 2018; Skinner, 2018; Kunugita et al., 2018; Brun & Pakenham-Walsh, 2018) and the broader implications of disaster management trends in Spain (Arcos González et al., 2023) and nuclear event concerns (Dallas, 2022). The study underscores the importance of mental health support (Peppou et al., 2021; Raesi et al., 2020) and offers recommendations for improving disaster management, including enhancing training, integrating public health into planning, and leveraging technology.

The Transformation and Economic Performance of North Lombok Regency After the 2018 Lombok Earthquake and Covid-19 Pandemic

The Transformation and Economic Performance of North Lombok Regency After the 2018 Lombok Earthquake and Covid-19 Pandemic

The Efforts of Lombok Regency Government to Recovery After the 2018 Lombok Earthquake Disaster

The Efforts of Lombok Regency Government to Recovery After the 2018 Lombok Earthquake Disaster

Determinants of business recovery: The role of government support as moderator (a study on tourism SMEs affected by Lombok earthquake, Indonesia)

BACKGROUND: Natural disasters such as earthquakes have imposed particular problems on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), including on their journey to recovery. Business recovery is a term that has numerous theoretical and practical applications and is frequently regarded as the most elusive stage of a disaster cycle. Hence, it necessitates an exploration. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the determinants of business recovery in the aftermath of a disaster. A framework synthesized from the literature review and hypotheses developed demonstrate factors that drive business recovery. METHODS: This study used an explanatory approach that laid quantitative foundations. The study also tested relevant hypotheses with a statistical approach using the PLS-SEM technique. An off-line survey was conducted using data collected from 272 SMEs in tourism affected by the 2018 Lombok earthquake in Indonesia. The data were analyzed with SmartPLS to test the effects of knowledge management, mitigation strategy, business adaptability, business recovery, and government support. RESULTS: The results indicate that knowledge management, mitigation strategy and business adaptability are determinants of business recovery. However, government support has no influence in leveraging those three determinants of business recovery. This finding may indicate that SMEs that possess a strong level of knowledge management with the ability to formulate a mitigating strategy as well as adapt to certain changes are more likely to succeed in recovering their businesses. In addition, whether or not government support is viable, independently managed SMEs are more likely to progressively perform and be less dependent on aid from other entities on their road to recovery. CONCLUSIONS: KM and mitigation strategy function as determinants of business adaptability subsequent to SMEs’ recovery. On the basis of the resource-based view (RBV), mitigation strategy and business adaptability are influential resources that can leverage firms’ potential for in the quest of competitive advantage and facing environmental turbulence. Nonetheless, government support remains a challenge in the survival of SMEs to cope with the negative impact caused by disaster. Thus, government should strengthen the awareness towards such issue as well as providing much more holistic support in the future particularly to educate SMEs on the importance of mitigation strategy in prior to a disaster.

Spatiotemporal postseismic due to the 2018 Lombok earthquake based on insar revealed multi mechanisms with long duration afterslip

Abstract The Lombok earthquake in August 2018 triggered a sequential rupture with doublet earthquake up to Mw 6.9. This tectonic activity occurred near the main earthquake due to the decay of residual energy from one event to another. This activity is suspected to be a post-seismic deformation process such as afterslip and viscoelastic. In this paper, we conducted a study to determine the deformation pattern. Each of these processes can be investigated by extracting InSAR observational data. Time series from Sentinel-1 SAR is processed using LiCSBAS as data observation and then compare with the model based on exponential and logarithmic functions. The results of combined logarithmic and exponential fitting suggest the Lombok multi-event earthquakes were influenced by seismic activity from dual-releasing residual energy comprises of afterslip and viscoelastic as a dual mechanism with long duration rather than single mechanism.

Determination of 1-D Seismic Velocity Model in Lombok Island

The interpretation of local geology structure can be done effectively by using an appropriate local seismic velocity model. It is suitable to implement in Lombok Island that the local fault activity near Mount Rinjani caused the 2019 East Lombok Earthquake. This study determines and updates the 1-D seismic velocity model using the VELEST by applying the Coupled Hypocenter-Velocity method. The 2010-2022 earthquake data from the catalog of BMKG is used for this study. A total of about 166 events (M ≥ 4) and 20 seismic stations in Lombok and surrounding areas are utilized in this study. The local model (Koulakov) and global (AK-135) are selected as the initial model. The double-difference method is also used to test both velocity models refining the hypocenter location. The results show that the updated Koulakov model has a high relevance in representing the crustal structure of Lombok Island according to the parameters of RMS value, uncertainties hypocenter, and seismic interpretation. It demonstrates not only the local geology condition but also a more reliable seismic velocity model in the region of Lombok Island. This model can be used as a reference for interpreting the better geological structure.

TRANSFORMATION OF FAMILY SHAPE POST EARTHQUAKE AL-FARUQI'S 'AILAH LAMYA' THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Changes to a small family continued until the earthquake in Lombok occurred. The Lombok earthquake that occurred in the East Lombok and North Lombok regions had a huge impact. The impact is also felt by all people of Lombok. One of them is the Banjar village community. This study aims to reveal What are the factors that have caused a change in the shape of the family after the earthquake in Kampung Banjar Mataram, and What is the perspective of the theory of 'ailah Lamya' al-Faruqi on the factors that caused a change in the form of kinship after the earthquake in the Banjar village of Mataram. This research uses a qualitative approach. Data collection is done by interview and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique starts with checking the validity of the data, presenting the data, analyzing the theory of 'the God of Lamya' al-Faruqi and drawing conclusions.
 The results showed: 1). Existing factors will be divided into 2 sub sections, namely as follows: first, external factors are factors that originate from outside, such as: family environment, the surrounding environment and natural conditions. Based on the results of all the interviews we will find that the Lombok earthquake is an external factor in the form of natural conditions that cause changes in the form of kinship to the people of Kampung Banjar. Second, internal factors are derived from human personality and awareness. This can be known through human awareness of several things that he has forgotten or not maintained, especially in terms of maintaining relationships with extended families. 2). This, if observed with theory, is that this will affect the role later. The existing role influences the form in the family and ends in a better family culture and forms a family culture that is applied in all layers of the banjar village community. The form of a large family formed in the banjar village community is a functional family extended (functionally extended).
 Keywords: Family System, Post-Earthquake, ‘Ailah Lamya’ Al-Faruqi

A Computation to Generate 2D and 3D Vector Displacements Using InSAR Ascending and Descending Source Data (Case Studies: Landslides and Earthquake in Indonesia)

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a radar technique to generate map of surface deformation using phase differences acquired at different times. The InSAR technique measures these phase differences in its line of sight (LOS). Regarding LOS projection to a ground coordinate system, the combination of SAR data from ascending and descending can estimate at least two dimensional fields which are vertical and east-west components and three dimensional fields with either an additional motion model or vector displacements from along-track direction. The purpose of this work is to generate 2D and 3D vector displacements from two different InSAR tracks (e.g. ascending and descending) with a calculation programme both for the mean velocity and time series data named as PS DISP. 2D mode is calculated in which the north-south component is neglected due to insensitive along the flight direction, thus, assuming to be zero (0). On the other hand, 3D mode is calculated with an assumption that the northsouth component moves along the elevation downward. The experimental results were conducted for the Puncak Pass and Puncak Highway landslides and the Lombok earthquake in Indonesia. For the landslide study, the computation generated the movement towards the slope surface in the 3D Cartesian coordinate (dU,dE, and dN (psuedo)) and found both the crown body and cumulative zone of the landslide. For the earthquake study, PS DISP decomposed 2D vectors (dU and dE). The area of earthquake rupture was lifted by 42 cm and other northern Lombok areas by 10 - 25 cm. Regarding the west-eastern motion, it shows that the west of northern Lombok was displaced ±5 cm toward the west direction, while the other side to the east direction. Keywords: InSAR, 2D and 3D displacements, slope aspect, ground motion, landslide, earthquake

Efforts To Increase Community Capacity Through Msme Assistance In Ntb Province Post The 2018 Lombok Earthquake Disaster

The earthquake disaster that hit Lombok on August 5 2018 has caused problems in NTB's economic recovery that have not been resolved. As a province highly dependent on the tourism sector, the impact of sluggish tourism due to the earthquake also impacted the weakening of other economic sectors. To overcome this problem, a strategy for the recovery program for UMKM (micro, small and medium enterprises) and IKM (small and medium industries) is taken which is fair, equitable, and on target. This strategy is considered the most effective in creating synergies with other economic sectors, including tourism. The presence of UMKM and IKM is often closely related to the existence of tourism destinations which are the backbone of the NTB economy. This research aims to provide an overview of the distribution and assist community capacity building through MSMEs in NTB to various parties, in order to facilitate the implementation of MSME and IKM recovery programs to revive the economy.

A quadrant shrinking heuristic for solving the dynamic multi-objective disaster response personnel routing and scheduling problem

In the aftermath of natural disasters there is a need to provide disaster relief services. These services are offered by diverse disaster relief personnel teams that are specialized in the provision of the required services, e.g., teams that set up temporary shelters, teams that are providing medical services. These services are provided during a rolling horizon and the demand and supply characteristics of the disaster relief system evolve dynamically over time. In this paper we are presenting a dynamic variant of the multi-objective disaster relief personnel routing and scheduling (DDRPRS) problem, which considers efficiency, fairness and transportation risk objectives. We introduce a Quadrant Shrinking Method (QSM) based heuristic algorithm to approximate the Pareto Optimal Solutions of the DDRPRS problem under consideration. The proposed algorithm considers the performance of the solutions over the entire planning horizon and their robustness over time in terms of their efficiency, fairness and transportation risk. We apply the proposed heuristic for routing and scheduling personnel involved in evacuation and medical operations using data from the 2018 Lombok Earthquake in Indonesia. Our heuristic implementation covers both the dynamic and static variants of the disaster relief personnel routing and scheduling problem. Computational results show that the proposed heuristic can generate in a short time sufficiently large number of Pareto Optimal Solutions which cover the entire Pareto frontier as indicated by the diverging behaviours of the Pareto Optimal Solutions and the associated hypervolume metrics.

Visualizing 2018 lombok earthquake in Indonesia using crowdsouring data

Along with the development of science and technology, using big data, map makers can take advantage of crowdsourcing social media data on Twitter to obtain user location when uploading tweets, which can be called geolocated tweets. Earthquakes that occur very often in Indonesia often grab people's attention, especially netizens who use social media like Twitter. One of the major earthquakes that occurred in Indonesia in 2018 was the Lombok earthquake, which occurred twice in a row from July to August 2018. Using Twitter data, information and social responses related to the 2018 Lombok earthquake can be obtained, which can be used as evaluation material for public handling and responding. The information is then visualized in various forms, and one of the best visualization methods is selected.This study uses Twint package in Python as a way of obtaining location data from Twitter. The method used to collect Twitter data is a case study on the social impact of the Lombok earthquake in Indonesia in 2018. The data observation method used is a simulation of several types of map visualization and survey methods in selecting the best type of visualization. The method of analysis used is by mapping the data on the number of tweets as the main object using various types of maps, as well as calculating survey results by scoring each group of questions.The results of spatial data extraction from Twitter in this study obtained 2032 tweets that had been selected and cleaned from 11,584 tweets. Map visualization with the theme of the social impact of the Lombok earthquake in 2018 was compiled using five types of visualization, namely choropleth maps, proportional symbol maps, dot maps, hexagonal tessellation maps, and heat maps. Based on the results of the survey on selecting the best visualization, it was found that the choropleth map is the best visualization method according to respondents with a cartography background and respondents who are unfamiliar with cartography because the information displayed is easier to read and understand.

The Small Tourism Enterprise Operators’ Networking in Dealing with the Changing Business Environment

The entrepreneur’s ability to networking is particularly critical when dealing with business turbulence, such as that affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the STE operators manage their networks during the changing business environment affected by earthquake and COVID-19 pandemic in Lombok. Data was collected from twenty-one tourism entrepreneurs through semi-structured observations and interviews, and analyzed using content analysis. The study identifies three categories: parties involved in the network (tourism managers, tourism authorities, transport operators, destination communities, and tourists), linking methods (management network approach) and collaboration objectives (management network objectives). After the earthquake (when business turbulence was still not so intense), STE managers used direct physical contact, social media, and online partners to expand their networks, developing more cooperation (rather than collaboration) to create social exchange benefits. During the COVID-19 pandemic (when business turbulence was more intense), STE managers increased their use of social media to deepen their networks and focused on developing collaborations with a limited number of partners to reap the benefits of economic exchange. This study recommends local government intervention in improving the ability of STE management networks and building online-based networks.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Ban Bekas sebagai Pondasi Tahan Gempa di Desa Jenggala, Kabupaten Lombok Utara

Jenggala Village is one of the villages in North Lombok Regency that was affected by the 2018 Lombok earthquake. Most damage to buildings and houses was caused by noncompliance with earthquake-resistant building standards. As the lower structure, the foundation is essential to distribute the structure's load, preferably given a layer that dampens vibrations. Used tires are an alternative material that can reduce seismic vibrations and be used as an earthquake-resistant house foundation. This community service project aims to raise public awareness about earthquake-resistant houses by using used tires as a foundation to reduce seismic vibrations. The methods used in this service activity are the lecture approach, discussion, question-and-answer sessions, and demonstrations with the foundation model made from used tires. The approach used is a participatory approach that is oriented towards efforts to increase community participation. The preparation stage, the implementation stage, and the evaluation stage are the activity stages. Based on the results of the community service activities, it was shown that the participants understood the training material for making earthquake-resistant foundations from used tires because the material was easy to obtain and very easy to manufacture. Partners have high motivation to participate in training. They are willing to share the training results with other community members so that using used tires as earthquake-resistant house foundations can support the post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction process in all earthquake-affected areas in North Lombok Regency.

Early postseismic deformation of the 2018 Lombok, Indonesia, earthquake sequence constrained by GPS data

Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in Lombok, Indonesia showed postseismic displacement following the 2018 Lombok earthquake sequence which occurred on 28 July 2018 (Mw 6.4), 5 August 2018 (Mw 6.9), 9 August 2018 (Mw 5.9), and the 19 August 2018 (Mw 6.3 and Mw 6.9). This research has investigated the contribution of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation during the one-month period after the mainshock on 19 August 2018. This study utilizes continuous GPS data available from 20 August 2018–19 September 2018. The analysis reveals that the afterslip was distributed at the shallower portion of the fault, complementary to the deeper coseismic slip of the mainshock. Viscoelastic relaxation, involving a gravitational Maxwell viscoelastic response with viscosity of 9.0 × 1017 Pa s, was estimated. This research also found that the depth of elastic upper crust in this region is 50 km. Observations made during the one-month period after the mainshock revealed that afterslip was responsible for most of the ongoing postseismic deformation. Although the viscoelastic relaxation contributed only insignificantly during the one-month period, this research shows that viscoelastic relaxation is expected to increase with time.

Linking knowledge management to tourism business of SMEs in aftermath of disaster: Implications for open innovation

Business recovery in the aftermath of natural disasters has become a crucial issue, particularly for tourism small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study aimed to examine and analyze knowledge management (KM) as an effort to improve business adaptability, mitigation, and business loss in supporting business recovery in the tourism SME sector after the Lombok earthquake. Data collection was carried out using an offline survey involving 272 owners and managers of tourism SMEs that were affected by the Lombok earthquake in the West Lombok and North Lombok regencies, which are tourism destinations in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The collected data were analyzed using SmartPLS. The results show that KM has a significant effect on improving business adaptability, mitigation, and business loss . Moreover, mitigation has a significant effect on improving business adaptability, business loss, and business recovery. Further, business adaptability and business loss have a significant effect on business recovery. However, KM has no significant effect on business recovery. The novelty of this study relates to examining and analyzing the relationship between KM, mitigation, business loss, and business recovery, which has not been widely studied in the SME sector.

The Outcome of Orthopedics Treatment of Lombok Earthquake Victim 2018: A Cohort of One-Year Follow-Up Study-Lesson Learned After Lombok Earthquake.

There was a magnitude 7 on the Richter scale earthquake on Lombok Island in 2018, causing more than 500 deaths. In the event of earthquakes, there is often an imbalance between overcrowding in hospitals and inadequate resources. The initial management of earthquake victims with musculoskeletal injuries is controversial, arguing over whether to utilize debridement, external or internal fixation, or conservative or operative treatment in an acute onset disaster situation. This study aims to determine the outcome of initial management after the 2018 Lombok earthquake, between immediate open-reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and Non-ORIF procedures after one year follow-up. This is a cohort study to evaluate radiological and clinical outcomes one year after orthopedic treatment in the Lombok earthquake 2018. The subjects were recruited from eight public health center and one hospital in Lombok in September 2019. We evaluate radiological outcomes (non/malunion and union) and clinical outcomes (infection and SF-36 score). Based on 73 subjects, the ORIF group has a higher union rate than the non-ORIF group (31.1% vs. 68.9%; p = 0.021). Incidence of infection only appeared in the ORIF group (23.5%). Clinical outcome as measured by SF36 showed the ORIF group had a lower mean of general health (p = 0.042) and health change (p = 0.039) clinical outcomes than the non-ORIF group. The most affected public group is the productive age with significant impact on social-economy. ORIF procedure is a major risk factor of infection in initial treatment after earthquake. Therefore, definitive operation with internal fixation is not recommended in the initial phase of a disaster. Damage Control Orthopedic (DCO) surgery protocol is the treatment of choice in acute disaster setting. The ORIF group had better radiological outcomes than the non-ORIF group. However the ORIF group had higher cases of infection and lower SF-36 than the non-ORIF group. Definitive treatment in acute onset disaster setting should be prevented.

Vulnerability Analysis of Rectorate Building of UIN Mataram against Earthquakes Based on Microtremor Data

Lombok Earthquake in 2018 caused several damages to buildings, including buildings at UIN Mataram. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out mitigation efforts to reduce losses caused by the earthquake. This study aims to analyze the level of vulnerability of the Rectorate Building of UIN Mataram based on microtremor data. Microtremor signal recording was performed using a 3-component Digital Portable Seismograph, type TDL 303S with a Feedback Short Period Seismometer sensor type DS-4A, GPS, and Laptop. The recording time for each measurement point was 40 minutes with a sampling rate of 100 Hz. The natural frequency of the Rectorate Building of UIN Mataram is 4.15 Hz for the N-S component, and 4.05 Hz for the E-W component. The natural frequency of the Rectorate Building is following the SNI (2002) standard. The resonance index value of the Rectorate Building with the surrounding land is in a low category so that the Rectorate Building is classified as safe against earthquakes. The highest building Vulnerability Index is on the 3rd floor of the Rectorate building, especially in the south wing. For disaster mitigation, the 3rd floor can be converted as a room with minimal staff to reduce the possibility of casualties in the event of an earthquake in the future.

A multi-objective rolling horizon personnel routing and scheduling approach for natural disasters

The magnitude of the workload associated with the provision of emergency response services in the aftermath of natural disasters, coupled with limited availability of personnel for providing these services, leads to demand–supply imbalances with detrimental effects on the provision of the required services. In this context, personnel routing and scheduling decisions aim to meet the demand as fast as possible while at the same time they ensure fair provision of services among the impacted areas. Due to their excessive working hours, and their travel over unreliable transportation networks, personnel are prone to burnout effects and are exposed to risks derived from the unreliable condition of the disaster impacted transportation networks. To address these issues, we propose a novel Disaster Response Personnel Routing and Scheduling (DRPRS) model with efficiency, fairness and risk objectives, subject to working and resting related constraints. The proposed model can be applied to routing and scheduling decisions for different types of emergency response services, and takes into account the precedence relations among them. We solve the resulting multi-objective model lexicographically over a rolling horizon sequentially on a daily basis until the demand for all types of services considered is satisfied. We report results from the application of the proposed model for routing and scheduling personnel involved in the provision of evacuation and medical services in the context of 2018 Lombok Earthquake, Indonesia.

UPAYA PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA BARANG MILIK NEGARA BERUPA ASET TANAH PASCA GEMPA LOMBOK 2018 MELALUI PENDEKATAN PERSUASIF BERBASIS HAK ASASI MANUSIA [THE EFFORTS TO SETTLEMENT OF STATE-OWNED PROPERTY IN THE FORM OF LAND ASSETS POST THE 2018 LOMBOK EARTHQUAKE THROUGH A PERSUASIVE-BASED HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH

The 2018 Lombok earthquake caused great damage and loss to the community and the government, one of which occurred in Dusun Lias, Desa Genggelang, Kecamatan Gangga, Kabupaten Lombok Utara where there was a dispute over state property in the form of land assets. This study aims to explore the root causes of disputes over state property in the form of land assets and describe the steps for resolving state property disputes through a human rights-based persuasive approach. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach, meanwhile, data collection techniques are carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the root cause of disputes over state property in the form of land assets originates from the occupation by the local community and the 2018 Lombok Earthquake damaged their homes and then BNPB provided assistance with Earthquake Resistant Houses but the land used was not legally owned. Meanwhile, the dispute resolution steps are carried out through mediation techniques with a persuasive approach while still prioritizing the fulfillment of human rights.