Impact Of Earthquake Research Articles

Особенности расчета сооружений на действия слабых частых землетрясений

Purpose: To show the features of the calculation of constructions in opposition to the effect of weak frequent earthquakes. Methods: Numerical modeling of seismic vibrations of constructions. Analysis of limit states. Results: The specificities of construction calculation for impact of weak earthquakes are analyzed. Earthquakes of 1 per 30 and per 50 years repeatability are considered. In the first case, after an earthquake a construction should operate standardly, without damage. In the second case, damages, that does not affect construction exploitation, are accepted. Main attention is paid on the three issues: setting of elastic and damping characteristics of ferroconcrete, formalization of limit states, load combinations. The dependence of a damping from ferroconcrete reinforcement degree is estimated. When evaluating limit states, besides calculations on crack resistance and strength, the possibility to exclude people panic is considered. To make so, it’s proposed to limit speed level in certain octave ranges. Proposals are developed for estimation of coefficients for combinations of various loads with seismic ones. The coefficients for combinations of seismic and ice loads are evaluated. Practical importance: A system of calculating coefficients has been established to assess seismic resistance under relatively weak, frequent impacts. It’s been shown that for strong impacts, the combination coefficients for different regions turn out to be close to each other, while for weak impacts, they can differ drastically.

Impact of 2015 Earthquake on Educational Attainment of Children in Nepal

Background: Natural disaster has far-reaching consequences on the economic development of low-income economies due to the damage to physical and human capital and their poor resilience toward such damages. Nepal faces such disasters at frequent intervals without much effort to account for its consequences, particularly on human capital.
 Objective: This study assesses the short-term impact of Nepal's 2015 earthquake on children's educational attainment. The study also conducts heterogeneous analysis to analyze how the impact varies by gender. Secondary school completion is chosen as a measure of educational attainment.
 Method: The study utilizes second and third rounds of household survey data taken from the Nepal Risk and Vulnerability Survey (NHRVS) conducted by the World Bank. The study uses child fixed effects combined with the difference-in-difference method to account for issues relating to identifying the earthquake's impact on educational attainment.
 Results: The study finds that the cohorts exposed to the earthquake had an adverse effect on the probability of secondary school completion. A heterogeneous analysis by gender further reveals that the male children experienced a significant drop in their secondary school completion probability while female children essentially had no impact.
 Implication: The quality of human resources depends upon the quality of health and education in any country. The findings of this research draw the attention of the policymakers to the serious consequences that natural disaster has on human capital and help make informed policy decisions not only during the recovery process but also during the planning and policy formulation stage.
 Originality: This paper is original and has not been published anywhere else.

Testing Site Amplification Curves in Hybrid Broadband Ground Motion Simulations of M6.0, 24 August 2016 Amatrice Earthquake, Italy

This research focuses on predicting and assessing earthquake impact due to future scenarios regarding the ground motion seismic hazard by accounting mainly for site effect in the Central Apennines. To this end, we produced synthetic broadband seismograms by adopting a hybrid simulation technique for the Mw6.0 Amatrice earthquake, Central Italy, on 24 August 2016, accounting for site conditions by means of amplification curves, computed with different approaches. Simulations were validated by comparing with data recorded at 57 strong-motion stations, the majority installed in urban areas. This station sample was selected among stations recording the Amatrice earthquake within an epicentral distance of 150 km and potentially prone to experience site amplification effects because of lying in particular site conditions (sedimentary basins, topographic irregularities, and fault zones). The evaluation of amplification curves best suited to describe local effects is of great importance because many towns and villages in central Italy are built in very different geomorphological conditions, from valleys and sedimentary basins to topographies. In order to well reproduce observed ground motions, we accounted for the site amplification effect by testing various generic and empirical amplification curves such as horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (calculated from Fourier spectra using both earthquake, HVSR, and ambient noise, HVNSR, recordings) and those derived from the generalized inversion technique (GIT). The site amplifications emanated from GIT improve the match between observed and simulated data, especially in the case of stations installed in sedimentary basins, where the empirical amplification curve effectively reproduces spectral peaks. On the contrary, the worst performances are for the spectral ratios between components, even compared to the generic site amplification, although the latter ignores the strong bedrock/soil seismic impedance contrasts. At sites on topography, we did not observe any systematic behavior, the use of empirical curves ameliorating the fit only in a small percentage of cases. These results may provide a valuable framework for developing ground motion models for earthquake seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation, especially in urban areas located in the seismically active central Italy region.

Earthquake-Induced Ground Deformation Assessment via Sentinel-1 Radar Aided at Darbandikhan Town

Deformation monitoring has conventional increasing consideration in recent years due to its great importance in modern engineering. Darbandikhan town was hit by a strong earthquake on 12th November 2017 which is the Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique has been used to investigate Darbandikhan town stability and the surrounding areas of the Kurdistan region in Iraq. The purpose of this research is to estimate the ground vertical displacement induced by the earthquake as well as the east-west deformation components. Moreover, previous research covered more of Iran’s side country that the earthquake had an impact on with little on Iraq’s side (Northern-eastern of Iraq), so it was worth researching on Darbandikhan town and surrounding structures to estimate the displacement on its infrastructures. For this study, two pairs of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are used from each ascending and descending tracks over the study area to validate the work. Then, two differential interferograms are created from these images, along Darbandikhan town and the surrounding areas. These differential interferograms are then converted to line of sight (LOS) displacements using open source software (SNAP 8.0). The overall vertical displacement of the residential area of Darbandikhan was estimated from -4 to -10 cm after the earthquake, and the overall east-west displacement was ranging from 2 to 6.4 cm. The current study does not only examine the northern east of Iraq but the whole area of Iran and Iraq in general that lies within the influence of the earthquake. This research could be useful to estimate the overall deformation of Darbandikhan town in particular and the whole area in general. Therefore, the authorities and civil engineers could think of more sustainable buildings and structures before they start to plan within the area of earthquake impact.

Simplified approach to integrate seismic retrofitting prioritization with social cost evaluation: A case study in central Italy

In the last three decades, bridge stock seismic retrofitting prioritization has become one of the cult topics for scientific discussions in the bridge management strategies. More recent methods are focusing on the evaluation of the generalized failure cost, of a specific bridge derived from direct and indirect costs induced to the users/residents of the area exposed to the seismic hazard as a consequence of bridge collapse. However, when these approaches have to be applied to large transport networks, appear still very complex and computational demanding, and therefore simplified methods to evaluate the impact in terms of social cost related to the reduced efficiency of a transportation network due to potential bridge failure, are required. In this work, a simplified method for seismic retrofitting prioritization on a bridge stock is proposed, which is based on a “blended” approach considering specific fragility curves according to several bridge features and condition state, seismic inputs and generalized failure costs related to the transportation network. The effectiveness of the method has been showed on a case study of a local bridge stock placed in central Italy and the obtained results have been compared with those provided by more refined transport simulation models, on one hand, and by more traditional prioritization approaches, on the other. It is highlighted that this method can be very useful for transportation network managers with in a limited budget scenario, in case of lack of information about possible earthquake-induced impacts on a transportation network efficiency. • Introducing an updated review on bridge retrofitting prioritization methods. • Studying a new approach to evaluate earthquake impact on transportation networks. • Focusing on costs related to transportation networks earthquake induced disruptions. • Applying a simplified prioritization method that can be easily implemented. • Providing a sound and simple prioritization approach in limited budget scenarios.

The Protection Measurements of a Cultural Heritage Sites: Earthquake Disasters in Dana Village, Jordan

The impact of earthquakes on heritage sites is usually studied after a disaster has fallen and its impact on the site is evaluated. This study took the subject from a parallel point of view, which is the study of the state of the heritage site and its evaluation before a disaster. For this purpose, a heritage village in Jordan was chosen as a case study, the village of Dana in southern Jordan. Referring to previous studies and determining the research variables, the site was visited and the factors that could increase earthquake risks on site was studied. The case was evaluated, preparedness strategies were reached and the most important procedures were identified in the preparedness plan stages. The study concludes that the construction methods and materials used were not the cause for weakness, but rather factors related mainly to usage, lack of maintenance and the extraneous materials to the current construction and therefore the proposed plan was to achieve one aspect of developing strategies to preserve the heritage site of Dana, which is the non-structural aspect (Qualitative Approach) that demonstrates the most important causes of damage. The structural aspect can be discussed and studied separately.

High Activity Earthquake Swarm Event Monitoring and Impact Analysis on Underground High Energy Physics Research Facilities

A seismic swarm is a series of earthquakes that occur in a small area over a short period of time. A sequence of earthquakes of this magnitude is unusual in Switzerland, and it is impossible to anticipate how it may unfold in the future.The seismic activity of such an event usually fades after a few days or weeks. Significantly greater earthquakes are likely to occur during the next several days, with up to a chance of 5 to 10%. For these reasons, the underground research facilities need tools to provide data on the impact of these events on their experiments. The paper presents the techniques implemented at The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to allow the tracking and monitoring of these unusual events. Additionally, the real effect of such an unusual event is presented together with the statistical approach to monitoring and effect evaluation. Considering the collision energy of the beams at 14 TeV, the energy stored in the magnets at 10 GJ (2400 kg of TNT), and the energy carried by the two beams at 724 MJ (173 kg of TNT), prolonged exposure to vibration close to or above the set alarm levels may result in serious safety issues. The presented evaluation of earthquake swarm impact on underground facilities together with the approach for data evaluation can be used for the design of future detectors and accelerators. Additionally, it provides tools for facilities users to present the data in an easy to understand way. This includes the Future Circular Collider, whose purpose is to significantly expand the energy and intensity frontiers of planned particle colliders, with the goal of reaching collision energies of 100 TeV in the quest for novel physics. As a result, even greater standards for beam size and stability will be required.

Shaking Table Attached to Magnetorheological Damper: Simulation and Experiments for Structural Engineering.

This paper details how to construct a small-scale shaking table attached to a magnetorheological (MR) damper. The motivation for this construction relies on the increasing interest in modeling the dynamics of MR dampers—MR dampers have been used in structures for safety reasons. To model the MR damper, we use the so-called ‘Dahl model’, which is useful to represent systems with a hysteresis. The Dahl model, validated through experimental data collected in a laboratory, was combined with a linear model to represent a two-story building. This two-story building model allows us to simulate the dynamics of that building when its floors are attached to MR dampers. By doing so, we can assess—through simulation—to what extent MR dampers can protect structures from vibrations. Using data from the ‘El Centro’ earthquake (1940), we can conclude that MR dampers have the potential to reduce the impact of earthquakes upon structures. This finding emphasizes the potential benefits of MR dampers for the safety of structures, which is a conclusion taken from the apparatus detailed in this paper.

A Safe Home? A Qualitative Study into the Experiences of Adolescents Growing Up in the Dutch Area Impacted by Earthquakes Induced by Gas Extraction

For decades, the Netherlands has experienced minor earthquakes due to gas extraction. This study aims to obtain insight into the experiences of adolescents and the impact of these earthquakes on their well-being and living environment. Focus groups were held with 24 adolescents, and interviews were held with 3 adolescents (N = 27; M = 15 years). Through qualitative analysis, we identified six themes. The adolescents shared experiences of anxiety related to the earthquakes and their consequences and considered these to be a normal part of their life. Anxiety and feelings of endangerment not only related to their own experiences but were also connected to the impact of earthquakes on their social environment, such as the restoration of buildings. Several sources of support (e.g., talking, social cohesion) were mentioned to deal with the negative consequences of the earthquakes. A lack of trust in the government was an additional main theme, with adolescents mentioning several needs, potentially relevant to policymakers in the Netherlands. Growing up in the gas extraction area of Groningen had many consequences on the adolescents in the study, who felt inhibited from expressing feelings of anxiety and fear. To support their needs, interventions at the individual, family, educational, societal, and policy levels are recommended.

Did a 3800-year-old Mw ~9.5 earthquake trigger major social disruption in the Atacama Desert?

Early inhabitants along the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert in northern Chile developed resilience strategies over 12,000 years, allowing these communities to effectively adapt to this extreme environment, including the impact of giant earthquakes and tsunamis. Here, we provide geoarchaeological evidence revealing a major tsunamigenic earthquake that severely affected prehistoric hunter-gatherer-fisher communities ~3800 years ago, causing an exceptional social disruption reflected in contemporary changes in archaeological sites and triggering resilient strategies along these coasts. Together with tsunami modeling results, we suggest that this event resulted from a ~1000-km-long megathrust rupture along the subduction contact of the Nazca and South American plates, highlighting the possibility of Mw ~9.5 tsunamigenic earthquakes in northern Chile, one of the major seismic gaps of the planet. This emphasizes the necessity to account for long temporal scales to better understand the variability, social effects, and human responses favoring resilience to socionatural disasters.

Experimental study on collapse modes of reinforced concrete wallboards under earthquake action

ABSTRACT The collapse modes of reinforced concrete (RC) wallboards directly affect the living space and the escape time for people during the damage of an RC shear wall structure under the impact of a strong earthquake. To summarize all the possible collapse modes of RC wallboards based on the existing theoretical studies related to the seismic collapse of RC wallboards, six corresponding indoor RC wallboard model structures were designed on a scale of 1:4. These structures were subject to a full-process low-cycle horizontal load test to emphasize the failure process and verify the theoretical collapse modes of each test model. The experimental results are consistent with the findings from relevant theoretical studies and also enrich the collapse mechanism of RC wallboards, thus providing a valuable reference for designs that can withstand seismic impacts.

Earthquake source effect and impact of the applied methodology to assess the overstrength factors of RC bridges

Seismic hazard assessment in several sites worldwide depends on two or more seismic sources. Many countries affected by subduction zones have strong motions earthquakes originated in at least two important seismic sources. In Mexico, interplate earthquakes (subduction process) have epicenters located in the Pacific coast with hypocenter depths less than 45 km and intraplate earthquakes (intermediate-depth earthquakes) normally have epicenters inside the continent with depth hypocenters greater than 45 km. Both seismic sources can potentially produce events with magnitudes Mw greater than 8.0 and, therefore, generate severe damage to the country's infrastructure. The design process of the bridges in Mexico is based on the chapter of Seismic Design of the Manual of Civil Structures of the Federal Electricity Commission. The standard allows to reduce the spectral ordinates of the design spectra by ductility and overstrength. It establishes an overstrength factor of 1.5 to reduce the design spectra, value not well supported by the Manual. This study evaluates the effect of the seismic source and methodology used to compute overstrength factors of common typologies of reinforced concrete bridges. The seismic capacity of the bridges was calculated with nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear time history analysis. The results showed that the importance of the seismic source on the overstrength factors depends on the seismic location of the bridges and, in general terms, nonlinear static analysis overestimates the bridges overstrength.

Earthquake exposure, adverse childhood experiences, and psychosocial functioning in Chilean children: A longitudinal study.

The impact of an 8.8 magnitude Chilean earthquake on elementary school students' psychosocial functioning was assessed along with exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Skills for Life,a national school-based mental health program in Chile, routinely assesses first- and third-grade students' psychosocial functioning and classroom adaptation. Students (N = 19,627) were screened before (2009) and after (2011) the 2010 earthquake with parent- and teacher-report measures and with a parent-report of four ACEs (family psychopathology, child chronic illness, family social isolation, father absence). Earthquake exposure was categorized as mild, moderate, or severe for Chile's 15 regions. Multilevel models analyzed the unadjusted and adjusted impacts of earthquake exposure and ACEs on functioning while clustering for school- and district-level effects. In covariate-adjusted models, earthquake exposure and three ACEs were significantly associated with worsened psychosocial functioning; earthquake exposure and all four ACEs were significantly associated with worsened classroom adaptation. New family psychopathology, B = 1.90, p < .001; chronic illness, B = 2.25, p < .001; and severe earthquake impact, B = 1.29, p < .001, held the strongest negative effects on psychosocial well-being. Moderate, B = 3.04, p = .011, and severe earthquake exposure, B = 2.53, p = .047, and new family psychopathology, B = 1.99, p < .001, were associated with the worst classroom functioning 1-year postdisaster. Findings suggest that both exogenous and home-based stressors can have significant consequences for children's psychosocial functioning and classroom adaptation, and routine screening helps quantify how individual students are affected by chronic versus acute stressors.

Measuring Coastal Subsidence after Recent Earthquakes in Chile Central Using SAR Interferometry and GNSS Data

Coastal areas concentrate a large portion of the country’s population around urban areas, which in subduction zones commonly are affected by drastic tectonic processes, such as the damage earthquakes have registered in recent decades. The seismic cycle of large earthquakes primarily controls changes in the coastal surface level in these zones. Therefore, quantifying temporal and spatial variations in land level after recent earthquakes is essential to understand shoreline variations better, and to assess their impacts on coastal urban areas. Here, we measure the coastal subsidence in central Chile using a multi-temporal differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR). This geographic zone corresponds to the northern limit of the 2010 Maule earthquake (Mw 8.8) rupture, an area affected by an aftershock of magnitude Mw 6.8 in 2019. The study is based on the exploitation of big data from SAR images of Sentinel-1 for comparison with data from continuous GNSS stations. We analyzed a coastline of ~300 km by SAR interferometry that provided high-resolution ground motion rates from between 2018 and 2021. Our results showed a wide range of subsidence rates at different scales, of analyses on a regional scale, and identified the area of subsidence on an urban scale. We identified an anomalous zone of subsidence of ~50 km, with a displacement &lt;−20 mm/year. We discuss these results in the context of the impact of recent earthquakes and analyze the consequences of coastal subsidence. Our results allow us to identify stability in urban areas and quantify the vertical movement of the coast along the entire seismic cycle, in addition to the vertical movement of coast lands. Our results have implications for the planning of coastal infrastructure along subduction coasts in Chile.

Accuracy of a pre-trained sentiment analysis (SA) classification model on tweets related to emergency response and early recovery assessment: the case of 2019 Albanian earthquake

Traditionally, earthquake impact assessments have been made via fieldwork by non-governmental organisations (NGO's) sponsored data collection; however, this approach is time-consuming, expensive and often limited. Recently, social media (SM) has become a valuable tool for quickly collecting large amounts of first-hand data after a disaster and shows great potential for decision-making. Nevertheless, extracting meaningful information from SM is an ongoing area of research. This paper tests the accuracy of the pre-trained sentiment analysis (SA) model developed by the no-code machine learning platform MonkeyLearn using the text data related to the emergency response and early recovery phase of the three major earthquakes that struck Albania on the 26th November 2019. These events caused 51 deaths, 3000 injuries and extensive damage. We obtained 695 tweets with the hashtags: #Albania #AlbanianEarthquake, and #albanianearthquake from the 26th November 2019 to the 3rd February 2020. We used these data to test the accuracy of the pre-trained SA classification model developed by MonkeyLearn to identify polarity in text data. This test explores the feasibility to automate the classification process to extract meaningful information from text data from SM in real-time in the future. We tested the no-code machine learning platform's performance using a confusion matrix. We obtained an overall accuracy (ACC) of 63% and a misclassification rate of 37%. We conclude that the ACC of the unsupervised classification is sufficient for a preliminary assessment, but further research is needed to determine if the accuracy is improved by customising the training model of the machine learning platform.

New Soil Stress Measurement Sensor Based on the Effect of Elastic Charging of Electrodes

The purpose of this work was to develop a prototype of a soil stress sensor using a new technique for converting mechanical quantities, with functions for measuring stress changes in soils emerging under the action of a dynamic load associated with earthworks using construction machinery, impact of transport, underground explosions and earthquakes. The development is intended to solve problems in increasing the overall efficiency of monitoring buildings and structures and measurement accuracy. Within the framework of the study, the basic requirements for primary converters of mechanical quantities operating underground were formulated. The design solutions of such sensors, which affect the quality of the information received, have been evaluated. As a result of the study, a new effect of “elastic charging of the interfacial layer of a solid metal electrode” for measuring normal stress in soils was explored and proposed eligible for this purpose. Consequently it became possible to apply this new approach to developing the soil stress measurement sensor, including the creation of its functional scheme of operation, and selection of the hardware set, construction elements and materials taking into account the nature of sensor work. Eventually, laboratory experiments obtaining numerical characteristics were carried out.

A simulation-based decision support tool for dynamic post-disaster pedestrian evacuation

Taiwan, located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, is highly vulnerable to the destructive impact of powerful earthquakes. When a massive earthquake occurs, failure to take proper measures can lead to massive casualties, collapse of public facilities, and disruption to traffic networks. Among the many post-disaster management strategies, efficient evacuation is absolutely critical as it can potentially reduce the number of casualties substantially. At present, most post-disaster evacuation decisions are made based on past experience, but the rarity of high-magnitude earthquakes impedes the rate at which the quality of the decision-making process can improve. As such, this study primarily aims to develop an efficient and credible evacuation simulation modeling framework which can be used as a powerful tool to bolster evacuation strategies. The simulation evacuation framework we propose is known as the Stochastic Pedestrian Cell Transmission Model (SPCTM). The model is built based on real data of the mapping of roads and emergency shelters in an urban environment, as well as predictive models of pedestrian flow, the number of people needed to be evacuated after an earthquake, and the impact of earthquakes on urban infrastructure. Much of the data is provided by the Taiwan Earthquake Impact Research and Information Application platform (TERIA) developed by the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR). Applying this data, the model divides the traffic network into a cellular structure, applies the concepts of inflow and outflow to represent population movement and uses random variables to simulate the selection behavior of pedestrian agents. In addition to SPCTM, we propose an alternative model which makes slight modifications to SPCTM to offer users a complementary framework in which evacuees are armed with less ideal information about the evacuation situation. An empirical study is run in a district of Taipei, Taiwan based on a simulated earthquake of magnitude 6.5 in which the overall and moment-by-moment simulation evacuation process is presented. The use of SPCTM as a simulation evacuation model is compared to the current government evacuation policy in Taiwan. Further potential benefits of using the proposed simulation evacuation tool are numerous. For example, the frameworks proposed in this study can offer valuable insights to policy-makers on infrastructure design decisions and evacuation strategies before an earthquake occurs, including the best placement of relief centers, to potentially significantly reduce the number of casualties. Also, simulation results can be utilized after a disaster to assist in crucial decisions related to road restoration priorities, distribution of supplies to shelters, etc.

Towards a Sensitivity Analysis in Seismic Risk with Probabilistic Building Exposure Models: An Application in Valparaíso, Chile Using Ancillary Open-Source Data and Parametric Ground Motions

Efforts have been made in the past to enhance building exposure models on a regional scale with increasing spatial resolutions by integrating different data sources. This work follows a similar path and focuses on the downscaling of the existing SARA exposure model that was proposed for the residential building stock of the communes of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar (Chile). Although this model allowed great progress in harmonising building classes and characterising their differential physical vulnerabilities, it is now outdated, and in any case, it is spatially aggregated over large administrative units. Hence, to more accurately consider the impact of future earthquakes on these cities, it is necessary to employ more reliable exposure models. For such a purpose, we propose updating this existing model through a Bayesian approach by integrating ancillary data that has been made increasingly available from Volunteering Geo-Information (VGI) activities. Its spatial representation is also optimised in higher resolution aggregation units that avoid the inconvenience of having incomplete building-by-building footprints. A worst-case earthquake scenario is presented to calculate direct economic losses and highlight the degree of uncertainty imposed by exposure models in comparison with other parameters used to generate the seismic ground motions within a sensitivity analysis. This example study shows the great potential of using increasingly available VGI to update worldwide building exposure models as well as its importance in scenario-based seismic risk assessment.

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete Lined (SFRS) Tunnel: A Himalayan Case Study

Abstract The entire Himalayan arc is predicted to produce a series of significant earthquakes and the subsequent great earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and higher. A substantial amount of rock tunneling is being carried out in the Himalayan region to meet the growing demand for transportation, power, and other infrastructure projects. Earthquake forces influence the final design of the tunnel, which requires further strengthening of the concrete lining and improvement in tunnel support. Because of increasing importance, it is essential to combine the dynamic forces and displacements produced by seismic ground movements into the design stage for tunnels. In this paper, a numerical analysis has been carried out to assess the seismic performance of a proposed hydropower tunnel of 8.8m diameter (horseshoe-shape) in Uttarakhand, India. The impact of earthquakes on underground structures such as tunnels is often considered to be insignificant. However, the results of this study show how that stress from seismic loads can be damaging to the stability of the tunnel. In this study, a pseudo-static approach was adopted to assess the impact of the earthquake on the tunnel lining for the sections located in different rocks namely slate (Q=3.4), quartzite (Q=6), and dolomitic limestone (Q=5.2), respectively. Pseudo-static analysis findings suggest there is a 35% increase in the lining forces for an impact of earthquake for the tunnel section situated in Slate. Furthermore, displacements and damage-prone areas are determined to assess the damage to the tunnel, which could be helpful for rapid evaluations of potential future damage.

Upaya Menghadapi Konflik dalam Manajemen Pendidikan di Madrasah

The purpose of this study was to find out how to resolve conflicts in the administration of education in Madrasahs and the challenges faced in education management in Madrasas or schools. This is so that the author as a vocational teacher can find a solution to the conflict in education management in the madrasa that he must find when he becomes a teacher candidate. In this paper, the author uses a qualitative descriptive research method to obtain information. Because the information in this document describes efforts to manage conflict in the provision of education in madrasas or schools. Poor management will affect the development of schools, especially at this time the quality of education is still declining. The factors that influence the government are the obsolescence of science and technology due to globalization so that it gives birth to quality, directed, well-planned and well-organized schools. As is happening in Indonesia today, education is still developing unevenly, coupled with the impact of the 19th earthquake, making education management even more chaotic. Therefore, in the arrangement and management of teachers, teachers must carry out their responsibilities and obligations properly in school management in accordance with educational orientation.