Earthquake Disaster Research Articles

Analysis of Human Resource Development of the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) After the Cianjur Earthquake Disaster

Analysis of Human Resource Development of the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) After the Cianjur Earthquake Disaster

Sosialisasi Mitigasi Bencana Gempa Bumi di Lingkungan Sekolah

Indonesia that geologically situated at the convergence of three major tectonic plates, renders it susceptible to earthquakes. This research aims to provide earthquake disaster mitigation education to elementary school students through socialization activities. Despite the absence of accurate earthquake predictions, knowledge and preparedness can be conveyed early and consistently. Involving 40 students from fourth and fifth grades at SD Negeri Tanara, a combined method of lectures and game demonstrations was utilized. The research method, incorporating socialization in elementary schools with a combination of lectures and demonstrations, is considered effective in enhancing students' understanding of earthquake mitigation. Concrete steps can be taken by schools, and the practical knowledge imparted to students is crucial for their preparedness. The research results show that students responded enthusiastically to the material; most could articulate earthquake mitigation measures effectively. However, the evaluation also indicated that some students still encountered difficulties in communicating the material. These findings serve as valuable information for schools to develop students' understanding and skills in earthquake disaster mitigation efforts.

Analysis of return period and seismic risk of Shallow Earthquake occurrence in Cianjur and surrounding areas

Determination of the seismic risk and return period of shallow earthquakes in Cianjur and surrounding areas is very important as a reference in earthquake disaster mitigation programs. Within this return period, structural and non-structural conditions can be prepared in stages that are ready to face disasters if the earthquake recurs. In this study used the least squares statistical method to determine the relationship between frequency and magnitude, level of risk, and earthquake return period. The earthquake data used in this study is sourced from the earthquake catalog of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) spanning 50 years (1973 – 2023). A total of 57 shallow earthquakes that occurred in Cianjur area and its surroundings at coordinates (06°-08°S and 106°-108°E) with magnitude greater or equal to 5.0 at a depth of 0-60 km were used as sample data. Based on the results of data processing and analysis, the return periods are 3.17 to 29.1 years for earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.0 and 6.0, and 29.1 to 267.38 years for earthquakes with magnitudes between 6.0 and 7.0.. Earthquake risk for 10 to 20 years with magnitude greater than 5.0 is 95.74 to 99.82 %, with magnitude greater than 6.0 is 20.09 to 49.70 %, and with magnitude 7.0 is 3.67 to 7.21 %. From the results of processing and analysis of the earthquake data, it shows that the Cianjur area and its surroundings are earthquake-prone areas with a high risk.

Seismic performance evaluation of fiber-reinforced prestressed concrete containments subject to earthquake ground motions

Given the unpredictability of the occurrence of the earthquake and other potential disasters into consideration, the nuclear power plant may be confronted with beyond design-basis earthquake load in the future. The containment structure may be severely damaged under such severe earthquake loading, increasing the risk of containment concrete cracking and potential radioactive materials leaking. Moreover, initial damage caused by the earthquake may significantly alter the pressure performance of the containment under follow-up internal pressure. To compromise the dangers of beyond design-basis earthquake to the containment, an alternative of replacing the conventional concrete with fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) to upgrade the seismic resistance capacity of the containment is attempted and thoroughly researched. In this study, the influence of various fiber types such as rigid fiber and mixed fiber is regarded to constitute fiber-reinforced PCCVs. The physical properties of traditional and fiber-reinforced PCCVs under earthquake ground motions are scientifically compared and identified by using traditional and proposed evaluation indices. The results indicate that both the traditional evaluation index (i.e. top displacement, stress, strain) and the proposed damage index are greatly reduced by the practice of fiber strengthening under earthquake ground motions.

A novel cell phone localization solution for trapped victims based on compressed RSSI fluctuation range and PSO-BP neural network

With the frequent occurrence of global earthquake disasters in recent years, quickly and accurately locating trapped people is the key to reducing the mortality rate of earthquake disasters. This paper proposes a cell phone localization solution for trapped people that can be rapidly deployed after an earthquake. This solution locates the buried cell phone by collecting its received WiFi signal strength indication (RSSI) data. Reducing the fluctuation of RSSI value is crucial to accurately locating the buried cell phone. We filter RSSI data outliers by hybrid filtering and propose a fluctuation range compression factor Q to reduce the fluctuation range of RSSI data. In order to adapt to the compressed RSSI data fluctuation range, the processed RSSI data were grouped. The grouped data are then imported into the PSO-BP neural network training to build the ranging model. So that there is a mapping relationship between RSSI data and trapped distance. The established ranging model is denoted as the HFQBP ranging model. After establishing the ranging model, the cell phone is localized by an Optimized Multilateration (OM) algorithm. For simplicity, this algorithm is named HFQBP-OM. In the experimental phase, we combined the method proposed in this paper with other methods, resulting in three different localization algorithms: HFQBP-WSC, PL-OM, and PL-WSC. And compared with the algorithms in this paper. The results indicate that the algorithm HFQBP-OM proposed in this paper has improved the total average accuracy of the nine localization points by 34.7%, 54.8%, and 58.9% compared to HFQBP-WSC, PL-OM, and PL-WSC, respectively. The HFQBP-OM algorithm has higher accuracy and stability. Also, it should be noted that the localization solution proposed in this paper uses smartphones connected to WiFi probes to collect RSSI data of the WiFi signal of the buried cell phone. Use a laptop computer to solve the localization coordinates. Smartphones and laptops are so popular that WiFi probes are the only special equipment needed. WiFi probe is inexpensive. It reduces the difficulty of implementing the localization solution in this paper and increases the generalizability of the solution.

Edukasi Mitigasi Bencana Banjir dan Gempa Bumi pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar

Introduction: Creating a program to establish a Disaster Safe Education Unit [Satuan Pendidikan Aman Bencana (SPAB)] is one of the initiatives the government is doing to prevent catastrophes and manage their effects in educational settings. Objective: The purpose of this community service project is to improve students' understanding of and proficiency in disaster preparedness. Method: The three types of activity approaches include planning, carrying out, and reviewing. 43 students participated in this activity, which involved a lecture and Q&A session. Result: It may be inferred from the activity's outcomes that educating students can help them become more knowledgeable about earthquake and flood disasters. The instructive exercise proceeded without any difficulties, and the participants engaged with great enthusiasm. Conclusion: In order to make sure that every student is aware of disaster readiness and can lower their risk of disaster, it is desired that the school would keep up its ongoing disaster preparedness education programs.

Strengthening the Economic and Social Resilience of the Cianjur Regency Community Due to the Impact of the Earthquake Disaster in Supporting National Security

Strengthening economic resilience and social resilience will speed up the return to normal life due to the impact of the earthquake. For this reason, efforts need to be made to increase economic resilience and social resilience. This research aims to analyze efforts to strengthen economic resilience and social resilience carried out by the Cinajur district government and other stakeholders and their impact on national security. The research method uses qualitative with a case study design. The research subjects were 28 informants. After the data is collected, data analysis is carried out by condensing the data, presenting the data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that strengthening economic resilience has been achieved well as demonstrated by the repair of 600 houses, roads and buildings have been rebuilt, People's livelihoods are returning to normal so they can earn income; and social strengthening was achieved well, which was marked by government functions returning to normal, education running normally, people receiving free health insurance and the functioning of community groups returning to normal, Cianjur culture experienced a decline in the value of 2 of the 7 pillars but did not affect the interaction of people's lives. The suggestion that can be made is for the regional government and community leaders, especially religious figures to raise awareness as a community that is experiencing the decline of Cianjur's two cultures.

Vulnerable Community in Earthquake Disaster Reconstruction Process in Sindhupalchok

Reconstruction and resilience programs led by the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) have not specifically addressed the Dalit community’s issues of vulnerability and cultural heterogeneity. The NRA formed and implemented different policies and guidelines for all victims irrespective of their caste/ethnic, cultural, economic, and political status. Monolithic reconstruction and resilience policy failed to address the vulnerability and socio-cultural resilience of the Dalits. The state social engineering failed because the socio-cultural and political vulnerability of the Dalits was ignored both in policy and practice. The policy and practice of earthquake reconstruction replicated the traditional slogan of Nepali: ‘We all are Nepali and all Nepali are equal’. Moreover, it established a rule of thumb to address other disaster victims equally. What are Dalits’ knowledge and experiences of disaster reconstruction? What are the constraints and opportunities for the resilience of the Dalits? What are the resilience practices of the Dalits? Based on the field-based study, interviews, and observations, the paper explored the exclusion of Dalits participation both in policy formulation and implementation. The detailed fieldwork in 2018 explored the technological domination of the government and non-government agencies while implementing the resilience of Dalit community. The Dalits were at the bottom of the socio-cultural hierarchy, including power, prestige, and property. The major flaw of the reconstruction and resilience was ignorance of the diversity of victims and ignorance of people’s knowledge of cultural resilience. The policies did not support their marginality and vulnerability.

The development of the fear of earthquake scale: validity and reliability study in Türkiye after the 2023 earthquake

BackgroundIn 2023, Türkiye experienced a significant earthquake disaster that profoundly impacted 11 provinces. The enduring consequences of these earthquakes on daily life triggered widespread fears and anxieties in society, leading to scholarly investigations in this field.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to create and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Fear of Earthquake Scale (FES), a modified adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19 S), tailored to measure earthquake-related experiences in Türkiye.MethodsA total of 315 Turkish adult participants (106 men, 209 women), with a mean age of 37.71 years, completed the FES, along with the Brief Psychological Resilience Scale (BPRS). Psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analysis as well as the evaluation of alternative factor structures, internal consistency, convergent validity, and criterion validity with respect to resilience.ResultsThe findings indicate that the Turkish version of the Fear of Earthquake Scale has strong psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability. After assessing various factor structures, it was observed that the two-factor model which represents the emotional and somatic response to fear, exhibited the best-fit values The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated as 0.89 for the overall FES, 0.84 for the emotional subscale and 0.86 for the somatic subscale, indicating high internal consistency. Additionally, the negative correlation between resilience and the FES supports the criterion validity of the scale, and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses proved that measurement invariance held across genders and whether they experienced an earthquake or not for all groups. Furthermore, the results of the study revealed that women and individuals with prior earthquake experience reported higher levels of fear of earthquakes.ConclusionsThe FES emerged as a reliable and valid tool for assessing earthquake-related fears among the Turkish population.

Ground motion prediction model for shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan based on XGBoost with Bayesian optimization

Ground motion prediction is an important and complex research subject in earthquake engineering and traditional approaches based on statistical regression have much room for improvement in prediction accuracy. Utilizing the 67,164 ground motion records from KiK-net and K-Net for 777 shallow crustal earthquakes between 1997 and 2019 in Japan, this paper proposes a ground motion prediction model XGBoost-SC based on the machine learning algorithm of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for Japan. Magnitude, focal depth, hypo-central distance, Vs30, site altitude, and focal mechanism were used as the feature parameters, and XGBoost, Random Forest, and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) algorithms were selected for model training while Bayesian optimization was used to search for optimized hyperparameters to improve the prediction accuracy. XGBoost algorithm was selected for further study based on the comparison of results from the three algorithms. Residual change with magnitude and hypo-central distance, the probability distribution of residuals, residual standard deviation (σ), residual mean squared error (MSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (R) were used as the evaluation parameters, and a comparison study was performed against the ground motion prediction equation based on traditional approaches. Actual earthquake events were selected to compare the prediction results against the observation records. To further validate and explain the proposed model, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed to explain the impact of selected feature parameters on the proposed model. The results demonstrate that the proposed XGBoost-SC model has good prediction stability for all periods, and its residual errors are smaller than those of other models. Therefore, the proposed model can better reflect the ground motion attenuation for shallow crustal earthquakes in Japan and can serve as a better model for ground motion prediction in future aseismic design and earthquake disaster mitigation efforts.

PENGARUH PEMAHAMAN MITIGASI BENCANA GEMPA BUMI DAN KONSEP DIRI TERHADAP KESIAPSIAGAAN BENCANA

Indonesia is a country encircled by the Pacific ring of fire, so it has a high potential for natural disasters, especially earthquakes. Responses to efforts to provide information and increase students' understanding of natural disasters and mitigation have been carried out through the world of education. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the effect of understanding earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept on disaster preparedness. This type of quantitative research with data collection methods in the form of questionnaires. The time of the research was carried out from September to December 2022. The research location was at SMAN 5 Depok. The results of the study show that there is a partial and simultaneous effect of understanding earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept on disaster preparedness in class XI students of SMA N 5 Depok, West Java. This means that the more understanding of earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept increases, the more disaster preparedness the students will have. A greater influence on student disaster preparedness is self-concept. The research recommendation is the need for continuous learning about earthquake disaster mitigation and self-concept towards disaster preparedness in students. This aims to increase student understanding regarding natural disaster mitigation.

Ketangguhan Masyarakat Pasca Bencana Gempa Bumi

Title: Community Resilience After Earthquake Disasters, Case Study: Ngibikan, Bantul, Yogyakarta, 2006
 Community resilience in facing disasters is an essential asset for the community in its efforts to rise from the current adversity. Yogyakarta is known as one of the provinces prone to earthquake disasters. The earthquake that occurred on May 27, 2006, with a magnitude of 5.9 SR, was one of the darkest events in Yogyakarta. Ngibikan Hamlet is one of the places affected by the disaster because it is located approximately 10 km from the center of the large earthquake. This research aims to determine the level of community resilience in terms of social, economic, physical (reconstruction), contribution of government organizations, resilience index indicators, and key interpretations of community resilience in facing earthquake disasters, and as a recommendation for communities to be even more resilient in facing disasters. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods through case studies. Data collection was carried out using field surveys and interviews. The research results show that the community in Ngibikan Hamlet has adequate resilience because it can recover after a disaster using a democratic system involving all parties, starting from the community itself and the government. However, providing understanding to the community must continue to be carried out on an ongoing basis to achieve a society that is genuinely resilient to earthquake disasters that might occur again.

A Rapid Earthquake Disaster Assessment Platform Based on Cloud Computing

In the past few decades, earthquakes have been a major cause of casualties and economic losses. The rapid assessment system for earthquake disasters plays an important role in earthquake prevention, disaster reduction, and emergency command by calculating the economic losses and casualties caused by earthquakes in a relatively short time after the occurrence of an earthquake. Although there are now many rapid assessment systems for earthquake disasters, most of them adopt C/S and B/S architectures, which have limited computational efficiency during large-scale earthquakes. Based on these factors, this study aims to build a cloud computing-based rapid assessment system for earthquake disasters. The main modules of the system include intensity impact field calculation, building damage assessment, economic loss assessment, casualties assessment, and model parameter calibration. The results show that the system significantly speeds up the calculation process and shortens the assessment time. It can provide timely disaster assessment information to relevant departments in a short period and provide technical support for emergency decision-making.

Disaster Preparedness Using Local Wisdom Approach in Palu City

Palu City is one of the city centers in the world which is located on a fault line that is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. The latest earthquake and tsunami occurred on September 28, 2018 with a magnitude of Mw 7.4, which was centered on the ground and caused a large tsunami in Palu City. The earthquake and tsunami claimed 4,194 lives and damaged 55,102 buildings while missing, heavily, and lightly damaged. To reduce the impact of disasters, it is necessary to make efforts to increase awareness based on local wisdom so that it can be easily implemented in the community of Palu City. Local wisdom was explored by the people of Palu City and saw its effect on the level of alertness to disasters caused by the earthquake and tsunami. Local wisdom ombo is obtained from the people of Palu City, which contains a prohibition on building close to clean water sources. Data collection was carried out by conducting interviews with 121 affected communities regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and environmental conditions related to the level of vigilance. For environmental variables, local activity was a parameter included in the survey. The results of the analysis showed that the level of knowledge about the earthquake and tsunami as well as attitudes based on local wisdom increased the level of vigilance in disaster risk reduction efforts in Palu City. The results of the analysis showed that the implementation of attitudes based on local wisdom can affect the level of alertness with a value of 0.87, which means that the application of local wisdom can increase preparedness for earthquake and tsunami disaster. Indigenous latent variables (knowledge, attitudes, and environmental conditions) had a strong effect on exogenous latent variables (earthquake and tsunami preparedness) with an R2 value of 0.741.

Site classification scheme based on geological age and genesis for Xinjiang and the Capital Metropolitan areas of China

The site classification map is one of the vital inputs in earthquake disaster scenario prediction and risk modeling that provides a perspective of proxy-based methods. In China, a systematic empirical relationship between geological age, genesis, and site class in the practice of site classification has yet to be established. In this study, data from 1:500,000 geological maps and thousands of engineering boreholes in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the Capital Metropolitan area in China were collected, and different types of geological unit were classified according to 10 types of geological age and 18 types of geological genesis. A site classification scheme was proposed on the basis of geological age, geological genesis, statistical properties of boreholes, and lithological descriptions. Borehole characteristics were investigated in terms of their proportions among the different site classes, and the mean and standard deviation of V S30. Accordingly, a chart correlating four site classes (B, C, D, and E) with each type of geological age and genesis was developed that could be used as a practical tool in regional site classification. Site classification maps were delineated in both areas using the proposed scheme and compared with those derived from the topographic slope-proxy method and another geology-proxy method, and the results showed that it is effective in identifying the site class, especially for class E sites, and probably class B that inferred by the qualitative evaluation. Moreover, the applicability of the method has also been confirmed in areas outside the study area. It is anticipated that it could provide a technical template for nationwide site classification using geological maps.

Risk Factor for Postpartum Hemorrhage in The Post-Disaster (2019-2021)

The earthquake disaster in Palu in 2018, followed by the pandemic in 2020, caused mobility to be hampered and affected people's habits and lifestyles, who mostly stayed at home and had no activities. This also affected pregnant women who just stayed at home because they were afraid. The impact of the pandemic will result in less physical activity and less interaction with health workers, causing pregnant women to experience macrosomia. This research aims to determine the risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage at Anutapura Public Hospital in Palu. This research was an analytic observational with a case-control approach. Case subjects were mothers who experienced postpartum hemorrhage, and controls were mothers who did not experience postpartum hemorrhage. Case samples were 67 people, and controls were 67 people with age matching. A simple random sampling technique was carried out for sampling. The data source used secondary data, medical records for 2019-2021. Data analysis used the odds ratio test. The results showed that macrosomia (OR=4.543 and CI=1.421-14.528), prolonged labor (OR=3.674 and CI=1.720-7.850), and parity (OR=2.452 and CI=1.199-5.014) a risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage. Postpartum hemorrhage is significantly associated with low-risk macrosomia, low-risk parity, and safe parity

COMPARISON OF EARTHQUAKE HYPOCENTER RELOCATION METHODS IN THE JAVA REGION, INDONESIA

Java is a frequent island of earthquakes caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate under the Eurasian plate. The mitigation of earthquake disasters is by relocating the hypocenter. Hypocenter relocation was conducted in order to obtain a more accurate earthquake position, which can be used to interpret the structure under the earth's surface. The Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) and Double Difference (DD) methods are required when applying earthquake hypocenter relocation. The objective of research is comparing the relocation results in the Java region with the Modified Joint Hypocenter Determination (MJHD) and Double Difference (DD) Methods for obtaining the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after relocation. The study has obtained arrival time data in the form of BMKG catalog data from the period of January 1, 2022 through May 30, 2022 in the Java area with the coordinates of 6.0 LS - 12.0 LS and 106.0 BT - 114.0 BT. The MJHD method compares the travel time difference of a set of data that occurs simultaneously in order to obtain a more accurate hypocenter position, while the DD method compares the hypocenter distance of the two earthquakes with the station distance, so that Ray Path and Waveform are considered equal. The relocation of the initial earthquake has a depth of 10 km, resulting in a shift of shallow earthquakes clustered in the active fault section, while deep earthquakes are clustered in the subduction zone section. The results of relocation with the MJHD method obtained 637 earthquakes.

Isomorphism Framework with Scenario Planning in Installing Lembang Fault Earthquake Disaster Information Board Signs

Installing disaster signs and information boards in disaster-prone areas is one form of effort to improve disaster preparedness and mitigation through disaster education for people in disaster-prone areas. This study aims to analyze the form of DiMaggio and Powell Isomorphism in the installation of signs and information boards for the Lembang Fault earthquake disaster and provide recommendations for the installation of signs and disaster information boards at the West Bandung Regency Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD KBB). The consideration of case selection is based on the high Indonesia Disaster Risk Index (IRBI) in 2022 in West Bandung Regency, reaching 14.74 (high risk for earthquakes). The research methodology uses a descriptive qualitative approach with case studies on BPBD KBB as coordinators in disaster management in the regions. Data collection techniques involve literature study and in-depth interviews. The results showed that the installation of signs and information boards was influenced by normative coercive Isomorphism. The implications of this study include practical recommendations for improving strategies for installing signs and information boards to improve the effectiveness of disaster mitigation in the region.

SMALL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE FOR YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS IN POST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER AREAS CARIU VILLAGE, CUGENANG CIANJUR

The natural disaster earthquake that occurred in Cianjur, West Java on November 21 2022 caused 331 deaths and 593 injuries. This earthquake resulted in loss of productivity and the death of small businesses, including household businesses. According to data from the Cianjur Regency Industrial and Trade Cooperatives Service, there are around 4,547 MSMEs and community groups affected, one of which is Karang Taruna, where Karang Taruna has a role in society to realize the social responsibility of the younger generation as a civic movement. As an effort to restore the economy, an economic recovery assistance program has been implemented, especially for youth organizations, including entrepreneurship training, capital assistance, policy support and increased understanding of disasters to assist post-earthquake recovery. This collaborative effort is part of economic resilience and part of mitigation in society. This activity was realized by providing business motivation and providing three complete sets of business equipment for selling chicken noodles, meatballs and chicken porridge as well as providing assistance with one laptop unit for youth youth activities. This community service was attended by around 30 members of the youth organization and 70 mothers. This assistance is still very small in the hope that there will be sustainable activities for the recovery of the community's economic sector after the earthquake.

Experiences of operating room nurses in disaster preparedness of a great disaster in Iran: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn recent years, Iran has encountered a growing frequency of earthquake disasters. Given that nurses constitute the largest group of healthcare providers, it is imperative that they possess adequate disaster preparedness skills, irrespective of the location or time. Despite the operating room nurses’ roles in disasters, their experiences and challenges in disaster preparedness have been overlooked. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the experiences, challenges, perspectives, and factors influencing the disaster preparedness of operating room nurses during the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran.MethodsThe present qualitative research was carried out in Iran In 2022 utilizing conventional content analysis. The study involved conducting semi-structured interviews with 16 operating room nurses who had participated in disaster preparedness during the Kermanshah earthquake. The participants were selected using a purposive sampling approach that aimed to achieve maximum diversity. The interviews were continued until the point of data saturation was reached, and the verbatim transcripts were analyzed using conventional content analysis in MAXQDA software. To ensure the rigor of the research, Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were employed.ResultsThe study conducted data analysis to identify the main theme as “insufficient disaster preparedness due to a faded preparedness”, along with six major categories and eighteen subcategories related to earthquake disaster preparedness. The major categories included: knowledge and perception of preparedness for disasters; educational and training programs for disaster preparedness; equipment preparedness for disasters; managerial-organizational preparedness for disasters; clinical skills for responding to disasters; and resilient ability in disaster response situations.ConclusionThe findings of the study provide valuable insights into the dimensions of disaster preparedness in earthquake disasters among operating room nurses. Nursing managers can utilize these findings to develop effective strategies and provide support in areas such as improving knowledge and educational level, equipment preparedness, strengthening plans and managerial structures, enhancing skills, and explaining resilience strategies to improve the disaster preparedness of operating room nurses and medical organizations’ disaster response teams.