Earth's Temperature Research Articles

Spatio-temporal trends and variability in extreme temperature and precipitation indices in the Kashmir Valley, North Western Himalayas

ABSTRACT Earth's average air temperature is warming at a substantial rate leading to an increase in the frequency and severity of extremes with major environmental and socio-economic impacts. The present study discusses temperature and precipitation extremes in Kashmir Valley using observational data from six meteorological stations. An Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) (http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/) provides 25 extreme climate indices (15 for temperature and 10 for precipitation) to be used. The absolute extreme temperature indices (TXx, TXn, TNx, and TNn) exhibit increasing tendencies, according to the findings. The number of changes witnessed in daily maximum temperature was greater than the daily minimum temperature which was manifested by increasing diurnal temperature range (DTR; 0.012 °C/year). These changes in extremes have impacts that pose a threat to agriculture, snow day and cover, glaciers, water resources, ecosystem services, etc. of the study region. The region is undergoing significant urban and land system changes making it further vulnerable to natural hazards. The findings are expected to further augment the hazard and risk analysis and the necessary disaster risk reduction measures for climate-related disasters in the region. These analyses will be helpful for the development of strategies for climate risk management in Kashmir.

Climate change and its impact on sericulture

Climate change refers to the global phenomenon of rapid transformation in natural climate patterns like rain, wind, heat and more. Climate change poses a significant challenge to the existence of species and the stability of ecosystems on a global scale. The escalation in the Earth's atmospheric temperature is predominantly influenced by the heightened levels of greenhouse gases (GHG), including carbon dioxide (72%), methane (18%) and nitrous oxide (9%). (Bora et al., 2022). Agriculture is directly dependent on climate change and weather in India. The climate change viz., temperature, rainfall and carbon dioxide showed impact on crop growth and production in the country (Ram et al., 2016). Temperature fluctuations impact silkworm behavior, development, survival, growth and reproduction as highlighted by Neelaboina et al. in 2018. Silkworms are ectothermic organisms meaning that, their body temperature closely aligns with their surrounding environment. Consequently, alterations in temperature can significantly impact insect behavior, distribution, development, survival, growth and reproduction. Elevated air temperatures particularly during the 4th and 5th larval instars pose a significant climatic challenge that can adversely affect both silkworms and cocoon crops. The issues arising from these unfavorable conditions can be effectively mitigated by adhering to the recommended silkworm rearing technologies as outlined by Tripath et al. (2017).

Global Warming, its Causes, Environmental Effects, and Solution to Avoid this Phenomenon: Review

This review aims to identify the causes that contribute to global warming and offers the most likely cause, according to the published evidence. Additionally, this page provides various mitigation strategies for the global warming issue. The most practical economic and technical solution to the global warming problem is the simultaneous adoption of mitigation and adaptation techniques. Global warming is a major consequence of human activities caused by the excessive use of old fuels as an energy- source, which has caused increased quantities of “greenhouse gases” (GHGs). The atmosphere contains gases that increase the Earth's average surface temperature, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor. Global warming phenomena have become a global problem with negative effects on various parts of the environment due to the glaciers melting, overflowing carbon dioxide (CO2), and too much warming of aquatic bodies, among others. Generality people are still unaware of global warming and do not see it as a main problem in the coming years.

Detecting non-stationarity of precipitation across coastal-terrestrial Virginia

Since the industrial revolution, the Earth's ambient temperature has been rising at an accelerating pace, partially due to the release of greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere. Consequently, precipitation may become nonstationary, leading to new patterns of watershed hydrology with more frequent and/or severe floods and droughts. Non-stationarity occurs when one or more of precipitation characteristics exhibit step changes, temporal trends, and/or variance deviations. The objective of this study was to detect historical variations in precipitation characteristics across coastal and terrestrial Virginia, USA. Thirteen indices were selected to represent precipitation characteristics for amount, intensity, spell, maximum, and exceedance. A modified Mann-Kendall technique was applied to detect step changes and/or temporal trends in these indices on an annual basis. The results indicated that most rain gauges showed a statistically significant step change in one or more indices between 1948 and 2019, with more step increases than step decreases. This indicates that precipitation across Virginia has exhibited non-stationarity, which must be considered for water management. This phenomenon is likely true for most coastal regions worldwide.

Only the Greenhouse Gas, Water Vapor, Measurably Warms the Earth

Data is available for the 61 greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Table 2.14 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) to calculate their contribution to global warming in degrees Celsius. The procedure is described in the recently published study Reliable Physics Demand Revision of the IPCC Global Warming Potentials. In the current study, the contribution was calculated for each 61 GHG. The sum of the contributions of the 61 GHGs was 0.00833oC out of 26oC, which, for this example, is the difference in temperature between Pond Inlet and Amsterdam. This amount of temperature is too small to measure. Thus, with all other GHGs except water vapor eliminated as warming gases, water vapor is the only GHG that causes measurable warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. This is the exact result of the mathematical model of the Earth’s atmosphere developed in 1904 by Willis Carrier, i.e., the psychrometric chart, which is now a computer program, i.e., Humidair. Thus, the two methods used 120 years apart are robust and give the same result, confirming the unique role of water vapor in the temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and the virtually non-temperature role of the 61 GHGs.

Dynamic System Modeling of Concentrated Electrical Energy Provision with Reducing CO2 Emissions in East Nusa Tenggara

Electric Power Generation (EPG) sourced from Fossil Energy (FE) has triggered an increase in CO_2 emissions in the atmosphere resulting in global warming which has a systemic impact on climate change. Whatever form of mechanism to reduce the increase in earth's temperature must be implemented. One way is to use a Solar Water Pump (SWP). This research aims to determine the use of EPG in East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) and find the amount of CO_2 emissions that can be reduced using SWP. This research uses dynamic modeling methods. The research results show that the production of electrical energy sourced from FE until 2030 is 2.270.656 MWh (87.77%), while the production of electrical energy sourced from RE is 316.441 MWh (12.23% ). EPG sourced from FE in ENT results in CO_2 emissions at 22.603.641 tons. According to survey results, conversion of FEPWP to SWP can reduce CO_2 emissions at 424.942 tons.

Late Cenozoic high and low temperature magma generation from primordial and age-modified mantle materials beneath Dariganga in Southeast Mongolia: Factors of mantle degassing and adiabatic upwelling

Representative sampling of the Dariganga volcanic field was conducted to decipher its inner structure in terms of its deep magma sources. Rocks with a high La/Yb ratio (40–54) and a high MgO content (11–15.8 wt%) are identified among the predominantly moderate La/Yb ratio (7–40) and a moderate MgO content (5–11 wt%) rocks. These rock markers, traced along linear volcanic zones, are considered as indicators of high and low temperature magma generation processes. A general agreement exists that partial melting predominated in the transitional asthenosphere–lithosphere region; however, between 10 and 5 Ma, these processes were complicated by melts that either adiabatically ascended from a residual slab source in the deep mantle at a high potential temperature (Тр = 1489°С) or were generated due to mantle fluid degassing at a low temperature or both these processes, simultaneously. Magmas were subsequently adiabatically upraised from an OIB-like source in the deep mantle with potential temperatures (Tp) of up to 1423°C and were also generated by mantle fluids at low temperature. The rock markers yield Pb-isotope age estimates of the proto-mantle (at 4.47 and 4.45 Ga) and the age-modified mantle (at 3.11 and 2.74 Ga) beneath Dariganga. In the last 16 Ma, encompassing the late geodynamic epoch of Earth's mantle, similar high and low temperature magmas have erupted across vast sections of the Japan-Baikal Geodynamic Corridor; these magmas are not reported from the adjacent Abaga and Dalinuoer areas, with the exception of the final (Holocene) fluid-derived compositions.

Bibliometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Use in Low Carbon Development

Greenhouse gases are gases trapped in the earth's atmosphere that cause the earth's surface temperature to become hot, when during the day the sun emits rays that can penetrate into the earth's atmosphere and warm the earth while at night the earth's surface becomes cold and can release the earth's heat back into the air, with the presence of these gases so that they can reflect the earth's heat back to the earth again because that is called greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases that occur due to excessive human activity resulting in the release of a number of greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are caused by excessive human activity that results in the release of a number of greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases increased in 2020 due to factors such as the burning of coal, oil and natural gas produced from Indonesia's industrial energy sector. Then there was a decrease in gas emissions, due to Covid-19 in the use of fuel in the transportation sector, but in 2021 until now there has been an increase caused by the energy sector and industrial activities. Based on this, this analysis focuses on government efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. In this analysis, using bibliometric analysis as a method used to analyse how trends and developments regarding research on greenhouse gases. The results of this analysis refer the government's real steps by using renewable energy such as solar energy and geothermal energy to reduce the effects of greenhouse gases.

Plant diversity and its use in Javanese urban home garden: An ethnobotanical study in Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Darmastuti SA, Nazar IA, Setyawan AD. 2024. Plant diversity and its use in Javanese urban home garden: An ethnobotanical study in Central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 7: 32-42. Urbanization makes the spread of botanical knowledge increasingly widespread. Ethnobotanical knowledge brought by village communities can be applied in urban areas. The implementation of Proklim (Climate Village Program) by the Indonesian Government strengthens the development of environmentally friendly cities that are able to adapt and overcome climate change and are sustainable by paying attention to the balance of social, economic, and environmental aspects. Currently, communities and home gardens have responded to various driving factors, such as the environmental movement and urban sustainability, and are more focused on providing healthy local food and community development. The objectives of this study were to find out the medicinal and food plants found in the home gardens and community gardens of ProKlim RW 16 Banjarsari Village, Banjarsari Sub-district, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia and the influence felt by the community and knowing the existence of ProKlim RW 16 to support the 13th Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate action. The method used is descriptive quantitative, which is conducted through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Data from observations and interviews were calculated using the formula of Use Value, Relative Frequency of Citation, Informant Consensus Factor, and Fidelity Level. Meanwhile, questionnaire data is calculated using the Likert Scale calculations. The research results show 56 species that residents often use for medicinal and food plants. The most widely used medicinal plant is lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf), and the most widely used food plant is chili (Capsicum frutescens L.). Based on Likert Scale calculations, the adaptation indicator states that 90.25% of respondents agree that food plants grown by themselves are fresher and healthier. Meanwhile, on the mitigation indicator, 93.39% of respondents agreed that the more plants planted could reduce air pollution and lower the earth's temperature.

Association between Ultradian Rhythms of Body Temperature in Small Mammals and Earth's Crust Stress.

Association was assessed between the data harvested by a long-baseline laser interference deformograph and the dynamics of body temperature (BT) in hamsters deprived of natural daily light-darkness changes. The power spectral data revealed the positive correlation between simultaneous time series of hamster BT and the Earth's crust deformation (ECD). The superposed epoch analysis established an association between abrupt upstrokes of hamster BT and ECD increments. Thus, the direct relationships between BT dynamics (reflecting predominance of sympathetic part of autonomic nervous system) and ECD (according to long-baseline laser interference deformography) were established. The study observed synchronization of the free-running circadian rhythm of hamster BT with the tidal stress in Earth's lithosphere. Further studies are needed to find the physical factor underlying the revealed relationships.

DINAMIKA DAN TANTANGAN PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI WILAYAH PULAU KECIL (STUDI KASUS GILI MENO, TRAWANGAN DAN AIR)

Gili Matra is a small island in the northern part of Lombok Island that is vulnerable to climate change's impacts. Rising sea levels, coastline changes, abrasion, rising earth temperatures, and global warming consequences cause climate change. The pressure on the need for space to develop facilities and infrastructure to support tourism has resulted in a change in land use from green open land to built-up land. Based on these problems, this research aims to describe the dynamics and challenges in regulating land use in Gili Matra. The method used in this research is a descriptive, evaluative analysis using policy analysis and DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses) analysis to facilitate systematic thinking in analyzing research objectives. The results of this study indicate that tourism development is a trigger for the development of space requirements in Gili Matra, which causes changes in land use. In addition, there needs to be more overlap in determining area functions and spatial planning, resulting in stronger implementation of spatial use control in Small Islands.

Multimode Luminescence with Temperature and Energy Level Synergistic Dependence in Rare Earth Halide DPs for Advanced Multifunctional Applications.

Rare-earth halide double perovskites (DPs) have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent optoelectronic performance. However, the correlation between luminescence performance, crystal structure, and temperature, as well as the inherent energy transfer mechanism, is not well understood. Herein, Lanthanide ions (Ln3+: Nd3+ or Dy3+) as the co-dopants are incorporated into Sb3+ doped Cs2NaYbCl6 DPs to construct energy transfer (ET) models to reveal the effects of temperature and energy levels of rare earth on luminescence and ET. The different excited state structures of Sb3+-Ln3+ doped Cs2NaYbCl6 DPs at different temperatures and relative positions of energy levels of rare earth synergistically determine the physical processes of luminescence. These multi-mode luminescent materials exhibit good performance in anti-counterfeiting, NIR imaging, and temperature sensing. This work provides new physical insights into the effects of temperature and energy levels of rare earth on the energy transfer mechanism and related photophysical process.

Design of spatiotemporal variability index for climatic variables

Spatiotemporal signals are currently gaining wide popularity owing to their richness in terms of information content from both spatial and temporal aspects. Climatic studies involve the usage of such signals from different spatial locations to understand the climatic conditions, anomalies and for prediction of similar climatic zones. Measurement of the complex inter-relationships in the spatiotemporal processes is of vital importance in this regard. The predominant frequency components associated with annual, semi-annual, and quarterly seasonal variations exhibit interchangeability across spatial and temporal dimensions, thereby contributing significantly to the variability within the spatiotemporal region under investigation. Employing frequency domain analysis enables the examination of these crucial seasonal components, even amidst noise, provided effective frequency domain-based techniques are employed. This paper is based on the measurement of the variability of spatiotemporal climatic variables considered from different geographic zones using multivariate variational mode decomposition. The main advantage of the proposed index lies in the ability to measure the variability of the signals acquired from either spatially close or far-off locations on Earth. Also, the index harnesses the hidden frequency components in the spatiotemporal signals under test by comparing the aligned periodic components across different zones. The correctness of the proposed index is tested through exhaustive simulation studies and also against the weather measurements like the Earth skin temperature, humidity and precipitation acquired from spatially close and far-off locations over a period of 40 years.

GLOBAL WARMING: CAUSES AND IMPACT ON HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

As atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons rise, the Earth's surface temperature rises, a phenomenon known as global warming. A buildup of atmospheric pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2) and others absorbs solar radiation and sunlight that has reflected off the Earth's surface, leading to global warming. Pollutants like these, which may cling to Earth's atmosphere for decades or even centuries, prevent the radiation from escaping into space, leading to an increase in global temperatures. Greenhouse gases are those that trap heat; the term "greenhouse effect" describes the impact of gases such carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour, and synthetic fluorinated gases. Many species of plants and animals will see their habitats disappear as a result of the climatic shift. Many species go extinct because animals are forced to leave their native habitats. This is just one more way that biodiversity is being negatively affected by global warming. The term "biodiversity" refers to the wide range of species and their variations found in many habitats, such as those found on land, in water, and in deserts. A planet's biodiversity is a measure of its abundance and variety of living forms. It is the planet's most intricate and significant feature. Life could hardly persist in a world devoid of biodiversity. One measure of biological diversity is the variety of species present in an environment, as well as the frequency with which each species occurs. Various degrees of organismal organization are also mirrored in it. Biodiversity is important for the environment and the economy. Food, shelter, fuel, clothes, and a host of other necessities are all provided for by it. Tourism is another source of revenue for it. Therefore, in order to maintain a livelihood throughout time, it is crucial to possess a solid understanding of biodiversity. In spite of biodiversity's advantages, the risks to species and ecosystems are growing at an alarming rate, and almost all of these problems stem from human waste of biological resources, which is in turn caused by climate change, pollution, and incompetent institutions. Preserving biodiversity is crucial for achieving equity both within and between generations. Reforestation, botanical gardens, national parks, biosphere reserves, germplasm banks, and the use of breeding and tissue culture techniques as well as social forestry to reduce pressure on forest resource extraction are some of the current biodiversity conservation measures.

"Solar Cycles Control Earth Temperatures Past, Present and Future"

"Solar Cycles Control Earth Temperatures Past, Present and Future"

Historical review and synthesis of global carbon neutrality research: A bibliometric analysis based on R-tool

The sharp rise in global temperature is a major threat to human survival. This issue poses a common challenge for the entire world, and we must halt the trend of an anomalous increase in the Earth's temperature and achieve carbon neutrality. It is important to note that there is a lack of cross-database scientometric perspectives on carbon neutrality, thus creating wide opportunities to mine new knowledge. In this study, using the advanced R-tool bibliometric software, we conducted a systematic review of 41,459 carbon-neutral research outputs listed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases between 1939 and 2023. This review provides new fundamental knowledge and reveals possible directions for future endeavors to gain a more comprehensive understanding of carbon neutrality. Our study observed that reaching the goal of carbon neutrality research requires concerted efforts from countries around the world, with China, the United States, and the United Kingdom leading the research. In the future, carbon-neutral research will focus on carbon emissions control, clean energy utilization, and the resulting environmental, social, and economic impacts. Therefore, international cooperation and collaboration and the formulation of rational and long-term development plans are critical to achieving carbon neutrality.

Utlize microalgae in order to lowering green house emission by using carbon capture

Background: The greenhouse effect cause the temperature in earth, one of the main contributor in GHG g emission is carbon dioxide (CO2). In order to reducing GHGs empathize in mitigation can be one of the way. By implementing Carbon capture using Algae, where it considered as the main resource of renewable biofuel in the future and possibly play important role in the mitigation of the greenhouse effect. By utilize the photosynthesis process from algae, it can be used for CO2 sequestration as a great potential to reduce GHS gas. The objectives of this research is to understanding and know the process and benefit on using microalgae as the carbon dioxide capture to mitigate climate change (reducing Green House Gas emission). Method and results: The method use in this literature review, method that firstly discussed is the general description with pro cons of carbon capture technology method also with the background in order to reducing the highest contributor of Green House gas Emission (GHGs) which is Carbon Dioxide (CO2), from this utilizing the natural process method from photosynthesis of microalgae whose need a lot source of CO2 being the most beneficial method, and the end of product create a biomass and that will be helping to reducing the use of fossil fuel. Discussing the photosynthesis system it can be far from light dependent and light independent reaction since both of it is a recycled system. Therefore, implementing carbon dioxide capture using microalgae is very useful. Though there still need improvement in this sector. Conclusion: Carbon capture using Microalgae CO2 sequestration is one of the promising way to mitigate climate change and control environmental pollution is by fixing CO2 in the atmosphere and recovering organics from wastewater.

Tingkat emisi (CO) dan upaya penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca pada sektor transportasi di Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah

Background: Greenhouse gases are gases present in the atmosphere that are beneficial in trapping solar radiation, thereby maintaining the Earth's temperature stability. However, if the concentration of greenhouse gases increases, it can lead to global warming, which impacts climate change. This research aims to present estimates of greenhouse gas emissions originating from the transportation sector in Semarang District. This is necessary to plan strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Methods: The data used are secondary data obtained from various literature studies. The data were analyzed using emission strength formulas (Q). Finding: The results of this study show that the number of motor vehicles in Semarang District in 2021 reached 559,805 with emissions produced amounting to 348,230 tons/hour. The highest percentage of emissions is from passenger cars at 42%. Conclusion: Various efforts are being made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including implementing environmental taxes and reducing the use of oil-fueled vehicles by switching to renewable technologies, such as electric vehicles.

Effect of heating time on changes in physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of red palm oil

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains approximately 50% saturated fatty acids and approximately 40% unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid content is known to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Palm oil also contains -carotene which is very beneficial for health. Palm oil processing is defined by three stages, namely degumming, bleaching and deodorization. The bleaching process is carried out at 90–105oC using 1-2% bleaching earth and deodorization at 240-270oC. The high concentration of bleaching earth and deodorization temperature causes carotene to be degraded leading to low carotene content in the final product. The effort to maintain the carotene content is to process CPO into red palm oil (RPO). The content of carotene and fatty acids contained therein will be damaged in the presence of high heat, ascertain this, a study was conducted on the effect of heating time on the chemical properties of red palm oil. The study was conducted using a completely randomized block design with prolonged heating treatment (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours) at 180oC and repeated 3 times and then the fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine number and functional groups formed in bulk red palm oil purchased online were observed. The results showed that increasing the heating time can decrease the iodine number but increase the acid number and peroxide value. Heating at 180oC for 10 hours produced iodine, acid and peroxide value of 57.72, 9.56 and 12.55, respectively. The results of the analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) showed the presence of free fatty acids at wave number 722 cm-1 and peroxide numbers at wave number 2.854 cm-1. The test results using gas chromatography showed that linoleic acid decreased by about 3.23% during heating for up to 10 hours, while saturated fatty acids increased by about 0.32%. Key words: Cooking oil, Free fatty acid, Iodine number, Peroxide number, polymerization

Heatwaves in Peninsular Malaysia: a spatiotemporal analysis

One of the direct and unavoidable consequences of global warming-induced rising temperatures is the more recurrent and severe heatwaves. In recent years, even countries like Malaysia seldom had some mild to severe heatwaves. As the Earth's average temperature continues to rise, heatwaves in Malaysia will undoubtedly worsen in the future. It is crucial to characterize and monitor heat events across time to effectively prepare for and implement preventative actions to lessen heatwave's social and economic effects. This study proposes heatwave-related indices that take into account both daily maximum (Tmax) and daily lowest (Tmin) temperatures to evaluate shifts in heatwave features in Peninsular Malaysia (PM). Daily ERA5 temperature dataset with a geographical resolution of 0.25° for the period 1950–2022 was used to analyze the changes in the frequency and severity of heat waves across PM, while the LandScan gridded population data from 2000 to 2020 was used to calculate the affected population to the heatwaves. This study also utilized Sen's slope for trend analysis of heatwave characteristics, which separates multi-decadal oscillatory fluctuations from secular trends. The findings demonstrated that the geographical pattern of heatwaves in PM could be reconstructed if daily Tmax is more than the 95th percentile for 3 or more days. The data indicated that the southwest was more prone to severe heatwaves. The PM experienced more heatwaves after 2000 than before. Overall, the heatwave-affected area in PM has increased by 8.98 km2/decade and its duration by 1.54 days/decade. The highest population affected was located in the central south region of PM. These findings provide valuable insights into the heatwaves pattern and impact.