Earnings Capacity Research Articles

Impoverishment impact of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in rural Bangladesh: Do the regions facing different climate change risks matter?

IntroductionOut-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare severely affect the current consumption, future health and earnings capacity of poor/underprivileged households and hence it is crucial for priority setting. This study assesses the variation in overall as well as disease-specific impoverishment impact of OOP payments between the regions experiencing different climate change risks, defined as high disaster-prone (HDP) areas and low-disaster-prone (LDP) areas, in Bangladesh.Materials and methodsThis paper estimated three poverty measures, such as poverty headcount, poverty intensity and normalized poverty gap for all ailments, catastrophic events, diseases types (communicable, non-communicable (NCDs), and accident and injury), illness conditions (acute and chronic) and hospitalization using 3,791 randomly selected rural households (1,203 from HDP and 2,588 from LDP areas) across the regions. Cost of basic need approach was used for estimating poverty line expenditure.ResultsAbout 13 percent households annually fall into poverty due to OOP outlays for healthcare. Despite having significantly (p-value≤0.01) less OOP payments (HDP areas: BDT 5,117; LDP areas: BDT5,811) the impoverishment impact of OOP payments for healthcare in HDP areas (16.5%) has substantially higher than LDP areas (11.3%).Population in HDP areas, especially char (river island; 19.55 percent) and haor (water submerged; 16.80 percent) are more susceptible to any level of OOP payments due to low level of earnings. Catastrophic healthcare expenditure (61.79%) and NCDs (14.29 percent) are exacerbating the poverty level in Bangladesh. Both absolute and relative average poverty gap are more widen in HDP than LDP areas due to catastrophic OOP outlays for healthcare.ConclusionThe impoverishment effect due to OOP payments for healthcare in both HDP and LDP areas are high, especially for NCDs and catastrophic healthcare expenditure. However, the situation is bit worse in HDP areas. Preventing the escalation of NCDs as well as catastrophic expenditure and hence reducing the level of impoverishment thereof call for restricting tobacco use, increasing physical activity, encouraging to intake healthy diets, ensuring food safety, controlling air pollution, and improving mental health. Moreover, government should give more emphasis, especially in the HDP areas, on making community clinics more functional through providing screening equipment and training to the Community Health Care Providers for early detection of NCDs, and ensuring availability of medicine all the time. Note that other than community clinics, there is little option for providing healthcare in HDP areas due to poor functionality of public facilities as well as lack of private facilities in HDP areas.

Running for an academic degree: ultra-Orthodox women studying physical education at a non-religious college

ABSTRACT The continuous trend of ultra-Orthodox (‘Haredi’) women enrolling in higher education institutions has not been widely investigated. The current study explored their reasons for pursuing an academic degree, their radical choice of physical education (PE) as a career, as well as their experiences and reflections on this process. Eighteen Israeli ultra-Orthodox female students aged 21–41 participated in the study. A mixed-methods convergent design approach was used for data collection. Religious affiliation and its intersection with social class were used as a theoretical framework for the interpretation of the findings. The analysis of the written data from the questionnaires and the focus group interviews showed that economic considerations dominated their motivations to attend college. Almost all of these women plan to use their studies in PE to improve their earning capacity. A passion for sports from an early age was their main reason for selecting this particular degree. Among the difficulties they faced were the heavy academic workload, as well as knowledge gaps due to their insufficient educational background. The women expressed varying attitudes toward openness to the secular society – mainly in reference to the younger generation, in light of the changes that their highly conservative community is presently undergoing. Future directions for research and educational policy are presented and discussed.

Do Disability Benefits Hinder Work Resumption After Recovery?

While a large share of Disability Insurance recipients are expected to recover, outflow rates from temporary disability schemes are typically negligible. We estimate the disincentive effects of disability benefits on the response to a (mental) health improvement using administrative data on all Dutch disability benefit applicants. We compare those below the DI eligibility threshold with those above and find that disincentives significantly reduce work resumption after health improves. Approximately half of the response to recovery is offset by benefits. Structural labor supply model estimates suggest disincentive effects are substantially larger when the workers’ earnings capacity is fully restored.

RECENT TIE UP OF SBI WITH ITS ASSOCIATES: A PROBE OF PRE AND POST-MERGER ATTAINMENT THROUGH THE LENS OF CAMELS FRAMEWORK

The term ‘merger’ signifies the joining of two or more business concerns into a single one mainly with the purpose of generating much more effective output. But, sometimes these tie up events are done to absorb the weak entity with intention to cover up these sick entity’s loopholes. Merger in banking sector is now a latest trend to take over weak banks and enhance its business capability with capturing a huge portion of competitive market. In simple terms, banks are unified to enjoy the synergy benefits of the merger. State Bank of India which is currently the most popular one public sector bank of India also witnessed such kind of consolidation events primarily with its subsidiaries banks. The almost latest tie up deal of SBI with its five subsidiaries banks & Bharatiya Mahila Bank occurred on 1st April 2017 is the center point of this study around which analysis is rotating with the intention to examine the impact of consolidation on this largest bank’s performance through the lens of CAMELS framework. This article is purely based on secondary data and all the required facts & figures are congregated from ‘CAPITALINE- 2000 Database’. Three years pre tie up phase (i.e., from 2014-15 to 2016-17) & three years post tie up phase (i.e., from 2017-18 to 2019-20) of State Bank India are explored in this study. The findings of the study confirms that State Bank of India has failed to enjoy the benefits of merger as it take over its own associate banks which are already have high non- performing assets. Ratios related to capital adequacy do not point any remarkable improvements in post-merger phase. Similarly, bank has failed to improve its assets quality. Except Business per Employee all the management efficiency ratios have not gained enough mileage. Overall earnings capacity and liquidity of the bank has also deteriorated after merger. As a whole it can be opined that merger has not made any significant difference in financial performance of SBI, at least in short run. KEYWORDS: Merger & Acquisition, CAMELS, Assets Quality, Sensitivity, Banking Sector

The Economics of Hypergamy

Partner selection is a vital feature of human behavior with important consequences for indi-viduals, families, and society. Hypergamy occurs when a husband's earning capacity system-atically exceeds that of his wife. We provide a theoretical framework that rationalizes hy-pergamy even in the absence of gender differences in the distribution of earnings capacity. Using parental earnings rank, a predetermined measure of earnings capacity that solves the simultaneity problem of matching affecting earnings outcomes, we show that hypergamy is an important feature of Norwegian mating patterns. A vignette experiment identifies gender differences in preferences that can explain the observed patterns.

Labor Force Transitions by Gender: Implications for Separate and Combined Worklife Expectancy

Abstract The Fair Calculations in Civil Damages Act of 2016 (the “Act”) proposes that tables of worklife expectancy not taking account of gender be used in the calculation of damages amounts for loss of earnings capacity. This study calculates worklife expectancy tables not taking account of gender, by taking weighted averages of the labor force transition probabilities used by Skoog-Ciecka-Krueger (2011) and calculating the resulting worklife expectancies using the method of Skoog (2002). The weights for the weighted averages are from the period January 2005 through December 2009. This study then examines patterns in worklife expectancies and labor force transition probabilities and provides evidence not in support of the hypothesis that women's lower worklife expectancies are due to events limited to childbearing years. It is seen that at almost all ages and at all levels of education: women's rate of departure from the labor force exceeds that of men, women's rate of entry and return to the labor force is less than that of men, and labor force participation rates are less than those of men. This study finds that women's lower labor force participation rates than those of men are accounted for by a greater incidence for women of the statuses “taking care of house or family” and “in retirement.” Combined gender worklife expectancy tables are then applied to the total population, with the result that mean worklife expectancies are higher for women than men at ages 30 and under, and progressively lower for women than men as age increases beyond age 30.

Earnings responses to disability insurance stringency

Accurate assessment of earnings capacity is critical to the efficient operation of disability insurance (DI) programs. We use administrative data on the universe of Dutch DI recipients to estimate employment and earnings responses to reassessment of their earnings capacity under more stringent rules. We estimate that reassessment of recipients aged 30–44 removed 17 percent from the program and reduced benefit income by 20 percent, on average. In response, employment increased by 6.7 percentage points and earnings rose by 18 percent. Recipients were able to increase earnings by € 636 for every € 1000 reduction in DI benefit. This earnings response was strongest from those with more subjectively defined disabilities and a shorter claim duration, as well as younger and female recipients.

CAMELS model analysis for district central co-operative banking enterprises in Andra Pradesh

CAMELS is a perceived worldwide rating framework to evaluate the relative money related quality of banking enterprises and to propose essential procedures to enhance shortcomings of banking enterprises. In India, Reserve Bank of India established methodology in 1996 pursued on the proposals of Padmanabham Working Group (1995) board of trustees. In the present examination, an endeavour has been made to rank the different district co-operative banking enterprises working in Andra Pradesh and investigate the five positions in their budgetary execution amid the examination time frame. In Andhra Pradesh before detachment of Telangana State, there were 22 DCCBs (district co-operative banking enterprises) in Andhra Pradesh State Cooperative Bank. For breaking down similar execution of the DCCBs in Andhra Pradesh, CAMELS model has been utilised for the (CAGR compound yearly development rate) of 12 years (2002-2003 to 2013-2014) and from that point, thorough rank test and factual measures have been utilised. CAMELS remain for capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earnings capacity, liquidity and sensitivity. CAMELS' proportions have the imperative to feature the sound money related position and additionally the wellbeing of the DCCBs of the co-agent DCCB through smaller scale investigation of an asset report and pay explanation things.

Tourism and its Socio-economic Effects on Tourism Villages of Kaski, Nepal

Tourism is one of the rapidly growing, complicated and multidimensional business activities worldwide. Village tourism carries high level of potentiality in the county like Nepal which is full of large number of villages having divergent cultures, caste, ethnic groups, climates, religions, and language speaker scattering from the Tarai to the Himalayan territories. This research paper has aimed to explore the socio-economic effects of village tourism activities and the key barriers for the development of village tourism. It has adopted descriptive cum analytical research design and conducted a survey in three sampled villages to collect primary data from75 respondents, 25 from each village including people directly involved in tourism activities and people not directly involved in tourism activities. The research result has revealed that village tourism activities have significant effects on education, lodging and food culture, government revenue, earnings capacity of the villagers and flow of domestic tourists without any adverse effect on religion and culture, youth of the villages and social undertakings. It has also revealed that there is statistically significant association across the sampled villages regarding socioeconomic effects. Furthermore, tourism education, transportation facilities, and lack of skilled manpower have been identified as the key barriers for the sustainable development of village tourism.

Employment Effects of Alleviating Financing Frictions: Worker-Level Evidence from a Loan Guarantee Program

We investigate the labor market effects of a loan guarantee program targeting French SMEs in the midst of the financial crisis. Exploiting worker-level panel data and differences in regional treatment intensity in a border discontinuity design, we find that the program has a significant and persistent positive impact on workers' employment and earnings trajectories, in particular for those initially employed in high-unemployment areas. However, the program dampens workers' reallocation towards productive firms, especially for workers with high earnings capacity. In the aggregate, the program appears to be revenue-positive for the government, as the savings in unemployment benefits outweigh the losses from the defaults of guaranteed loans, and the number of jobs preserved by the program is of comparable magnitude as the number of workers prevented from moving to a more productive firm.

Labour market outcomes of Veterans

Introduction: Employment is important to health, well-being, and adjustment from military to civilian life. Given the importance of employment, we examine Veteran labour force outcomes in Canada. Methods: We examined labour market indicators from the 2010 and 2013 Life After Service Studies cross-sectional Survey on Transition to Civilian Life, along with the 2013 Income Study for Canadian Regular Force Veterans (released since 1998). Results: In Canada, most Regular Force Veterans surveyed were employed after release and satisfied with their work – both employment and satisfaction rates grew over time. The unemployment rate did not differ from that of the general Canadian population. However, Veterans were more likely than the general Canadian population to experience activity limitations at work. Variations in outcomes were found across diverse groups of the population. For example, unemployed Veterans were younger at release, had the fewest years of service, and were more likely to have served in the Army than employed Veterans. Veterans who were not in the labour force were older and had more years of service, and many were experiencing barriers to work. Employment rates were lower among female Veterans and among medically released Veterans. Discussion: Labour market outcomes vary across sub-groups of the Veteran population, suggesting targeted approaches to improve labour market outcomes. Findings suggest that the prevention of work disability is important for improving outcomes. Best practices in preventing work disability include restructuring compensation to recognize varying degrees of earnings capacity and to encourage labour market engagement and supported employment programs.

English skills, labour market status and earnings of Turkish women

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the level of English skills on the labour market outcomes of Turkish women, using data from the Adult Education Survey of 2007. By adopting a bivariate equation framework, we jointly model the effect of English skills on labour market status and, conditional on being a wage earner, on monthly earnings and occupational status. The multinomial equation that explains labour market status allows for a different effect of language knowledge on the probability of being employed, unemployed but actively looking for a job, an unpaid family worker or involved in household tasks. The results indicate that being proficient in English is conditionally associated with a higher probability of being employed as a wage earner and, to a lesser extent, unemployed but looking for a job, whereas it decreases the likelihood of being involved in household tasks. Moreover, there is a significant conditional correlation between having a high level of skills in English and earnings, which is only modestly reduced when job-related variables and (especially) occupation dummies are included as additional controls. Indeed, being proficient in English barely affects occupational status when selection into employment status is controlled for. Therefore, the knowledge of foreign languages (in this case English) seems to stimulate labour market participation and earnings capacity, but does not substantially affect the occupational position of women in the Turkish labour market.

Earning Management through Marginal Effect of Firm Based and Regional Economic Indicators: A Study on Listed Firms in Kuwait

Under the situation of complex business firms, organizations are trying to enhance their earning capacity while competing in the marketplace. The core objective of the present study is to consider the Trading Income Ratio as a core indicator of earning capacity of the business through both firms based and regional economic indicators during the first half of the present decade. For this purpose, size, LR, credit expansion through the provision of loans, BDPS, GDP, and CPI has been considered. The effect of robust regression equations along with fixed and random effect explains that size, LR, and GDP are among the significant predictors for the earning capacity from 2011 to 2015. For the difference between the coefficient of fixed and random effect, the Hausman test is applied which indicates that the marginal effect of stated indicators is acceptable which are not correlated with the individual entities. In addition, the comparison through OLS dummies, fixed and areg (a category of linear regression) explains that again the size, LR and GDP are found to be the significant determinants of business earnings in the region of Kuwait.

English Skills, Labour Market Status and Earnings of Turkish Women

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the level of English skills on the labour market outcomes of Turkish women, using data from the Adult Education Survey of 2007. By adopting a bivariate equation framework, we jointly model the effect of English skills on labour market status and, conditional on being a wage earner, on monthly earnings and occupational status. The multinomial equation that explains labour market status allows for a different effect of language knowledge on the probability of being employed, unemployed but actively looking for a job, an unpaid family worker or involved in household tasks. The results indicate that being proficient in English is conditionally associated with a higher probability of being employed as a wage earner and, to a lesser extent, unemployed but looking for a job, whereas it decreases the likelihood of being involved in household tasks. Moreover, there is a significant conditional correlation between having a high level of skills in English and earnings, which is only modestly reduced when job-related variables and (especially) occupation dummies are included as additional controls. Indeed, being proficient in English barely affects occupational status when selection into employment status is controlled for. Therefore, the knowledge of foreign languages (in this case English) seems to stimulate labour market participation and earnings capacity, but does not substantially affect the occupational position of women in the Turkish labour market.

English Skills, Labour Market Status and Earnings of Turkish Women

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the level of English skills on the labour market outcomes of Turkish women, using data from the Adult Education Survey of 2007. By adopting a bivariate equation framework, we jointly model the effect of English skills on labour market status and, conditional on being a wage earner, on monthly earnings and occupational status. The multinomial equation that explains labour market status allows for a different effect of language knowledge on the probability of being employed, unemployed but actively looking for a job, an unpaid family worker or involved in household tasks. The results indicate that being proficient in English is conditionally associated with a higher probability of being employed as a wage earner and, to a lesser extent, unemployed but looking for a job, whereas it decreases the likelihood of being involved in household tasks. Moreover, there is a significant conditional correlation between having a high level of skills in English and earnings, which is only modestly reduced when job-related variables and (especially) occupation dummies are included as additional controls. Indeed, being proficient in English barely affects occupational status when selection into employment status is controlled for. Therefore, the knowledge of foreign languages (in this case English) seems to stimulate labour market participation and earnings capacity, but does not substantially affect the occupational position of women in the Turkish labour market.

Investment Decision base on Earnings Capacity and Financial Stability: A case study of the Oil industry on GSE.

Investment Decision base on Earnings Capacity and Financial Stability: A case study of the Oil industry on GSE.

CAMELS MODEL ANALYSIS FOR DISTRICT CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE BANKING ENTERPRISES IN ANDRA PRADESH

CAMELS is a perceived worldwide rating framework to evaluate the relative money related quality of banking enterprises and to propose essential procedures to enhance shortcomings of banking enterprises. In India, Reserve Bank of India established methodology in 1996 pursued on the proposals of Padmanabham Working Group (1995) board of trustees. In the present examination, an endeavour has been made to rank the different district co-operative banking enterprises working in Andra Pradesh and investigate the five positions in their budgetary execution amid the examination time frame. In Andhra Pradesh before detachment of Telangana State, there were 22 DCCBs (district co-operative banking enterprises) in Andhra Pradesh State Cooperative Bank. For breaking down similar execution of the DCCBs in Andhra Pradesh, CAMELS model has been utilised for the (CAGR compound yearly development rate) of 12 years (2002-2003 to 2013-2014) and from that point, thorough rank test and factual measures have been utilised. CAMELS remain for capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, earnings capacity, liquidity and sensitivity. CAMELS' proportions have the imperative to feature the sound money related position and additionally the wellbeing of the DCCBs of the co-agent DCCB through smaller scale investigation of an asset report and pay explanation things.

Hepatic encephalopathy 2018: A clinical practice guideline by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF)

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common, worrisome and sometimes difficult to manage complication of end-stage liver disease. HE is often recurrent, requiring multiple hospital admissions. It can have serious implications in terms of a patient’s ability to perform complex tasks (for example driving), their earning capacity, their social and family roles. This guideline reviews current knowledge on HE definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, both by general principles and by way of a summary of available drugs and treatment strategies. The quality of the published, pertinent evidence is graded, and practical recommendations are made. Where possible, these are placed within the Italian health service context, with reference to local diagnosis and management experience.

Earnings Responses to Disability Benefit Cuts

Using Dutch administrative data, we assess the work and earnings capacity of disability insurance (DI) recipients by estimating employment and earnings responses to benefit cuts. Reassessment of DI entitlement under more stringent criteria removed 14.4 percent of recipients from the program and reduced benefits by 20 percent, on average. In response, employment increased by 6.7 points and earnings rose by 18 percent. Recipients were able to increase earnings by 0.64 euro for each 1.00 euro of DI income lost. Female and younger recipients, as well as those with more subjectively defined disabilities, were able to increase earnings most. The earnings response declined as claim duration lengthened, suggesting that earnings capacity deteriorates while on DI. The deterioration was steepest for male, younger and fully disabled recipients. Working while claiming partial disability benefits appears to slow the deterioration of earnings capacity.

Earnings Responses to Disability Benefit Cuts

Using Dutch administrative data, we assess the work and earnings capacity of disability insurance (DI) recipients by estimating employment and earnings responses to benefit cuts. Reassessment of DI entitlement under more stringent criteria removed 14.4 percent of recipients from the program and reduced benefits by 20 percent, on average. In response, employment increased by 6.7 points and earnings rose by 18 percent. Recipients were able to increase earnings by €0.64 for each €1 of DI income lost. Female and younger recipients, as well as those with more subjectively defined disabilities, were able to increase earnings most. The earnings response declined as claim duration lengthened, suggesting that earnings capacity deteriorates while on DI. The deterioration was steepest for male, younger and fully disabled recipients. Working while claiming partial disability benefits appears to slow the deterioration of earnings capacity.