Early XX Research Articles

Completely blocking the feminization by replacing Limnodilus spp. with Artemia salina to feeding XY Zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus)

Zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus), with male growing faster and larger than female, is a popular farmed fish in China due to its delicious taste and rich nutritional value. The culture of mono-sex M. armatus has great value and is the best choice for aquaculture industry. However, the high feminization rate in aquaculture severely limits the application of sex control in the breeding process of M. armatus. In this study, by analyzing the early gonadal development and sex differentiation process, as well as the expression profiles of male and female pathway genes in the early XX and XY gonads, we determined that the critical period for sex differentiation and gonadal differentiation in M. armatus was 10–30 dpf. In addition, we confirmed for the first time that the feminization of M. armatus is related to feeding Limnodilus spp., as only Limnodilus spp. are fed during 10–30 dpf. Replacing Limnodilus spp. with Artemia salina to feed M. armatus fry can completely block the feminization. These results lay a solid foundation for understanding the sex determination mechanism of M. armatus, and the method of blocking the feminization of M. armatus can be used for the development of all-male breeding.

Конфликт Русской духовной миссии в Иерусалиме и Императорского Православного Палестинского Общества в 1909–1914 гг.: новое прочтение

The article is devoted to the history of the relationship between two Russian organizations: the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society (IPPO) and the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem (RDM) at the early XX century.The RDM entered into a struggle with the IPPO for the leading position among Russian institutions in the Holy Land. The problem was aggravated by indetermination of the functions of these structures and their interdependence. The main reason for the conflict was competition for accommodation of the Russian pilgrims and associated income. Another challendge to the IPPO was note of head of the RDM Archim. Leonid (Sentsov) sent to the Holy Synod criticizing the activities of the Society and proposing to allow the RDM to control the schools of the Palestinian Society and the organization of the pilgrimage movement. The discovery of new archival sources provides a more accurat picture of the clash of interests of the Russian organizations in Palestine, the participants in this confrontation and unpublic mechanisms of solving such issues. Russian representatives in Palestine often acted uncontrollably, promoting their own business interests. It was obvious that consolidation of all Russian institutions in the Middle East was necessary, but the question was who would head this system, including controlling the funds sent from Russia to Palestine. The conflict between the RDM and the IPPO was resolved at the highest political level. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna had more opportunities to influence the Emperor than the bishops of the Holy Synod. This fact predetermined success of the IPPO. At the same time, the Grand Duchess did not seek to weaken the RDM, but, on the contrary, insisted on raising the status of its prior to strengthen the position of the Russian Orthodoxy in the Holy Land.

�Turkestan Collection� � chronicle of the life of the Kazakh people of the XIX-XX centuries

Relevance. Among the sources about Kazakhstan, a special place is occupied by the work of the famous bibliographer-local historian of tsarist Russia V.I. Mezhov �Turkestan collection of works and articles� relating to Central Asia in general and to the Turkestan region in particular. Undoubtedly, the �Turkestan Collection� is a very interesting and very important work for Kazakhstan as a whole, especially for the study of national history, as it can be assessed as one of the first and very successful steps taken to systematically summarize the main Russian and foreign written sources about Kazakhstan in the XIX and early XX centuries.Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the significance of the �Turkestan Collection� in the context of Kazakh national history and journalism. It seeks to explore how this collection has been utilized in historical research and the breadth of information it offers about the Kazakh people and their cultural heritage.Methodology. The research primarily involves a detailed review of the contents of the �Turkestan Collection�, examining the types of documents included and their relevance to various academic fields. The study also considers the historical context in which the collection was assembled and its subsequent use in scholarly works.Results. The �Turkestan Collection� has proven to be a critical asset in historical and cultural studies, providing insights not only into the history of journalism in Kazakhstan but also into the broader socio-cultural dynamics of the XIX-XX centuries. The collection�s diverse materials have supported significant scholarly inquiries and contributed to a deeper understanding of the Kazakh people�s heritage.Conclusions. This study underscores the collection�s continued relevance and potential to inform future academic works. The findings advocate for more comprehensive investigations into the collection to unlock further details about the region�s past and its journalistic endeavors.

Pskov land estates

The article is devoted to the estates of Russian nobility of Pskov region located close to the Federal State Budget Institution of Culture “State Memorial Historical-Literary and Natural-Landscape Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin “Mikhailovskoye” (The Push-kin Museum-Reserve).The authors propose to consider the possibility of including these estates in the sphere of museum-reserve activity with the aim to create new tourist’s routs and to spread knowledge about life of the late XVIII – early XX centuries.The article is based on the results of field studies conducted in 2021–2022 in comparison with published historical, archival and bibliographic documents, in order to draw attention to the state of objects, the problem of their preservation, restoration and inclusion in the field of regional tourism.

Emigration from the Russian Empire to Brazil in the late XIX and early XX сenturies

Emigration from the Russian Empire to Brazil in the late XIX and early XX сenturies

Expedition diary — insights into the history of organizing and conducting Russian Arctic expeditions in the early XX<sup>th</sup> century

The collections belonging to the Museum-Archive of the history of study and development of the European North of the Barents Center of the Humanities — Branch of the Federal Research Center «Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (BCH KSC RAS), contain several handwritten diaries by members of Arctic expeditions organized in the first half of the XXth century. The article discusses the value of the expedition diary of a member of a Russian Arctic expedition to Dikson Island (1916), the hydrometeorologist Innokenty Tikhomirov (1890–1955), as a possible source of data on the history of organizing and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Based on the data presented in the diary, the paper reconstructs the progress of work on the organization of the northernmost meteorological station on Dikson Island in 1916.

ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ТА РЕГЛАМЕНТАЦІЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПРАВОСЛАВНИХ БРАТСТВ ПРАВОБЕРЕЖНОЇ УКРАЇНИ У ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.

The purpose of the scientific article is to reveal the process of restoration and normalization of the activities of orthodox fraternities on the territory of the Right-Bank of Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX ­centuries. Scientific novelty – for the first time the article analyzes the process of restoration and regulation of the orthodox fraternities on the basis of little-known archival documents, published materials and periodicals. It was found that the Russian government, in the legislative document «Basic rules for the establishment of orthodox church fraternities», defined the principles of establishment, functioning and all further activities of orthodox fraternities in the controlled territories. The difficult financial situation affected the church fraternity, due to lack of funds, were not able to fully implement the planned tasks. This led to the fact that in the late nineteenth century some fraternities ceased their activities. It is established that in connection with such circumstances, the church authorities made significant efforts to intensify and restore the activities of these organizations in the early XX century. The church leadership developed new models of statutes governing the activities of church fraternities. As a result, a number of decisions were made to intensify the multi-vector activities, to promote the establishment of new fraternities. The issues of the activity of the fraternities were repeatedly discussed at the congresses of the clergy of the western provinces of the Russian Empire, at which the priority directions of educational work were proposed.

The Social and Historical Role of the Palatial Estates and hotels of the Southern Coast of Crimea in Formation of Experience Economy in the South of Russia (XIX – early XX c.)

The Social and Historical Role of the Palatial Estates and hotels of the Southern Coast of Crimea in Formation of Experience Economy in the South of Russia (XIX – early XX c.)

Spiritual and Ideological Directions of the Politics of the Ottoman Empire in Central Asia (early XX c.)

The culmination of world imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. led to a change in the foreign policy of the great powers. Each empire, on the way to solving its foreign policy problems, developed international integration in every possible way, established close ties with other states. One of them was the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire in Central Asia, which was distinguished by its spiritual and ideological content. XIX-XX centuries the idea of the unity of the Turkic peoples prevailed, the spirituality and culture of which was considered one, had not only spiritual and cul- tural, but also political and ideological significance. The article examines the spiritual and ideological content of the policy of the Ottoman Empire in Central Asia at the beginning of the 20th century. The political significance of the spiritual and cultural unity of the Turkic peoples is revealed. The history of political ties based on the ideology of Islamic unity and Pan-Turkism on the part of the Ottoman Empire is investigated. One of the main tasks of the article is to consider the political aspect of the spiritual and cultural association, which is the beginning of the ideological trend known in world his- toriography as “Pan-Turkism”. It also analyzes the Pan-Islamic policy of the Ottoman Empire among the Muslim peoples of Central Asia. Key words: Central Asia, Turkestan, Ottoman Empire, Pan-Turkism, Pan-Islamism, Foreign policy, Political processes

Species Richness of Higher Aquatic Plants of Floodplain Complexes of the Dnieper River within the City of Kyiv

In various water bodies and watercourses of the floodplain biotopes in Kyiv, 60 species of higher aquatic plants have been recorded. Actual floristic complexes within the urban landscape are in good state. This is evidenced by their high similarity with the flora of the city's water objects of the late XIX - early XX cent., as well as with actual macrophytes' flora in the Middle Dnieper basin. The characteristic feature of the considered macrophytes' complexes is relatively high portion of the alien species. 12 species (20% of the total species list) are rare (protected at the international, regional or local level). Transformation of flora and anthropogenic impact resulted in low number of mass species and low cenotic activity of most of them. Only 40% of macrophyte species recorded in the floodplains of the city are cenosis-forming, which indicates a significant transformation of shallow waters, hemerobicity and homogeneity of habitats.

Christian humanism in Rachmaninoff's art through the prism of Russian religious philosophy of the late XIX<sup>th</sup>-early XX<sup>th</sup> centuries

Christian humanism in Rachmaninoff's art through the prism of Russian religious philosophy of the late XIX<sup>th</sup>-early XX<sup>th</sup> centuries

To Reveal the Caucasus Cultures of XIX Century: Orientalism in Russian Caucasus War Period Travelogues

The paper is concerned with the issue of textual visualisation of Caucasus in Russian travelogues performed in 1820-1830th – the decades of the Caucasus War escalation. Taken as example entries from the travelogues of I.T. Radojitsky and V.B. Bronevsky published in Russian Empire in early XIX c., the authors show deep connections of the outlook on the region and people inhabited it with the foundation of the Orientalism as an approach to describing native people of the Imperial frontier.The research underlines the importance of scrutinised study of travellers experience they endured on voyages by the Caucasus in deep connection with the political course on “pacifying” the region, proclaimed by the Imperial authorities. Racy images of the Cossacks, Russian settlers, native peoples and “unpacified” highlanders were performed in order to legislate the Imperial annexation of lands and their acquisition by Russian civilisation. Together with the motives of showing huge contrast between the pastoral life of Russian peasants and towns dwellers with the backwardness of the natives, matched the common ideas of European colonialism, the authors show public awareness of the “unpacified” highlanders expressed by the travellers in the image of “a Circassian”. We traced features of Russian literature Romanticism in the travellers depicture of a Highlander as a “noble savage” did for a living by robs and plunders. The authors came to the conclusions that images, elaborated by Russian travellers and righters were utter vivid and influenced on the perception of the region by Russian layman until the early XX c.The paper is concerned with the issue of textual visualisation of Caucasus in Russian travelogues performed in 1820-1830-th. – the decades of the Caucasus War escalation. Taken as example entries from the travelogues of I.T. Radojitsky and V.B. Bronevsky published in Russian Empire in early XIX c., the authors show deep connections of the outlook on the region and people inhabited it with the foundation of the Orientalism as an approach to describing native people of the Imperial frontier. The research underlines the importance of scrutinised study of travellers experience they endured on voyages by the Caucasus in deep connection with the political course on “pacifying” the region, proclaimed by the Imperial authorities. Racy images of the Cossacks, Russian settlers, native peoples and “unpacified” highlanders were performed in order to legislate the Imperial annexation of lands and their acquisition by Russian civilisation. Together with the motives of showing huge contrast between the pastoral life of Russian peasants and towns dwellers with the backwardness of the natives, matched the common ideas of European colonialism, the authors show public awareness of the “unpacified” highlanders expressed by the travellers in the image of “a Circassian”. We traced features of Russian literature Romanticism in the travellers depicture of a Highlander as a “noble savage” did for a living by robs and plunders. The authors came to the conclusions that images, elaborated by Russian travellers and righters were utter vivid and influenced on the perception of the region by Russian layman until the early XX c.

Вопросы охраны материнства и детства в земской врачебной практике конца XIX — начала XX в. (На материалах Саратовской губернии)

The protection of motherhood and childhood occupied a significant place in the zemstvo medical practice of the late XIX — early XX c. It was “zemsky” doctors who were first to investigate the risk factors for maternal and child health in a Russian village. These included, first of all, the imperfect system of obstetrics, the incorrect feeding of infants, and the prevalence of acute childhood infections. For the protection of the health of the mother and child, work has been directed to organize skilled obstetric care, establish nursery-shelters, prevent acute childhood infections, support breastfeeding, and prevent orphanhood. At the same time, a number of zemstvo medico-social programs (organization of obstetric centers, nurseryshelters) were ineffective. The reasons for these failures were cultural traditions, peculiarities of the economic system, and the poverty of the Russian peasantry. More significant success was achieved in the prevention of acute childhood infections, medical care for pupils of rural schools and orphans. With the help of serum therapy, zemstvo doctors were able to reduce mortality from diphtheria. In addition, a vaccine against scarlet fever was being tested in Saratov region. The establishment of permanent medical supervision of children in Saratov orphanage resulted in 20—30 % mortality reduction. Many initiatives of zemstvo doctors: support of breastfeeding, prevention of orphanhood, mass immunization are being used in modern maternity and childhood protection systems.

Институт материнства в карельской деревне: традиционные практики в контексте общероссийских перемен (конец XIX — начало XX в.)

Traditions of Karelian maternity rituals are widely represented in the ethnographic historical science literature. At the same time motherhood as an institution and as a social and cultural status deserves special consideration. The paper is aimed at describing the development of the motherhood within Karelia in historical dynamics, as well representing the social and cultural status of the mother and the changes in the strategy of reproductive behavior in the Karelian village. The events presented in the paper refer to the period of the late XIX — early XX c. It was a time of economic, social and cultural reforms in Russian society, which had some specific repercussions on the empire borderlands. The paper uses a large number of recently published and unpublished ethnographic and historical sources, dialect vocabulary data, some of the author’s field materials and scientific works on the topic. The author adheres to the principles of gender history proposed by J. Scott, which involves the analysis of cultural symbols, normative prescriptions and social institutions and life stories of individual women. The author comes to the following conclusions. 1. Marriage and the maternity increased the social prestige of the peasant women, because they realized her main purpose. 2. The gender of the child had a different meaning for the male and female part of the peasant family collectives. If considering the patrilocal line of inheritance, preference was given to the birth of a boy. At the same time, the Karelian language data indicate a higher status of the mother after the birth of the girl. 3. There was a change in reproductive behavior in the North Karelian families in the second half of the XIX c. towards to reducing the number of children in the family to two or five. The reasons for such transformation were the growth in the importance of non-agricultural earnings, and the border position of the region (the cross-border marriages), which changed the customary cultural norms. 4. Some elements of modernization were not perceived by Karelian women. They continued to apply to rural midwives despite the growth of the network of obstetric care, and they also preferred the bathhouse or barn as a place for childbirth instead of medical institutions.

THE PROBLEM OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SPIRIT AND REALITY IN T. MANN’S NOVEL “TRISTAN”

Short stories are an integral part of T. Mann’s creative heritage, which are distinguished by ideological, thematic and artistic richness, they give an idea of the evolution of the creative method and style of the writer. And although nowadays there is already a number of scientific investigations devoted to the review analysis of T. Mann’s creative path, there is a need to study the problem of culture “end of time” (in T. Mann’s terminology) in the novelistic work of the writer who went to political and social activities through art. The purpose of the article is to reveal the nuances of the relationship between spirit and reality in T. Mann’s short story “Tristan”.The article proves that within the cross-cutting problem of the relationship between art and life, which never ceased to bother the German writer, also the novel “Tristan” clearly distinguishes the related ones: art and beauty, art and morality, aesthetics and life, beauty and death, decadence and a disease of the spirit, the artist and reality, which allowed to clarify both the ideological concepts of creative individuality and the essence of its art. At the same time, the divergence between the views of the hero of the novel and T. Mann’s personal attitude to reality and art is shown. Enough attention is paid to identifying the role of the comic and the means of its formation in the novel. “Tristan” is interpreted in the context of the development of T. Mann’s work and the European literary process at the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries.The article identifies the place of the short story “Tristan” in the work of the German master of the word and outlines the ways of its further analysis.

Melancholia. Historical evolution through a case report

IntroductionThe diagnosis of psychotic depression has its origin in the millennial term of Melancholia.ObjectivesA case of psychotic depression is presented to highlight its psychopathological characteristics and to make a historical overview of its origins.MethodsWe present the case of a 40-year-old male patient with a history of dysthymic mood who developed a major depressive mood, loss of self-care, decreased apetite, insomnia and repetitive speech with ideas of guilt and ruin of psychotic characteristics.ResultsMelancholy is a term used since the time of Hippocrates, who spoke of it as the state that appears after the prolongation of an intense period of sadness. It was extolled and self-attributed by authors such as Montaigne and branded as selfish by authors such as Cicero in the days when reason and madness formed a whole and distinguishing their limits was a complex task. Esquirol changed his name to Lypemania to get rid of its poetic nuances and framed it within partial insanity. Both he and the rest of the psychopathologists of the XIX century and early XX considered the melancholic as the great tormented, the one who despises himself and blames all ills, who suffers from apathy and above all presents a strong pain of the soul.ConclusionsLater it was Falret and Baillarger who unified melancholy with mania in what they nominate as circular and dual-form insanity. This gave way to the Krapelinian entity of manic-depressive insanity, the direct predecessor of the current Bipolar Disorder, which includes the diagnosis of our clinical case.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Diocesan bishops in the national historiography of the XIX<sup>th</sup> - early XX<sup>th</sup> centuries

Diocesan bishops in the national historiography of the XIX<sup>th</sup> - early XX<sup>th</sup> centuries

Photographic-documentary account of rural characters in three times: Pampa and Northwest, Argentine republic between the end of XIX and early XX

Photographic-documentary account of rural characters in three times: Pampa and Northwest, Argentine republic between the end of XIX and early XX

Экстенсии как техносоматические сборки: к истории одной идеи

В статье рассматривается более чем полуторавековая история понятия экстенсия, введенного в широкий оборот американским антропологом, основателем проксемики Эдвардом Холлом, и использование этого понятия в ряде дисциплин, включая антропоэкологию, психоанализ, теорию медиа и социологию. Определяется вклад отдельных исследователей в разработку этого понятия и сопряженных или конкурирующих с ним концептов. Определяется место экстенсий в ряду других типов техносоматических сборок. Предлагается рабочая типология самих экстенсий, учитывающая их относительные размеры, топологическое положение относительно тела и конкретные функции или способности человека, которые эти экстенсии усиливают, или заменяют и вытесняют. Анализ истории развития понятия экстенсия позволяет утверждать, что все артефакты человеческой культуры могут рассматриваться как экстенсии определенных телесных органов или функций, как их продолжение или амплификация, и что тело и психика человека еще до его рождения оказываются сопряженными со множеством технических артефактов (инструментов, аппаратов, машин, инфраструктур) и выступают в качестве элементов техносоматических ассамбляжей. Экстенсия как особый тип гибридной техносоматической реальности, как химерическое понятие, объединяющее в своем содержании телесное (природное) и произведенное человеком (культурное, техническое, искусственное), становится в такой расширенной трактовке синонимом техники или культуры в целом, мостом между психикой и телом, с одной стороны, и миром технокультурных артефактов, с другой. Кратко рассматриваются следствия этого утверждения для исследований человеческих телесности, смерти и памяти.

Ethnopolitical Contradictions in Katerynoslav Region in the Conditions of the Systemic Crisis of the Russian Autocracy of the End of XIX - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

In the post-reform period, the Katerynoslav province was used as a locomotive of capitalist transformations, and on the other hand represented polyethnic and poly-denominational territories inhabited by Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Germans, Poles, Greeks, Tatars, Bulgarians. etc. Such diversity could not but affect the ethnic relations in the region, which left a significant imprint on them. These relationships, in turn, were characterized by both relationship development and mutual influences, and a sufficiently high level of conflict. In particular, the author analyzes the causes and manifestations of superechtas between representatives of different ethnic groups that inhabited Katerynoslav region at the end of XIX - early XX centuries.Thus, it is emphasized that the rupture of social ties and impoverishment of a large part of the population during the transition from traditional to industrial society objectively created the basis for the spread of xenophobic and nationalist sentiments. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that at this time tsarism continued to build its intrinsic policy on the principles of the great power, the basis of which was known the «Uvarov» triad – «autocracy, Orthodoxy, nationality», in particular, when the official ideology was counted ethnic Ukrainians to Russians. Therefore, in the confines of a large-scale, chauvinistic policy, the Ukrainians were demolished and assimilated, and the rights of the Jewish population and representatives of other ethnic groups inhabiting the empire were restricted at the legislative level.Conflicts on the national soil in the region have seen an increase in the number of riotous actions against the local Jewish population, as well as the launching of anti-German campaigns, especially during the First World War. In addition, numerous disputes in Katerynoslav province have arisen between Ukrainians and Russians, as well as between local workers and foreign management personnel, who appeared in large numbers at the factories and mines of the region in the modern period. All this led to the destabilization of the socio-political situation, becoming a significant component of the revolutionary crisis that swept the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century.