Early XIX Century Research Articles

Государственная политика по вопросу о посещении исповеди верующими в XVIII — начале ХIX вв. (на примере Тобольской губернии)

The article considers the state policy on the issue of religious visits during the XVIII — early XIX centuries. The mechanism of control over the attendance of confession and communion by the population from the reign of Peter I to the beginning of the reign of Alexander I is revealed. Using the example of the Tobolsk province, the features of interaction between the secular and spiritual authorities on the issue of accounting for those who did not come to confession and identifying the reasons contributing to this are shown.

On the prerequisites for the state organization of epidemic control in Yakutia in the second half of the XVIII - early XIX century.

On the prerequisites for the state organization of epidemic control in Yakutia in the second half of the XVIII - early XIX century.

История забытой экспедиции

This article delves into a little-studied aspect of the history of the Russian exploration of the North – one of the first Arctic expeditions of the Russians in the early XIX century. The appeal to the historical experience of the discovery and study of the New Siberian Islands archipelago is determined by the growing interest in it on the part of world powers in connection with the development of coastal shelf resources and the resumption of the Northern Sea Route. In the Russian historiography the name of M.M. Gedenstrom remained a figure of silence for a long time in comparison with such explorers as F.P. Wrangel, P.F. Anju, G.A. Sarychev, E.V. Toll, who were engaged in the study of this region of the Arctic. However, the expedition of M.M. Gedenstrom is marked not only by the connection with specific tasks of Russian foreign policy and attempts to solve scientific problems relevant for that time, but also with the interests of business development on the islands, the subsoil of which is still rich in valuable fossil raw materials. M.M. Gedenstrom was the first to create a general map of the Novosi-birsk Islands, described them and the coast between the mouths of the Yana and Kolyma rivers, and corrected inaccuracies on previously compiled maps.

The evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries.

The article examines the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the development of relations between France and Spain, the analysis of various factors that influenced the diplomacy of the two countries. The object of the study is various treaties, armed conflicts and specific political steps characterizing Franco-Spanish relations. Special attention is paid to the role of the union of the two countries in the confrontation with Great Britain. The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of changes in relations between France and Spain in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. A special role in the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations is noted for the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in France and the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. The active foreign policy of Napoleonic France eventually resulted in a full-scale war on the Iberian Peninsula. The author uses chronological, historical-comparative and historical-systemic research methods in his work. These methods allowed to analyze the evolution of the Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. Periods of military confrontation were interspersed with the time of the union of the two countries. There was a certain duality at the heart of the Franco-Spanish alliance. On an ideological level, most of Spanish society did not accept the ideas of the French Revolution. From an economic point of view, it was not profitable for Spain to enter into the Anglo-French confrontation. Ties with the Spanish colonies were disrupted. From the point of view of European politics, Spain, isolated by its geographical location, did not always benefit from an alliance with France, since it was an unequal partner in it. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the proposed periodization of the history of Franco-Spanish relations of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, its division into a number of stages. This makes it possible to better structure the work and identify the interrelationship of the changes that determined the nature of Franco-Spanish relations at each stage. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in this work the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries is considered as a whole and continuous process, the influence of domestic political events on changes in the foreign policy of the two countries is analyzed.

Церковное проповедничество в приходах Кольского благочиния в конце XVIII — начале XIX века

The article is devoted to the previously unexplored issue of the preaching activities of urban and rural clergy in the parishes of the Kola deanery of the Arkhangelsk Diocese in the late XVIII — early XIX century. The research is based on documents from the foundation of the Kemsky Spiritual Collegium (National Archive of the Republic of Karelia), which was subordinated to parishes in Russian Lapland. It turns out that at that time there were no "learned priests" with full seminary education in the clergy of the Kola deanery who could deliver catechetical teachings of their own composition. The preaching of local priests was limited to the recitation of ready-made texts recommended by the Holy Synod. New information is introduced into scientific circulation about the Kola dean Archpriest Vasily Ivanovsky, who played a prominent role in the parish administration in the Kola North at the end of the XVIII — early XIX century.

The history of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Batyushkovo, Dmitrovsky district (XVII-XIX centuries)

This article provides historical information about the architectural monument characteristic of the Moscow patrimonial (Posadsky) architecture – the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Batyushkovo, Dmitrovsky district. The author has studied and systematized data on the owners, construction and repair of the church since the XVII century, collected data on local clergy. The research is based on materials from the archive of the Dmitrov Kremlin State Museum-Reserve, the archive of the Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, the archive of the New Jerusalem State Historical and Art Museum, the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the Central State Archive of Moscow. The work contains research on the history of the Dmitrov region, studied archival sources: metric books and church records. There is practically no historical information about the state of the church for the period from the XVII to the beginning of the XIX century, and information about the landowners of the village in the second half of the XVIII – early XIX century is sketchy. A valuable contribution to the study is information about the biographies of each of the owners of the village of Batyushkovo: their kind of activity, position in society. The most important aspect is the publication of previously unknown sources: drawings of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the middle of the XIX century by architect Vasily Dregalov.

Записки, резолюции и штаты в системе нормативных правовых актов Российской империи в начале XIX века

In the early XIX century, the legal practice of the Russian Empire used several forms of normative legal acts. The legalized forms were provided for by Article 53 of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The list included manifestos, decrees, instructions, etc. The author matched normative legal acts with the legal prescriptions that implemented them, as well as identified the forms of normative acts that were not provided for by the Code of Laws. The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire also contained some other forms of normative acts, not mentioned in the Code. These other forms included timesheets, posters, plans, journals, etc., approved by the Emperor. States, resolutions, and notes were the most popular variants. States determined the composition of a specific business entity or element of a state mechanism, e.g., a ministry, an office, a police or military unit, etc. Sometimes, they indicated positions and corresponding salaries. Resolutions were Emperor’s written responses to an action (message or act) of a government representative. Notes were proposals of specific measures and actions sent to the Emperor by a government representative. The Emperor gave them legal force with certain formulas, e.g., To Execute or So Be It. These forms of acts were quite wide-spread during the reform period. The article describes the place of states, resolutions, and notes in the system of normative acts, as well as provides their quantitative analysis.

HISTORICAL TOPONYMY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE VILLAGE OF LITYNIA (15th – early 19th centuries)

The purpose of the article is to present the results of research into the historical topography and toponymy of the village of Litynia in Drohobych county. The studyis based on the compilation of manuscript and published sources of the XV – early XIX centuries. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientifi city, systematicity, general scientifi c (analysis, synthesis) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic, historical-comparative) methods, as well as methods of criticism of historical sources. The scientifi c novelty is that for the fi rst time in historical science, the historical topography and toponymy of the village of Litynia (Drohobytch district, Lviv oblast), has been analyzed. Conclusions. So, in the historical and linguistic literature, there are three main versions of the origin of the name of the village of Litynia: 1) from the words “lito” (summer), “lituvaty” (spend the summer); 2) from the root “lut” – swamp (swampy area); 3) from the anthroponym Lit (Lita). Nevertheless, we give preference to the fi rst and not only because of its historical primacy, but also because it is based on folk tales, whichactually formed the basis of the statement of a well-known local historian of the second half of the 19th century Ludwik Dziеdzicki. The village of Litynia appeared on the banks of the Trudnytsia River, which was vital for the economic and domestic functioning of the settlement. The topographical features of Litynia and its surroundings have undergone certain changes over the centuries. Already in the 16th century. the settlement of Silechka, which was probably located in the town of Sredniy Horb, disappeared, the germ of the village of Grud may have appeared. Until the XVIII century the thickets and forests surrounding Litynia from the north and south were cut down. The toponymy of Litynia, of course, needs a more thorough onomastic study, but it is mostly connected with the peculiarities of the locallandscape, soils and fi elds, and their use by the peasants. Key words: toponymy, topography, oikonymy, historical local history, Litynia,Drohobych county, historical sources.

Художественное наследие в актуализации традиционных педагогических технологий и реализации инновационных идей образования

The purpose of the research is to create a comprehensive methodology with the inclusion of traditional pedagogical technologies based on the system of the historical Russian school of fine arts. Using the example of planning ensembles of a Russian manor with the definition of their influence on the cultural development of life in urban suburbs during the heyday and development of art workshops and crafts in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries. The paper provides an analysis of a number of methodological approaches in the educational system, which is based on the educational and cultural component of art education. The purpose of this article was to analyze the social features of the planning, content and distribution of functions of the socio-cultural development of the Russian estate. The research can be successfully applied in educational programs and additional education, in the field of architecture, design, restoration and ecology.

Titles of Russian memoirs of the XVIII - early XIX century as a meta-textual element of the narrative

The subject of the research presented in the article is the metatextual function of the titles of Russian memoirs of the XVIII – early XIX centuries. The object of the study is all known and published texts of Russian memoirs of the specified historical period. The author analyzes in detail in this aspect the memoirs of V. V. Golovin, I. O. Ostrozhsky-Lokhvitsky, I. G. Andreev, Y. P. Shakhovsky, I. I. Neplyuev, I. V. Lopukhin, M. V. Danilov, T. P. Kalashnikov, G. I. Dobrynin, P. S. Baturin, etc. authors. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the memoir title as a result of the author's reflection and the author's mark addressed to the reader, reflecting the tendency to individualize the narrative about oneself and the desire of the memoirist authors for a holistic understanding and literary formalization of the text of memoirs. The research methodology is based on the principles of comparative studies and comparative historical analysis. The corpus of the memoirs under study is placed in the general cultural context of the epoch, which allows us to talk about the principles of formation and development of Russian memoiristics in the XVIII century. The memoir titles reflect which aesthetic and value paradigm the memoirist was oriented towards when writing about his past. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the memoir title is considered as the main element of the meta–text ensemble "title – preface – epigraph - afterword". The genre nomination necessarily present in the memoir title (notes, chronicle, novel, life, life) is understood as a sign of the memoirist's cultural and literary self-identification aimed at a potential reader. The article identifies the following trends: orientation towards the ancient Russian cultural and genre tradition, the influence of the educational and classicist paradigm and attitudes dictated by the influence of sentimentalism and the genre of the novel. A systematic analysis of more than fifty works of Russian memoiristics allows us to conclude that the defining role of the genre nomination in the composition of the memoir title is for the author to choose a narrative model, an angle of the image of events and characters, leitmotifs and principles of plot organization. Compilation and analysis of the repertoire of titles of memoir works of the XVIII – early XIX centuries allow us to conclude about the principles of formation and development of Russian memoiristics as a whole.

Копейный бой в военном искусстве калмыков и джунгар XVII – начала XIX вв.

Introduction. The article examines the features of the formation and evolution of the Oirat light cavalry armed with spears of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern times. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of spear fighting in the military practice of the Dzungars and Kalmyks of the XVII – early XIX centuries on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of written, pictorial and material sources. Results. It has been established that in the Central Asian region for centuries shock spears and pikes remained mainly the weapons of armored cavalry, while light nomads without armor used them only sporadically. During the military transformations carried out by the Oirat and Mongol military leaders of the second half of the XVI–XVII centuries, mounted archers were equipped with shock spears and pikes, which led to the emergence of a new type of cavalry composed of lightly armed spearmen capable of conducting both remote and close combat. During the military campaigns of the Oirats, which covered most of steppe Eurasia, the idea of mass light cavalry with spears was adopted by many peoples of the Great Steppe, including Russian Cossacks and Turks of Eastern Europe (Nogais, Crimean and Polish-Lithuanian Tatars). In turn, the battle on the spears of the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars (Lipkov) formed the basis of the military practice of the Polish lancers, which became a model of such cavalry for the countries of Central and Western Europe of the XVIII – early XIX centuries. Based on the analysis of Mongolian, Oirat, Ottoman, European and Qing written sources, the original name of the Oirat long–barrel weapon of the XVII–XVIII centuries was revealed, which sounded like “jida” (“dzida”). The design features of the Oirat spears were established, the spear fighting technique and tactics of mounted Kalmyk and Dzungarian warriors armed with spears were reconstructed. Conclusions. The collected materials indicate that spears and pikes were the main type of melee weapons of the Oirat warriors of the XVII – early XIX centuries. Spear fighting was one of the key elements of the military art of the Dzungars and Kalmyks of this period. The Oirats had a significant impact on the development of the practice of equestrian spear fighting among the peoples of Eurasia of the XVII–XVIII centuries.

Gabriel's Failed Revolution of 1800: Causes and Prerequisites

This work is devoted to a very little-studied topic of the Virginia Slave Conspiracy led by Gabriel and is the first study of this issue in Russian historiography. The present article analyzes in detail the causes and prerequisites of the failed uprising of 1800. At the same time, the author relies on the published materials of the trial and the works of leading Western researchers. 
 The first part is devoted directly to the history of studying this issue. Using historical-genetic and retrospective methods, the author traces the influence of foreign policy, domestic political, social, economic, demographic, socio-cultural factors on the formation of a socially explosive situation in Virginia by 1800, and
 also identifies a number of subjective reasons and prerequisites for a slave conspiracy, such as: motives of personal revenge and banal miscalculations of the authorities who did not take proper measures. At the same time, the main emphasis is on comparing approaches and substantiating the complex of causes and
 prerequisites in Western historiography.
 As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in the case of Gabriel's conspiracy, it is not just about a failed uprising, but about the emergence in Virginia of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries of a real revolutionary situation, the formation of which was facilitated by a combination of interrelated factors.
 The results of the research conducted in this article can be used in research and teaching activities related to the study of American history and the history of the African-American people (Black History).

Конвойная служба в истории пенитенциарной системы Югорского Севера в конце XVI – начале ХХ в.

The aim of the study is to characterise the process and features of formation of the convoy penitentiary guard on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra (in the late XVI – early XX century) from the historical perspective. The paper analyses the historical stages in the evolution of the convoy guard in accordance with different political regimes in Russia, the development of the institution of Siberian exile and the peculiarities of the region. The study is novel in that it is the first to identify the peculiarities of functioning of the Yugra convoy guard as an integral part of the penitentiary system based on historical sources, including archival materials. As a result of the study, it has been found that the reform of the institution of the convoy guard and its functioning in Yugra corresponded to the tasks facing the state. Up to the early XIX century, the North was considered primarily as a place of exile and imprisonment of state criminals dangerous to the supreme power, thus, the organisation of the convoy to the region proceeded from the personal orders of the Tsar and the Tobolsk governor. The 1811 reform, which had officially created the convoy guard, provided other tasks: the state was preparing for an increase in crime in the face of growing social contradictions in Russia, the expansion of the territory of the Russian Empire and other factors. The same trend was observed under the Soviet authorities, when the stages of reformation of the convoy guard preceded the repressions and the creation of the GULAG.

PATRONS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE TALANTSEV BROTHERS TO ITS DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes the contribution of famous entrepreneurs of the Chuvash region, the Talantsev brothers – Nikolai Mikhailovich, Mikhail Mikhailovich and Zinovy Mikhailovich – to the development of the education system in the late XIX – early XX century.
 
 In pre-revolutionary Russia at the beginning of the XX century, charitable activities are expanding in the business environment. A considerable part of the country’s educated business elite considered it inhumane and undignified to do business only for the sake of making a profit and tried to direct part of their funds to charity. Alms-houses, shelters for the elderly and children, hospitals and night shelters were opened at their expense. Sponsorship of educational institutions of various levels occupied a significant place in the patronage of such entrepreneurs. Such entrepreneurs included well-known merchants and production workers, the Talantsev brothers. Studying the experience of their charitable activities in the education system makes it possible to assess the contribution of the Talantsev brothers to the development of education in the region, to understand the spirit of entrepreneurs of pre-revolutionary Russia.
 
 The main purpose of the research is to study the contribution of the Talantsev brothers, well-known entrepreneurs and patrons in the Volga region, to the development of education in the Chuvash Region and beyond.
 
 Materials and methods. The main methods for the analysis were historical-genetic, problem-chronological and retrospective methods, which made it possible, based on the methodological principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, to analyze source materials – archival documents and special scientific literature on the subject, to comprehensively consider the problems posed.
 
 Study results. Based on a systematic analysis of source materials, the article discusses the first steps in the charitable activities of Yadrin entrepreneurs, known far beyond the Chuvash Region – the Talantsev brothers – Nikolai Mikhailovich, Mikhail Mikhailovich, Zinovy Mikhailovich – at the end of the late XIX – early XX century XIX century. The contribution of the Talantsev brothers to the development of primary and primary vocational education at the beginning of the late XIX – early XX century XX century is studied. Their role in opening a non-classical secondary school and a girls’ gymnasium in Yadrin aimed at forming needful vocational and gymnasium education in the region is analyzed. The main forms and directions of sponsor support in the field of education by patrons of the Talantsevs were studied. The role of the youngest of the brothers, Z.M. Talantsev, in opening Nizhny Novgorod People’s University, in the evolvement of its chemical faculty is considered.
 
 Conclusion. The conclusion is made about a worthy contribution of well-known large entrepreneurs in the Volga region, patrons the Talantsev brothers to the development of primary school, vocational, gymnasium and higher education.

«Crime is a kind of moral disease ...»: ideas about the means and methods of treatment and prevention of criminal behavior in the Anglo-American socio-cultural sphere in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries

«Crime is a kind of moral disease ...»: ideas about the means and methods of treatment and prevention of criminal behavior in the Anglo-American socio-cultural sphere in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries

Эпиграфы в русских мемуарных текстах второй половины XVIII – начала XIX века

The paper is devoted to the study of the corpus of texts of Russian memoiristics belonging to the second half of the XVIII century – the early XIX century in the aspect of fictionalization. The epigraph is understood as one of the obvious and potential reader – oriented signs of the author’s awareness not only in relation to the content of memories (selection of facts for description, ways of expressing a point of view, etc.), but also to the literary form of memoirs. The aim of the research is to identify the metatext function of epigraphs in the Russian memoir texts of the second half of the XVIII century – the early XIX century. The paper outlines the corpus of memoir texts of the specified period with epigraphs, analyzes the literary and cultural genesis of memoir epigraphs, determines the place of the epigraph in the meta-textual frame of a memoir work. Special attention is paid to the correlation of epigraphs with the original cultural and literary context. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the functional repertoire of the memoir epigraph as a reader-oriented author’s sign, as well as in studying works that have not been previously considered in the aspect of the poetics of a memoir text (T. P. Kalashnikov, I. O. Ostrozhsky-Lokhvitsky, A. de Palmier). As a result, it has been proved that the appearance of epigraphs in Russian memoiristics in the second half of the XVIII century – the early XIX century is a marker of the general process of fictionalization of the memoir narrative.

GOTHIC FEATURES IN KEVIN RYAN’S NOVEL “VAN HELSING”

The Gothic novel, which appeared in English literature in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries, influenced the works of outstanding writers of all subsequent periods. The description of supernatural elements in the Gothic novel filled the reader with horror and fear. The genre of the Gothic novel, known in some sources as the "black novel", is widely developed, primarily in English literature. Gothic novels play an important role not only in English but also in world literature. They had a significant impact on the further development of many literary movements, both in Europe and in other parts of the world.

Economic aspects of the Anglo-French confrontation during the Napoleonic Wars

The article deals with the problem of economic confrontation between France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. The subject of the study is the nature and conditions of the Anglo-French confrontation through the prism of economic processes. The object of the study are those measures and actions that were taken by France and Britain in order to establish their own economic superiority, special attention is paid to the Continental Blockade introduced by Napoleon I Bonaparte. The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of Anglo-French rivalry, as well as the peculiarities of the development of national economies in wartime conditions. The article discusses the measures that have been taken to overcome the crisis phenomena by the governments of France and Britain in connection with the conduct of a policy of mutual blockade. The special role of the naval force and the smuggling trade is noted. The author uses chronological, historical-comparative and historical-system research methods in his work. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in economic or military history, as well as in the theory and history of international relations. There are still conflicting assessments of the effectiveness and consequences of the economic measures taken by the French and British governments to establish their own hegemony on the European continent. The novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive examination of the nature of the economic confrontation between the two European "superpowers" in the early XIX century. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the instrument of economic blockade, the policy of sanctions and counter-sanctions, as well as trade wars remain one of the most important elements of the military-political confrontation of various modern states.

Благочинный на Кольском Севере в начале XIX века (по документам Кемского духовного правления Национального архива Республики Карелия)

Using new documents of the Kem spiritual collegium, the institution of deans in the Kola North with its specific features has been studied for the first time. The large territory of the Kola Peninsula that was part of the Arkhangelsk and Kholmogory dioceses had the only one deanery district due to few parishes at the beginning of the XIX century. The everyday life of a local dean was filled with bureaucratic correspondence with the spiritual collegium. The dean took multi-day trips to inspect parish churches located at a great distance from each other and that was a difficult task for him in the conditions of the Kola North. The duties of the Kola dean, like in the other diocesan districts, were numerous but he could not always adhere to the recommendations prescribed by the ecclesiastical authority in the all-Russian instructions and fulfill its requirements in a timely manner. The absence of any state financial support to the deanery service in the Kola North significantly complicated and limited the activities of the dean. The personal qualities of a priest appointed by the bishop to this responsible position were of great importance and largely determined the effectiveness of the established system of control over local parish communities. The information found in the course of the study is important for understanding the development of parish life in the north-western outskirts of the Russian state in the early XIX century.

On the representation of the cultural category of sinfulness in the works of A.N. Radishchev

The subject of the research in this article is the category of sinfulness and the peculiarities of its actualization in the Russian culture of the late XVIII – early XIX century. The author examines the category under study through the prism of fiction, since this historical period is characterized by a special literary centrism, when the social, spiritual, and cultural life of society was reliably reflected in the works of art. The author focuses on the cultural analysis of A.N. Radishchev's treatise "On man, his mortality and Immortality", in which the category of sinfulness is represented through the writer's appeal to such concepts as vice, virtue, the sin of lust, greed, laziness and pride, as well as to the idea of punishment for sins, images of heaven and hell. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the category of sinfulness was considered, an objectification of the sin was found in the work of A.N. Radishchev "About man, his mortality and immortality". In his essay, the writer examines in detail the sin of lust, its causes and consequences, devoting only a few lines to other sins, such as laziness, greed and pride, which allows us to judge their subjective significance. Based on the conducted cultural analysis, the author concludes that the category under study is implicit and is the basic one for the Russian society of the XIX century. In the work of A.N. Radishchev, the main, regulatory function of the category of sinfulness is actualized.