Early Twenty-first Century Research Articles

Shifting urban design paradigms in the development of two New York projects: Battery Park City and Hudson Yards

Two major property developments in Manhattan, New York City illustrate the evolution of urban design paradigms since World War Two. Both projects evolved over time beginning in the mid-1950s. The first, Battery Park City in Lower Manhattan, was finally built according to a 1979 master plan prepared for and controlled by a public benefit corporation while the second, Hudson Yards, is following a 2008 master plan prepared for a public agency but controlled by a private company. The first was built out by 2012 while the first phase of the second was completed in 2019. The former was a public sector project strongly promoted by private interests; the latter was and remains the largest private development in the history of the United States. Both schemes were beset with political and financial travails that are manifested in the series of urban design proposals made for their sites. The implemented schemes represent two diametrically radically different urban design paradigms. Battery Park City is a neo-traditional urban design that set out to be New York in character; Hudson Yards is an international hypermodern design that reflects the global neo-liberal competitive spirit of the early twenty-first century. The two paradigms represent different socio-economic attitudes and ideas of what makes a good inner-city environment.

Etude Genre in the Works of Contemporary Pianists-Composers: Traditions and Innovation

The article is devoted to the study of the etude genre, which in the work of domestic composers-pianists of the second half of the twentieth – early twenty-first centuries became an experiment and capture of a personal artistic picture of the world. The focus of the article is two opuses by contemporary pianist composers М. Kollontai and E. Chernov. As a result of the cycle of analysis of etudes op. 55 Kollontai, the author comes to the conclusion that this work continues the line of Liszt’s transcendentalism. Particular attention in this cycle is aimed at considering religious and spiritual themes expressed at the verbal level. The composer’s artistic comments on the etudes, the epigraph from the poems of the poet and Catholic priest Geselle, the afterword to the plays, explain and explore the conceptual field of the program composition, which embodied New Testament stories related to the way of the cross of Jesus Christ on earth. For the piano cycle – Nine etudes-pictures op. 11 by Chernov, nine etudes-pictures op. 39 Rachmaninoff. In the course of the analysis, it is noted that the cycle of etudes by Chernov is characterized by the following features: a concentric type of composition with an aspiration to the finale, the presence of a lyrical core, the development and interweaving of two psychological modes (lyrical and dramatic), which gives the cycle integrity and harmony, paired grouping of etudes according to the principle of contrast, the presence of leitmotifs, as well as leitgenres (nocturne and waltz) that permeate the piano cycle. The article emphasizes the idea that interest in such a genre of improvisational mix as «etude-fantasy» is found mainly in the legacy of virtuoso composers-pianists of the 19th-20th centuries, striving in their work to prolong romantic traditions.

Conceptual Foundations of the Ideographic Dictionaries of the Ural Semantic School

The purpose of the article is to examine the ideographic dictionaries created by the lexicographers of the Ural Semantic School from the dynamic aspect, according to which the Ural ideographic lexicography was formed as an independent direction. In total, the group has published 26 ideographic dictionaries of different semantic and grammatical nature of words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, synonyms of the Russian language and Russian speech, synonymic-antonymic complexes, Russian verb sentences, Russian key concepts. The methodological basis of such dictionaries were the basic provisions of the main scholarly paradigms of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: structural-semantic, functional-semantic, denotative-ideographic, cognitive-discursive. In turn, a new type of active ideographic dictionaries contributed to the formation of a system of basic theoretical positions that formed the conceptual lexicographic base of ideographic dictionaries. The universal theoretical foundations of linguistic construction represent the following fundamental principles: consistency, hierarchy, invariance/variability, the presence of standard semantics, representativeness of identifiers, etc., the implementation of which is modified and corrected in the structure of various ideographic dictionaries and supplemented with new relevant lexicographic parameters of their construction, which determines the conceptual uniqueness of each individual dictionary. The peculiarities of such dictionaries and their ideographic sets are determined by the semantic-grammatical and linguo-cognitive nature of the units that make up their composition and the specifics of their constituent sets of units: lexical-semantic, functional-semantic and functional-syntactic, cognitive-discursive. As a result of the study, the authors identify the main types of lexical sets in the composition of ideographic dictionaries of different types.

The invertebrate paleontology collection at Rio de Janeiro's Museu Nacional: museological practices and stages in its trajectory.

This article examines the general characteristics of how the invertebrate paleontology collection at the National Museum [Museu Nacional] in Rio de Janeiro took shape and the stages in its trajectory, considering the institution's own journey from the perspective of museology and heritage studies. It addresses the reach of the collection within the context of the department and the procedures and practices involved, namely research, education, and exhibitions. The collection's trajectory reflects the contexts that formed the backdrop for the museum, domestically and globally, between the mid-1900s and the early twenty-first century.

Processes Contributing to Bering Sea Temperature Variability in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century

Abstract Over recent decades, the Bering Sea has experienced oceanic and atmospheric climate extremes, including record warm ocean temperature anomalies and marine heatwaves (MHWs), and increasingly variable air–sea heat fluxes. In this work, we assess the relative roles of surface forcing and ocean dynamical processes on mixed layer temperature (MLT) tendency by computing a closed mixed layer heat budget using the NASA/JPL Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) Ocean State and Sea Ice Estimate. We show that surface forcing drives the majority of the MLT tendency in the spring and fall and remains dominant to a lesser degree in winter and summer. Surface forcing anomalies are the dominant driver of monthly mixed layer temperature tendency anomalies (MLTa), driving an average of 72% of the MLTa over the ECCO record length (1992–2017). The surface turbulent heat flux (latent plus sensible) accounts for most of the surface heat flux anomalies in January–April and September–December, and the net radiative flux (net longwave plus net shortwave) dominates the surface heat flux anomalies in May–August. Our results suggest that atmospheric variability plays a significant role in Bering Sea ocean temperature anomalies through most of the year. Furthermore, they indicate a recent increase in ocean warming surface forcing anomalies, beginning in 2010. Significance Statement In recent years, the Bering Sea has experienced extremes in ocean temperature, which have had adverse impacts on ocean ecology and marine fisheries and have contributed to increasingly variable sea ice extent. Our results identify anomalous heating by air–sea heat flux anomalies as the process responsible for most of the observed ocean temperature anomalies over the period 1992–2017. We additionally show that there has been an increase in atmosphere-driven ocean warming since 2010. Our work highlights the importance of investigating how ocean–atmosphere interactions might change under future climate change and how this will impact the Bering Sea.

Standpipes, Chimmeys, and Memorialization in the Caribbean

In this essay I read debates about amenities of water and waste in the British Caribbean in the late and immediate post-Victorian period through histories of intimacy and kinship centered in fiction by Caribbean writers of the last twenty years. In these novels and short stories, collecting water at a stream or a standpipe or emptying a chamber pot are actions that produce or recall moments of desire and aspiration, shame and punishment, in storylines that move between a past of enslavement and indentureship in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and a present of political and psychological stasis or upheaval in the 1950s, 1970s, or the early twenty-first century. Nineteenth-century discussions about fire hydrants or standpipes index a British Caribbean colony's evolving landscape of modernization and the disagreements about what shape and speed this process should take, and recent fiction allows us to discern how these amenities inherit and bequeath associations of trauma.

«Дрожащая тварь» как прецедентный текст в современной русской литературе

The paper summarizes the usage of the precedent text, “the trembling creature,” in Russian literature during the last third of the twentieth and the early twenty-first centuries. The text under study appears as quotations, reminiscences, and various paraphrases. Its origin is attributed to Pushkin, who paraphrased the Bible and the Quran in his poetry to create eventually a memorable periphrasis of a God-fearing man. Dostoevsky’s Raskolnikov quotes and then paraphrases Pushkin’s text, altering its original meaning for his own motives. Since that time, dozens of Russian authors have been paraphrasing Raskolnikov. The paraphrases of the most renowned precedent text tend to function as “Raskolnikov’s word,” though in a truncated, form they are semantically connected to Pushkin’s paraphrase in some contexts. The phrase and Raskolnikov’s dilemma both became the locis communis of the intertext of all Russian literature in general and Crime and Punishment in particular. Contemporary post-modern prose incorporates the dilemma in collage chains of reminiscences and paraphrases. It is typically used by the hero or hero-narrator and becomes a means of self-evaluation. The characterological aspect originates from the initial dilemma, depicting careerist protagonists who “have the right” during the evolving capitalism in Russia, crime bosses driven by intellectual ambitions, or conversely, helpless and humiliated intellectuals. However, the instability of all these characters’ statuses and the duality of their self-identification are preserved. The discourse of specific characters striving to consciously imitate Raskolnikov or even surpass him features a repeated paraphrase.

ОПЫТ СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНОГО АНАЛИЗА САМОВОСПРИЯТИЯ КРЯШЕН ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ПУБЛИЧНЫХ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЙ НАЧАЛА XX В. И СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ: САМОИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ И ФАКТОР КАТЕГОРИЗАЦИИ

The article draws a comparison of sources on Kryashen selfidentification from the early twentieth and early twenty-first century. I use R. Jenkins’ theory on self-identification and categorization as inside and outside descriptions of groups to understand the specificity of Kryashen self-perception. While there is a variety of works on the topic of Kryashen identity, the factor of an “external gaze” at their community is less studied. Drawing upon a thematic analysis of texts by Kryashen activist intellectuals D.G. Grigoryev (1906) and N.V. Mamakov (2018), I make it clear that these authors consider Kryashens to be a separate Orthodox Christian people that faces institutional imposition of “Tatar-ness”, so they appeal to the state and the Russian Church in defense of their own identity. They also highlight the role of intelligentsia in consolidation of Kryashen identity and point that Kryashens are not a well-known people in Russia. Existent differences between the texts are generally explained as historical and genre particularities. Expressions of Kryashen social activity on the topic of their identity represent a unique field of research for today’s Russia, a detailed study of which facilitates deepening of theoretical comprehension of self-identification vs. categorization clashes, the role of rejection of expected social roles in identity.

History of Bonaparte’s Egyptian Campaign in Modern Historiography

In this article, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the most recent foreign publications on the history of Napoleon Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign, published over the past five years. He begins by providing a concise overview of the historiography of this topic, outlining the key areas of development over the past decades and identifying the works that have become classics in each field. Furthermore, he highlights the increasing prominence of anti-colonial discourse, largely influenced by the concepts articulated in Edward Said’s seminal work, Orientalism, within the historiography of the Egyptian campaign since the early twenty-first century. The classic representation of these concepts in the historiography of this topic is a monograph by the American orientalist J. Cole. The impact of this discourse on the content of recent works is evident, particularly in the selection of topics by their authors. Consequently, the French military historian A. Pigeard was compelled to disguise his somewhat unconventional interest in the military aspects of the Egyptian campaign by discussing scientific topics that were not characteristic of his previous works. The Irish historian J. Clarke selected the topic of war crimes perpetrated by the French against the Egyptians for his research. Furthermore, the most significant works related to the history of the expedition that have appeared over the past period — the monograph of the English historian T. Sarafatti — can be characterised by the author’s desire to refute Said about the motivation of the French Orientalists who created the Description of Egypt. Concurrently, a notable recent trend in the historiography of the Egyptian campaign has been the inclusion of brief excursions into this topic by specialists from related fields of historical science. While this does contribute to a certain revival, it does not facilitate the emergence of fundamental research comparable in depth to the classical works of previous years.

„SEKS-APEL“ U MEĐURATNOM BEOGRADU: RODNO ČITANjE TERAZIJA BOŠKA TOKINA

This paper aims to study gender identities in the novel Terazije by Boško Tokin, which is considered by some literary critics to be the first modern novel of the Serbian literature. In his story of interwar Belgrade, Tokin depicts a world in which traditional morality and customs have been replaced by the amorality of the new age, in which each individual is left to themselves and their conscience, and there are no social penalties for great sinners. At the beginning of the work, we gave an overview of the reception of this novel, starting from the first reviews in the contemporary press, through lack of interest for the most of the twentieth century, to the renewed interest in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. In the part of the work dedicated to the analysis of the novel, we first reflected on the formation of the character of the modern woman, shown through the marriage of Đorđe and Olga, but also her subsequent moral downfall. After that, we analyzed Đorđe’s relationship with the maid Zuza and interpreted the space of Palilula as an expressionist locus amoenis in which a man gains freedom from a woman. Olivera Jovićević, wife of MP Sima, as the character of a sexually frustrated woman, offered another look at a woman of the new age, who will still experience her most complete incarnation in Zora Bogosavljević, whose relationship with the bon vivant Strahinja represents an apology of free love. This, however, stands in sharp contrast to Zora’s tragic ending, which shows a split in Tokin’s approach to this character. The final part of the work is dedicated to cross-dresser Rista/Rikica, one of the earliest characters of homosexuals in the Serbian literature. These characters depict Toxin’s complex and often contradictory attitude towards issues of gender, sexuality, and morality and attract the modern reader with their modernity.

«Конец я себе придумал»: мортальное моделирование в литературном творчестве В. М. Шукшина

The paper examines how V. M. Shukshin portrays death and uses the technique of mortal modeling in his literary works. Both fiction and non-fiction works, such as letters and working notes, are carefully examined for their depiction of hero deaths and, in some cases, the writer’s own death. In this context, mortal modeling refers to the portrayal of death-related scenes, the dying process, funerals, and the playful reinterpretation or personal experience of these events by the characters or the writer. The theme of death is prominently featured in the late artistic works of Shukshin. During the writer’s final years (1973–1974), seventeen out of twenty-two published stories portrayed death. In his correspondence with friends and relatives between 1972 and 1974, Shukshin also focuses on the theme of death. Moreover, in the letter to V. I. Belov (winter of 1969), Shukshin announces his decision to commit suicide. The problem of creative comprehension of the phenomenon of death by Shukshin is analyzed in the context of philosophical ideas of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The conclusion is drawn that mortal modeling in the literary work of Shukshin functions as a replacement for traditional rites of dying and burial. It also serves to reduce the fear of death, particularly in hospital settings. In the 20th century, this type of death became extremely technological, in isolation from relatives and friends. The departure from traditional patriarchal death rituals emphasizes the shifting comprehension of death during the 20th century.

Playing with Fire: How Engagement with Illicit Economies Shapes the Survival and Resilience of Ethnic Armed Organisations in the China-Myanmar Borderlands

This article examines the relationship between the survival and resilience of ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) and their involvement in the illicit economy in the China-Myanmar borderlands of northern Shan State over time. Drawing on fieldwork conducted from 2018 to 2022 in both the China-Myanmar and Thai-Myanmar borderlands, it employs a spatiotemporal approach to explore the interactions among border openness/closure, transnational flows, EAO’s strategies, and illicit economies, including the Cold War era drug trade, the gambling industry in the early twenty-first century, and the post-Covid-19 online scams industry. The study reveals how EAOs use the border as a resource, adapting their strategies to changing political environments. It argues that these interactions are not linear but rather characterised by reciprocal influences across various historical periods. This historical overview of the interactions between non-state armed groups and illicit economies reveals the complexity of the contested borderland along the Chinese border.

Debates on the Polish Literary Canon in the Second Half of the 20th and Early 21st Centuries

The purpose of this article is a synthetic and historical overview of the debates on the Polish literary canon, which took place in the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article attempts to classify post-1945 attitudes toward the canon and the works that constitute it. Political, historical and social circumstances greatly influenced the choice and assessment of works what were considered the most important in the history of Polish literature. In presenting and analyzing the views of renowned critics and literary historians (as well as other experts on the subject), the essay reveals that the outlook on the canon, which is one of the key elements of any nation’s culture, is heterogeneous, multilayered and embedded in many different contexts.

REFORMIST IDEAS OF FRENCH PHILOSOPHY: LATE TWENTIETH TO EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

REFORMIST IDEAS OF FRENCH PHILOSOPHY: LATE TWENTIETH TO EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

The crisis of the professional identity of the teacher in the context of the formation of a new information and communication educational paradigm: Aspect of research and publication activity

The problem of the study - the genesis of the problem of the crisis of professional identity of a teacher in the context of the formation of a new information and communication educational paradigm in the second half of the twentieth century - early twenty-first century. The analysis of the scientific and pedagogical literature of the second half of the twentieth century - the beginning of the twenty-first century demonstrates that the transition to a new paradigm of education was marked by the emergence of a crisis of professional identity, which is also emphasised by the ambiguity of definitions of the concept of professional identity. In the modern scientific and pedagogical discourse, a teacher is seen as a person with numerous roles. The scientific, theoretical and philosophical foundations for considering research activities and publication activity as key indicators of the level of professional identity of a teacher are identified and substantiated. An empirical study of the opinions of practicing teachers in Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and Sweden on research and publication activity is carried out. The results of the international empirical research state the presence and reveal specific manifestations of the professional identity crisis.

SUBSTANTIVE-GENETIC PRINCIPLES OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSTICS IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF NABOKIKH O.G.

Problem Statement and Purpose. Alexander Nabokikh (1874–1920), who criticized the model of soil classification and diagnostics by V. Dokuchaev and M. Sibirtsev, formulated the original water-mode concept of soil formation. This concept provided for the quantitative assessment of individual soil formation factors, as well as the classification and diagnosis of soils according to their characteristics and properties. Nabokikh ideas and methods were rejected by V. Dokuchaev’s students and have not been improved throughout the history of genetic soil science, but today they are clearly reflected in the «newest» substantive principles of soil diagnosis and classification. The methodological innovations of O. Nabokikh are far-sighted and relevant to this day and require a thorough study. Data & Methods. General scientific and historical methods were used. The research materials are the scientific works of O. Nabokikh, as well as archival materials of the Soil Museum of Odesa State Agrarian University. The maps of «selected major soil properties» of 1914–1916 were analyzed – detailed plans of organic matter content in the soils of the southern region of Ukraine. Results. O. G. Nabokikh proposed the Three-phase soil survey, which was based on methods of soil diagnostics by their properties, as well as the method of mapping the so-called “selected major soil properties”. Nabokikh foresaw the importance of detailed maps of the distribution of soil properties for soil monitoring. A comparative analysis of the data on organic matter content in the early twentieth century and in the early twenty-first century along two (n=94) of O. Nabokikh’s routes in the Odesa region revealed a decrease in organic matter in the surface layer of soils by an average of 0.6%. Nabokikh O. G. remained a supporter of the factor concept of soil formation, but modified it by identifying the “dominant factor” (an inseparable pair of precipitation and relief). In the matter of soil diagnostics and classification, he prefers the substantive principle. When identifying “variants of chernozems,” he cites the following substantive “main features of chernozems and the main modifications of these features”: uniformity of distribution of silicate minerals; accumulation of humus; illuvium of hydrates of one and a half oxides; illuvium of calcium carbonate salts; relict features. Determination of the main features of soils became the basis of the deep-profile method of soil research used by Nabokikh O. G.

University space in the novel “On Beauty” by Z. Smith

The article examines Z. Smith’s novel “On Beauty” (2005) in the context of the university novel tradition. In general, the writer adheres to the framework of tradition, reproducing typical plot situations in novels of this kind, describing the university environment, conflicts of interests in the teaching environment and relationships with students. One of the central characters of the novel, Howard Belsey, finds himself in a typical situation for a university professor experiencing an age crisis of family breakdown, which is also characteristic of the plots of such novels. The innovation of Zadie Smith is that she raises the issue of the university environment isolation, its social, racial and moral aspects. At the level of space, this idea is expressed in the emphasis on the closeness of the university space and the ways of penetration through its boundaries. The image of Karl Thomas, a young black trespasser of the University of Wellington, raises issues about the possibilities for young and free racially different people of finding a place for themselves in early twenty-first century American society. Particular attention is paid to the description of the university space in the novel in relation to other types of space.

Мишель Фуко об «антропологическом круге»

Long before criticism of anthropocentrism became commonplace in the early twenty-first century, Michel Foucault was asking questions about the origins and cultural conditions of human self-referentiality. In his writings of the 1960s, this theme proved to be one of the key, if not the main one. Exploring the history of the emergence of insanity as a subject of psychiatric knowledge, mental illness, and then studying the change from the episteme of classical rationalism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the modern one, Foucault discovered what he called the "anthropological circle". This is the situation in the history of thought when man became the object of positive knowledge, when his mental life became objectified, resulting in the formation of modern anthropocentrism. Man finds himself at the center of modernity not as a godlike Renaissance titan at the center of the cosmos, but as a finite human being who acts as a condition for the production of modern types of knowledge, including knowledge about himself. However, the more concrete and cognizable this man becomes, the more his essence slips, according to Foucault, into the realm of the unthinkable.

Translanguaging: a paradigm shift for ELT theory and practice

Abstract Translanguaging theory and pedagogy have emerged as central to the recent multilingual turn in educational linguistics and language teaching, including ELT. This article will explore translanguaging from theoretical and practical perspectives, aiming to clarify what it is and is not claiming, and what types of pedagogic practice it advocates, both in its stronger and weaker forms. I argue that a paradigm shift is occurring in the field, parallel with the shift in understanding of the nature of language itself that underpins both translanguaging theory and integrationism in linguistics. Implications for practice in ELT are also explored, including a reorientation concerning the goals of language teaching, a recognition of English as a social construct with traditions of use rather than immutable rules, and a repositioning of the many translingual teachers around the world as the experts at the centre of the multilingual turn that is defining early twenty-first century language pedagogy.

Plots and motifs of legends about Taas Ullungakh in folklore and literature: on the question of continued folklore traditions in the literature

The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the specifics of the interaction of folklore and literature from the point of view of the continuity of oral literature traditions and their artistic interpretation and transformation in Yakut literature. The problems of functioning and interpretation in the structure of the literary text of the folklore narrative are still poorly studied. Meanwhile, folk legends and legends are one of the important genre- and plot-forming components of Yakut literature. A comparison of plots and motifs of legends in folklore narratives and literary works is considered in the context of the interaction of two poetic systems: oral (recorded in written “book form”) and literary. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in Yakut literary studies, the process of forming a plot-motif complex in folk legends about a separate mythological hero in various versions from different sources and its functioning in modern Yakut literature is considered. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of a plot–motif complex about Taas Ullungakh in folklore studies and the specifics of its artistic interpretation in various genres of Yakut literature of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. (in historical novel, drama poems and poem). Research objectives: 1) comparison and typology of the plot-motif complex in folk legends about Taas Ullungakh in the folklore and ethnographic works of G. V. Ksenofontov, A. E. Kulakovsky, D. I. Dyachkovsky-Sehen Bolo; 2) identification of the features of the functioning and transformation of the plot-motif complex that has developed in mytho-folklore texts, in the drama poems "The Valley of Keryaya" and the poem "Tygyn and Taas Ullungakh" by I. M. Gogolev – Kyndyl, the historical novel "Tygyn Darkhan" by V. S. Yakovlev – Dalan, in the "little" poem "Taas Ullungakh" by N. I. Kharlampieva. The study uses a source analysis of the origin of the main plots and motifs in the legends about Tygyn's son Taas Ullungakh (Muos Uola) and their comparative analysis in literary works of the twentieth century. The comparison of the plots and motifs of legends in folklore narrative and literary work is considered in the context of the interaction of two poetic systems: oral (recorded in written "book form) and literary. This approach will allow you to detect some common properties of the artistic structure of both systems.