Early Talk Research Articles

The Gaeseong Incident and the Negotiation of the Military Demarcation Line in the Early Truce Talks during the Korean War

The Gaeseong Incident and the Negotiation of the Military Demarcation Line in the Early Truce Talks during the Korean War

Do You See What I Mean? Shared Reference in Non-native, Early Signing Deaf Children

A group of non-native, early signing deaf children between the ages of 7 and 11 years were tested on a referential communication task. A group of hearing children matched for sex and mental and chronological age were also included in the study. The aim was to study the deaf children's ability to take another persons perspective in a task that resembled a real-life communicative situation to a higher extent than the standard theory of mind (ToM) tasks. A further aim was to investigate the possible importance of a number of background variables such as mental and chronological age, working memory, and false-belief attribution. Results show that the hearing children outperformed the deaf children on the referential communication task and that results were highly correlated with both chronological and mental age, as well as with working memory. There was a positive, but not significant, correlation between false belief and success on the referential communication task. This is an indication that the two tasks tap different abilities and that false belief might be necessary, but not sufficient in order to be skilled in the art of referential communication. The possible role of working memory in the referential communication task is also discussed. The results support the hypothesis of the importance of early talk about mental states for the later development of ToM abilities.

Prediction of Suicide Revisited: A Brief Methodological Note

Shneidman reports on his 1971 analysis of the suicides that had occurred in the Terman Gifted Children Study. Begun in the 1920s at Stanford University, professor Lewis Terman identified 1,528 high-IQ California students and, over the years, they have been continuously followed. Shneidman relates how, in 1971, he utilized a psychological autopsy approach to accurately predict the suicides of a small subsample of students.

Parental views of surveillance for early speech and language difficulties

Objective: To investigate parents' experiences of surveillance for early talking difficulties. Design: Qualitative study nested within a randomised controlled trial. Setting: Interviews with the parents of 20 children identified as having early difficulties. Results: Most parents were in favour of surveillance of children's language. Parents do not totally welcome surveillance, however, as it also potentially medicalises their children's early lives. The study also revealed that many of the parents felt stigmatised by their children's difficulties. Conclusions: Listening to parents' accounts can increase professionals' understanding of their responses to monitoring of their child's development and referral to specialist services.

Early Talking Books: Spoken Recordings and Recitation Anthologies, 1880-1920

This article explores the rhetorical context for early spoken sound recordings, placing them in the contexts of early promotional discourses surrounding the phonograph as an 'immediate' device for the storage and delivery of speech, and in the context of late Victorian recitation anthologies and practices.

The Sino-Indian Border Talks Under the Joint Working Group

Since Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in December 1988, the Joint Working Group (JWG) meetings have emerged as the most important instrument by which China and India can address their border dispute. While the confidence-building measures (CBMs) dominated the agenda of the early talks of the JWG, the focus was shifted to the clarification of the line of actual control (LA C) after 1999. Thanks to the CBMs along the borders the aim of avoiding unexpected conflicts and military clashes along the disputed border has so far proved achievable. However the task of clarjy5iing the alignment of the LAC seems to be more difficult than initiating the CBMs because there is division of opinion on the approach. Without further momentum or compulsion, maintaining the status quo along the border seems to be the best that can be hoped for in the foreseeable future.

A Fuzzy Genre: Two Views of Fantasy

A Fuzzy Genre:Two Views of Fantasy Gillian Adams (bio) Strategies of Fantasy, by Brian Attebery. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. The Natural History of Make-Believe: A Guide to the Principal Works of Britain, Europe, and America, by John Goldthwaite. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. It is an indication of how easily books significant to the field of children's literature can escape critical notice that Brian Attebery's Strategies of Fantasy has been unreviewed to date in the standard children's literature journals. And yet Attebery's earlier work, The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature: From Irving to Le Guin (1980), is one of the important early works of fantasy scholarship, and most, dare I say almost all, of those who work with children's literature end up teaching and even writing about fantasy in some guise or other. They should welcome Attebery's latest contribution to fantasy scholarship for a number of reasons. Perhaps the most important one is that in his discussion of fantasy and "science fantasy" Attebery includes a number of children's books, giving them equal status with adult works in terms of complexity and sophistication. As he remarks of Diana Wynne Jones's fire and Hemlock, This fantasy, so intricately constructed as to defy summary; so full of metafictional devices; so Proustian, one might say, in its transformations of sequence, order, and duration . . . was published for young readers. If such readers are sufficiently well read to recognize its use of the fairy tale structure of quest and qualified happy ending, they should have no trouble in either following the tale to its conclusion or in absorbing its lessons in narrative art. Like Tolkien, Jones is educating her audience. (64) Attebery is able to bypass much of what troubles those who struggle with the definition of children's literature or canonical questions such as that raised by Peter Hunt when he talks about books that were for children versus books that are for children. That is because Attebery [End Page 202] views genre in general, and the fantasy genre (and its subgenres) in particular, as "fuzzy sets, meaning that they are defined not by boundaries but by a center . . . a book on the fringes may be considered as belonging or not, depending on one's interests. . . . Furthermore, there may be no single quality that links an entire set" (12-13). And children's literature critics who are engaged in the defense of children's literature both as a legitimate academic subject and as a genre that has produced works that deserve inclusion in the canon of great literature can find further arguments for their cause in Attebery's critically sophisticated introduction and first chapter. His defense of fantasy as a genre that deserves serious consideration is based not only on the direction in which recent fantasy seems headed but on theoretical discussions of narrative such as "Gérard Genette's analysis of time, Seymour Chatman's redefinition of character, Bakhtin's . . . theory of the dialogic nature of the novel, Hirsch and Abel's identification of primarily feminine patterns of narrative development, [and] structural and post-structural modes of analysis" (viii). Attebery's first two chapters appear to be the only ones that have not been reworked from earlier talks and articles, and it is in them that he is at his most theoretical. In the first, "Fantasy as Mode, Genre, Formula," he works at pinning down and defining fantasy both as an evolving fuzzy genre and as a storytelling formula. In the second, "Is Fantasy Literature? Tolkien and the Theorists," Attebery addresses as the fantasy "prototype," the center, or at least the original center, from which fantasy radiates, backwards and forwards in time as well as outward, J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Here he looks at critical treatments of the works, positive and negative and representing different schools of thought, such as Rosemary Jackson's Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion (1981), Christine Brooke-Rose's A Rhetoric of the Unreal (1981), Thomas Shippey's The Road to Middle Earth (1983), and Don D. Elgin's "ecological reading" (32), The Comedy of the Fantastic...

Validation of a system for synthesizing distant signatures of underwater explosions for sea mammal hearing studies

A system for synthesizing distant signatures of underwater explosions was described in an earlier talk [J. A. Clark and Jane A. Young, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 3177(A) (1997)]. The system is now being used to study expected temporary threshold shifts (TTS) of sea mammals near underwater explosive test ranges in the Baltic sea. The results of these studies will be used to define safe range criteria for mammal hearing which will then be incorporated into the methodology for assessing potential damage to marine mammal hearing. Typical underwater explosion signals (time histories) were selected from an extensive set of blast signals computed for a variety of charge weights, explosion depths, ranges from the blast, and water conditions specified by sound-speed profiles and water depths. The selected signals were synthesized and measured at the location of the test mammals (bottlenose dolphins). The fidelity of the synthesized signals to the computed waveforms was determined by comparing such characteristics as peak pressures, positions of major spikes in the time histories, and one-third octave band energy spectra. Examples of typical signals used for the TTS studies and their measured characteristics will be presented.

Early talk about the past revisited: affect in working-class and middle-class children's co-narrations

This study contributes to our understanding of sociocultural variation in children's early storytelling by comparing co-narrations produced by children and their families from two European-American communities, one working-class and one middle-class. Six children from each community were observed in their homes at 2;6 and 3;0 years of age, yielding a corpus of nearly 400 naturally-occurring co-narrations of past experience. Analyses of generic properties, content, and emotion talk revealed a complex configuration of similarities and differences. Working-class and middle-class families produced co-narrations that were similar in referential/evaluative functions and temporal structure, with a preponderance of positive content. Working-class families produced twice as many co-narrations as their middle-class counterparts, produced more negative emotion talk, and used more dramatic language for conveying negative emotional experience. These findings suggest that (1) differentiation between working-class and middle-class communities in the content of early narratives may occur primarily with respect to negative experience and (2) researchers need to go beyond emotion state terms in order to accurately represent sociocultural variation in personal storytelling.

Delayed and Progressive Brain Injury in Closed-Head Trauma

The importance of delayed or secondary brain insults in the eventual outcome of closed-head trauma has been documented in experimental models. To understand this phenomenon in the clinical setting, we studied a series of head-injured patients in whom multiple cranial computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained. Patients whose follow-up CT studies revealed new intracranial lesions or worsening, compared with admission findings, were considered to have delayed cerebral injury. One hundred forty-nine (44.5%) of 337 consecutively studied patients developed delayed brain injury. There were highly significant associations (P < 0.001) between the appearance of delayed cerebral insults and the severity of the initial brain injury, the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field, the presence of coagulopathy at admission, and subdural hematoma on the initial CT scan. In addition, delayed injury was associated (P < 0.001) with higher mortality, slowed recovery, and poorer outcome at 6 months. Delayed brain injury was not significantly associated with patient age, sex, injury mechanism, associated injury, the need for endotracheal intubation in the field, early talking, CT abnormality other than intracranial hematoma, or type of residual neurological deficits. We used multiple regression analysis to explore the relationship between severity of injury, delayed insults, and outcome. As expected, the severity of the initial brain trauma contributed significantly to neurological outcome. The presence of delayed cerebral injury makes the outcome dramatically worse for each category of initial injury severity. The relationship between initial and secondary brain injury is discussed.

French policy towards Husayn, Sharif of Mecca

The unsealing in the early 1970s of documents in the French public archives concerning World War I and the peace arrangements which followed has permitted further illumination of France's role in the Middle East during this period. The existing historiography of the Middle East during this period, which justifiably concentrates mainly on the policy of Britain because of its dominant role in moulding the post-war Middle East, is not refuted by these documents. Nevertheless, study of these texts places certain aspects of France's activities in the region in a new perspective.1 One such aspect concerns the French attitude towards Husayn, Sharif of Mecca, the instigator of the Arab revolt in 1916. Although considered Britain's main client in the Middle East during the First World War Husayn was courted no less intensively by the French from 1914 to 1917. French military men involved with the domination of the Muslim population in North Africa raised the idea of an Arab revolt led by Husayn as early as November 1914 in order to head off anticipated anti-French activity initiated by the Ottomans in North Africa. This idea was genuinely French and no record of earlier talks with the British on this issue have been found. Another idea discussed by French officials in 1915 was to declare Husayn an alternative Caliph following the possible abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Beginning with the approval of the French government at the end of 1915 of the idea of creating an Arab political entity in the Arabian Peninsula and of supporting Husayn, France tried not to lag behind British contacts with Husayn. Thus, the French supported the Arab revolt declared by Husayn in June 1916 and during 1916 and 1917 sent special envoys and missions to the Hijaz in order to maintain and further develop relations with him. The question of the future of the Levant following the war exacerbated the relations between France and Husayn in the second half of 1917. Gradually France decreased its interest in installing Husayn as King of the Hijaz and resigned itself to Britain's pre-eminence in the Arabian Peninsula, while shifting its focus of concern towards Faysal Ibn Husayn then leading the Sharifian forces toward the Levant.

The linguistic marking of agentivity and control in child language.

The present study examines the relationship between linguistic forms and the functions they serve in children's early talk about agentivity and control. The spontaneous linguistic productions of six children ranging between 1;8 and 2;8 served as the data base. Preliminary analyses of who the children referred to and what forms were used in subject position suggest that the children could be divided into two groups. Three children primarily referred to Self and relied on multiple Self reference forms in subject position, while the other children referred to both Self and Other and primarily used the Self reference form, I. A functional analysis was carried out to examine whether the seemingly interchangeable use of Self reference forms could be related to semantic and pragmatic patterns. The findings indicate that at a time before they regularly refer to others, the children systematically employed different Self reference forms to mark distinct perspectives on agency.

Early talk about the past: the origins of conversational stories of personal experience.

ABSTRACTThis paper explores children's early talk about specific distant past events and its development into conversational stories of personal experience, with special focus on its evaluative function. The data consist of longitudinal home observations of five working-class children and their mothers from ages 2; 0 to 2; 6. Results indicate that during this period the children talked primarily about negative past events, especially events of physical harm; the rate of talk about specific past events doubled; temporally-ordered sequences increased dramatically; and the children became better able to accomplish such talk independently. In addition, one of the most striking findings is the extent to which these 2–year-olds were able to communicate their attitude toward the past event, with speech about the past containing five times more evaluative devices than other speech. These results suggest that (1) by age 2; 6 stories of personal experience emerged in incipient form, and (2) the roots of this genre lie not only in cognitive skills and social interactional support but in the emotional significance of the depicted event.

The concept of practice in Wittgenstein's later philosophy

It is argued in this article that the concept of practice is one of the key concepts in Wittgenstein's later philosophy. It partly replaces his earlier talk about the inexpressible. ‘The practice has to speak for itself, as Wittgenstein succinctly puts it. The concept of practice not only points to the ways in which the unity of our concepts are underpinned, as Gordon Baker has it, it also comprises the skills involved in handling the conceptualized phenomena, our prereflective familiarity with them, expressed in the sureness in our behaviour towards them, and the judgmental power exercised in applying or withholding a given concept on a particular occasion. These factors are all relevant to the establishment of knowledge, but they cannot themselves be fully and straightforwardly articulated by verbal means. Nevertheless, they represent what we go by when we apply concepts and other types of rules. To follow a rule is what Wittgenstein calls a practice. The sketched analysis of this concept makes us understand better how it is possible to apply a rule without the support of another rule. It also makes us realize in what sense one is justified in talking about tacit knowledge in connection with the application of concepts and rule‐following in general. Quite a lot hangs on seeing the world aright at this point.

Smith the wit.

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 142, Issue 7 p. 415-416 Body Talk Smith the wit Karle Hackett, Karle Hackett Norton Summit, SASearch for more papers by this author Karle Hackett, Karle Hackett Norton Summit, SASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 1985 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb133162.x Based on a talk given on the ABC's “Body Program”, and printed here with the permission of the ABC. “Lady Bones” and “Farts and Fevers”, containing earlier talks by Dr Hackett, have recently been published by Collins/ABC. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume142, Issue7April 1985Pages 415-416 RelatedInformation

Hair*

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 141, Issue 5 p. 300-302 Therapeutics Hair* Earle Hackett, Earle Hackett Norton Summit, SASearch for more papers by this author Earle Hackett, Earle Hackett Norton Summit, SASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1984 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1984.tb113103.x * Based on a talk given on the ABC's “Body Program”, and printed here with the permission of the ABC, ‡No reprints will be available. §“Lady Bones: pieces dissected from the Body Program of the ABC”, containing earlier talks by Dr Hackett, has just been published by Collins/ABC. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume141, Issue5September 1984Pages 300-302 RelatedInformation

Outcome of Severe Damage to the Central Nervous System

Although there is a paucity of exact information about the recovery curves for certain neurological illnesses, it is possible to use several clinical technics to forecast the outcome of severe neurological injury, especially mechanical trauma, stroke, and other causes of coma. The influence of treatment on recovery is disputed, for some believe that the extent of the injury determines, in large measure, the ultimate outcome. Mathematics and computers are now being used to try to sift out the elements in damage that can be treated, compared to those items that will take care of themselves. Analysis may include, for the first time, the biological and the financial cost of tests and treatment. These and allied subjects were discussed by the 27 participants in this symposium held in November 1974. They included medical and surgical neurologists, neurophysiologists, psychiatrists, rehabilitation experts, psychologists, anatomists, and specialists in computer technology. Two early talks dealt

Austro-Hungarian Diplomacy before the Collapse of the Empire

recapitulated the outcome of his earlier talks with German representatives (Spa, 14-I5 August, Vienna 3-4 September)l shows that two lines of action were proposed. One, advanced by Vienna, was to appeal to all the belligerents to initiate peace negotiations; the other, put forward by Berlin, was to enlist the services of a neutral country. Both parties were agreed on the necessity for such an initiative, only its form and timing remained to be settled. Burian, defending his view, pointed out that the Dual Monarchy's economic position was utterly hopeless.2 Political factors were coming increasingly to the fore, and it was impossible for Austria to continue the war. Von Hintze contested these arguments, maintaining that Austria and Germany were in the same boat, and would either succeed in saving themselves together or perish together if one of them were to try to abandon ship. The German government could not therefore accept the Austro-Hungarian proposal and had to insist on the implementation of its own. Burian took advantage of von Hintze's presence for a confidential discussion on German war aims. Hintze, after pointing out that these were still tentative, since the formal approval of some im-

Early Texas Talk

Early Texas Talk