Early Stages Of Settlement Research Articles

Oikonymy of the Livvik Karelians

The article investigates the settlement names in Southern (Olonets) Karelia, where the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language has been spoken for centuries. The study highlights that, in the early stages of settlement by Livvik Karelians, the development of villages was shaped by the region’s physical geography and the population’s way of life. Due to the abundance of lakes and rivers in Southern Karelia, early villages were mostly established along these water bodies. However, from the 18th century onwards, settlements began to develop on higher ground, leading to the formation of “settlement” type villages. The article focuses on the types of rural settlements and the structure of their names. The most common single-component names include oikonyms with the -l formant, typically derived from personal names. Less common are deanthroponymic patterns without a formant, and those with the formants -(i)ne, -sto, or the Russian -ovo and -shchina. Among other oikonyms, those based on geographical terms such as pogostu ‘village with a church,’ kylä and hieru ‘village’ are particularly prevalent. The study also identifies terms for smaller settlements and farmsteads, such as kodi, kondu, perti, and taloi, along with terms borrowed from Russian, like myza and khutor. The author examines why certain types of oikonyms are more common, the timeline of their adoption into the local toponymy, and the inclusion of reconstructed terms like moiživo and tula, which likely referred to small homesteads. The author concludes that the formation of the settlement system in Southern Karelia peaked in the early 20th century but began to decline with collectivisation and subsequent repressions, leading to the abandonment of many villages in the 1960s and 1970s.

Measures to Revitalize Overseas Employment through In-depth Study of People with Overseas Employment Experience

In order to promote overseas employment for beauty majors and successfully establish overseas employment, this study conducted an indepth study on beauty majors with overseas employment experience in English-speaking countries and analyzed the motivational factors, prior preparation, and problems of overseas employment. The purpose of the subjects' overseas employment was to accumulate experience and improve technical skills by taking on new challenges in various fields, such as learning new language related to work. The subjects studied the language through various methods, and said that preparation of practical skills was necessary. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a specialized program that allows overseas employment candidates to acquire both practical skills and language skills in a practical and systematic way. Korean beauty majors are capable of performing various procedures such as cuts, perms, and blow drying, and have delicate hand techniques and fast procedures, so they are recognized not only for their technical skills, but also in terms of beauty trends and services. This is believed to be because Korea's beauty education has developed into a segmented and organized system. However, they responded that the differences in the type of procedure, lack of experience with the equipment used, and cultural differences in performing tasks are weaknesses. In particular, it was pointed out that if you lack technical skills, you may be treated as a worker lacking both language and skills. In addition, problems such as customer complaints, racial discrimination, relatively high prices, medical emergencies, safety issues related to drugs, tax issues, and homesickness were mentioned. All subjects were satisfied with the overseas employment and said they would recommend overseas employment to their acquaintances. This is because it can be a new challenge to experience various experiences and cultures. In particular, it seems to have provided satisfaction to those who pursue an independent lifestyle due to freedom of working hours, working environment, and salary. As mentioned above, it is necessary to supplement strengths through developing language skills and practical capabilities, traits commonly identified from those who have overseas employment experience, to differentiate themselves from local hairdressers and to reduce problems in the early stages of settlement, thereby revitalizing overseas employment.

Negotiating Aspirations in Displacement

Abstract This article explores women’s aspirations during different stages of seeking asylum and settling in Norway and how their aspirations were influenced by each stage’s characteristics and circumstances. Two ethnographic fieldwork phases involved following nine women during approximately one and a half years through the asylum process and the early stages of settlement in Norway (2017–2019). The data show that while living in an asylum centre, the women’s narratives about their aspirations were permeated primarily by their uncertain circumstances. After settling in the municipalities, they began to encounter multiple limitations to their aspirations, which led them to become demotivated and eventually readjust their aspirations. This article shows the effects that the experience of being an asylum seeker and that of resettling in a new country has on people’s aspirations and motivation, something which can in turn have an influence on how they decide to incorporate into the new society.

Early Complexes of the Tract “First and Second Island” near the
 Village of Tanatovо

As part of the study of the early stages of settlement of the Middle Irtysh region, the multilayered monuments of the tract “First and Second island” near the village of Tanatovо, Muromtsevsky district of Omsk region. Based on the study of ceramics and stone tools, complexes of the late Neolithic - early bronze age belonging to the artyn and Catherine cultures and the Stepanov type of monuments were identified. Specific features of stone processing are described for each stage. Artyn stone processing was characterized by high-quality raw materials and the technique of chipping plates. At the stage of Catherine's culture, the quality of raw materials significantly deteriorates, and the use of local raw materials (swamp iron ore) is noted. In stone processing, there is an increase in the share the technique of chipping flakes. At all stages, the tendency to minimize the impact of the shortage of stone raw materials is well recorded.

Are we ready for scaling up restoration actions? An insight from Mediterranean macroalgal canopies.

Extensive loss of macroalgal forests advocates for large-scale restoration interventions, to compensate habitat degradation and recover the associated ecological functions and services. Yet, restoration attempts have generally been limited to small spatial extensions, with the principal aim of developing efficient restoration techniques. Here, the success of outplanting Cystoseira amentacea v. stricta germlings cultured in aquaria was experimentally explored at a scale of tens of kms, by means of a multifactorial experimental design. In the intertidal rocky shores of SE Italy, locations with a continuous distribution for hundreds of meters or with few thalli forming patches of few centimeters of C. amentacea canopy were selected. In each location, the effects of adult conspecifics and the exclusion of macrograzers (salema fish and sea urchins) on the survival of germlings were tested. We evaluated the most critical determinants of mortality for germlings, including the overlooked pressure of mesograzers (e.g. amphipods, small mollusks, polychaetes). Despite the high mortality observed during outplanting and early settlement stages, survival of C. amentacea germlings was consistently favored by the exclusion of macrograzers, while the presence of adult conspecifics had no effects. In addition, the cost analysis of the interventions showed the feasibility of the ex-situ method, representing an essential tool for preserving Cystoseira forests. Large scale restoration is possible but requires baseline information with an in-depth knowledge of the species ecology and of the areas to be restored, together with the development of specific cultivation protocols to make consistently efficient restoration interventions.

A novel assessment of the traction forces upon settlement of two typical marine fouling invertebrates using PDMS micropost arrays.

ABSTRACTMarine biofouling poses a severe threat to maritime and aquaculture industries. To prevent the attachment of marine biofouling organisms on man-made structures, countless cost and effort was spent annually. In particular, most attention has been paid on the development of efficient and environmentally friendly fouling-resistant coatings, as well as larval settlement mechanism of several major biofouling invertebrates. In this study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropost arrays were utilized as the settlement substrata and opposite tractions were identified during early settlement of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite and the bryozoan Bugula neritina. The settling A. amphitrite pushed the periphery microposts with an average traction force of 376.2 nN, while settling B. neritina pulled the periphery microposts with an average traction force of 205.9 nN. These micropost displacements are consistent with the body expansion of A. amphitrite during early post-settlement metamorphosis stage and elevation of wall epithelium of B. neritina during early pre-ancestrula stage, respectively. As such, the usage of micropost array may supplement the traditional histological approach to indicate the early settlement stages or even the initiation of larval settlement of marine fouling organisms, and could finally aid in the development of automatic monitoring platform for the real-time analysis on this complex biological process.

The effects of sediment on Sargassum horneri in the early life stages on rocky subtidal reefs

Sediment plays an important role in controlling the distribution of macroalgae. We examined the distribution of Sargassum horneri in the field considering the effect of sedimentation, and conducted sediment manipulation experiments to test the hypothesis that sedimentation affects the early settlement stages of S. horneri. Field samplings were conducted on rocky subtidal platforms off Gouqi Island, in Zhoushan Archipelago in the Eastern China Sea. Water depth and motion were also measured. Sediment traps and a suction pump were used to collect in situ sediment. In the laboratory, two experiments were conducted to test the effects of sediment cover on zygote attachment and germling survival, respectively. Attachment rate of S. horneri zygotes was reduced from 81.3% of the control group to 3.6% with a medium dusting of sediment (approx. 0.5mm thickness), and 0% with a heavy dusting (approx. 0.7mm thickness). For the germlings, 1.0% of survived when covered by medium (approx. 0.7mm thickness) sediment coverage, whereas high coverage (approx. 1.8mm thickness) caused 100% mortality. Our study showed: 1) in the field, distribution of S. horneri was negatively correlated with sediment amount, and S. horneri was always found abundant in sites with less sediment and intermediate water motion; 2) in laboratory-based experiments, small changes in the abundance of deposited sediment prevented zygote settlement; and 3) relatively small increases in settling sediment affected the survival of already settled zygotes/germlings. In conclusion, we found that sediment was an important driver of S. horneri distribution, especially during the early settlement stages.

Scatting behaviour of the pygmy bluetongue lizard

We used video recordings of 29 pygmy bluetongue lizards for ten days of each month during their spring and summer activity season to observe scatting behaviour. This was possible because resident lizards rarely moved from their single entrance burrows. We used these observations to ask questions about social communication that might be relevant to conservation of this endangered species. We found lizards produced more scats in the middle of the day than earlier or later in the day, and more scats in the spring and early summer than later in the summer. Lizards moved an average of 68.54 ± 0.09 cm from their burrow entrance to deposit scats, taking an average of 2.4 min per defecation trip. They tended to use the same path direction for most defecation trips, but used more different directions if there were more close neighbours, strongly supporting a hypothesis that scats mark burrow ownership. The results suggested that conservation managers might reduce stress for relocated lizards by removing scat piles in the early stages of settlement.

A methodology for recruiting a giant clam, Tridacna maxima, directly to natural substrata: A first step in reversing functional extinctions?

Many coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific and Oceania are experiencing rapid declines and local extinctions of Tridacna species of giant clam, a commercially harvested and ecologically significant bivalve. Tridacna maxima, once numerous in the Aitutaki lagoon (Cook Islands), are now too rare to be reproductively viable and are therefore considered functionally extinct. This paper describes a methodology for restocking juvenile T. maxima directly to coral substrata. One-, two- and 3-year-old T. maxima were equally distributed to protective enclosures designed to mitigate the effects of predation and water turbulence on recruits during early stages of settlement. After 18days, survival of 3-year-old T. maxima in experimental enclosures was 100%, 96% and 76% compared to 40% in control conditions, but survival of 1-year-olds was 40%, 54%, and 63% compared to 15% in control conditions. Survival of 2-year-olds in enclosures was 100% across all experimental treatments, but a predation event in the control resulted in 96% mortality within 48h. We concluded that two- and 3-year-old T. maxima are a suitable size for recruitment directly to coral substrata if protected for up to 18days in the described enclosures. The application of these methods will aid in reversing the functional extinction of T. maxima and develop a more sustainable conservation-based fishery.

Feeding on intertidal microbial mats by postlarval tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan

A series of experiments investigated the potential role of microbial mats in nutrition of the early settlement stages of Penaeus semisulcatus. From 3 days post-metamorphosis, the microbial mat supported high growth and survival rates in postlarvae, equivalent to that supported by a control diet of Artemia nauplii and mussel. Examination of gut contents indicated that benthic postlarvae feed indiscriminately on the microbial mat. However, when postlarvae were fed separated size-fractions of the microbial mat, only the fraction containing a high concentration of infauna (mainly nematodes) was able to support the same growth as intact microbial mat. This appears to be due to the low nitrogen content (0.4–0.9 mmol g−1) of the various size-fractions, compared to that of infauna (4.0 mmol g−1). The stable isotope composition of the dietary size-fractions and postlarval shrimp tissue supports the hypothesis that the shrimp assimilated C and N primarily from the associated infauna. This may be due to selective feeding that is not apparent from stomach contents, due to rapid digestion of fauna soft tissues, or to differential assimilation of infaunal prey relative to other microbial mat components. The results demonstrate that microbial mats may support survival and growth in early-stage penaeid shrimp postlarvae on intertidal mud flats.

‘Labour Market Participation and Conditions of Employment: A Comparison of Minority Ethnic Groups and Refugees in Britain’

This paper draws on data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and from a survey of 400 refugees in Britain in order to present an up to data comparison of the labour market experiences of minority ethnic groups and refugees. It will show that refugees experience lower rates of employment than their ethnic minority counterparts and that those refugees in employment are more likely to be in temporary and part-time work with poorer terms and conditions of employment and with lower wages. The reasons why refugees experience greater disadvantage in the labour market than others include structural barriers due to policies such as dispersal that can leave refugees isolated from social and community networks that provide information and advice and informal routes into employment but also leave refugees in areas with higher levels of unemployment. Migration patterns are also influential with refugees for the most part arriving more recently in Britain than people from minority ethnic groups. Refugees are also increasingly reliant on agents and smugglers to plan their route and destination and so asylum seekers can find themselves in countries where they have no social networks. Social networks and community organisations play an important role in the early stages of settlement. Finally, the circumstances of exile, attitudes to the country of origin and the insecurity of having temporary status in Britain all prevent economic activity.

Early postlarval fish in the hyperbenthos of the Dutch Delta (south-west Netherlands)

Early (post)larval fish constitute a significant part of the temporary hyperbenthos, i.e. of the fauna living in the lower reaches of the water column close to the substratum. Information on the densities and spatial and temporal variations of these stages, as well as on their lengths at the moment of occurrence, can be an important contribution to the knowledge of their dispersion, migrations and to the identification of possible bottlenecks in their recruitment. Therefore the hyperbenthos of the Voordelta, a shallow coastal zone in front of the Dutch Delta, as well as that of the subtidal channels and the intertidal brackish marsh creeks of the Westerschelde Estuary, was sampled monthly during one year by means of a sledge and a stow net. A total of 37 taxa were recorded from 410 samples. Densities often exceeded 400 ind 1000 m−2 in the Voordelta and 300 ind 1000 m−2 in the Westerschelde, including the tidal marshes of Waarde and Saeftinghe. The dominant taxa were clupeid larvae (predominantly herring Clupea harengus and sprat Sprattus sprattus), Pomatoschistus spp. (a mixture of sand goby P. minutus and Lozano's goby P. lozanoi), common goby Pomatoschistus microps, Syngnathus spp. (probably almost exclusively Nilsson's pipefish S.rostellatus), plaice Pleuronectes platessa, sole Solea solea and flounder Pleuronectes flesus. Most species were found at a larger size in the Westerschelde (and in the tidal marshes) suggesting migration from the shallow coastal area into the estuary. Several species utilize the tidal marshes in the brackish reaches of the Westerschelde. The nursery value of these areas however, is restricted to specific early life history stages of a few species, especially flounder, bass Dicentrarchus labrax and the common goby. The estuary itself seems to function as a nursery for other species like sole and plaice. The hyperbenthic sledge was found to sample specific life history stages of postlarval flatfish (early settlement stages at the onset of asymmetry), which are not easy to sample with other types of sampling gear.

Preliminary Evidence Supporting the Ability of Hermatypic Corals to Affect Adversely Larvae and Early Settlement Stages of Hard Coral Competitors

Crude, aqueous extracts of five species of hermatypic coral from three scleractinian families were assayed for bioactivity against the early life stages of scleractinian corals. At concentrations between 62.5 and 250 μg/ml, extracts of all species were lethal to at least three of the five species of coral planulae larvae tested. To test for behavioral changes, extracts from four species were tested on planulae of the scleractinian Pocillopora damicornis. All four caused immediate but reversible behavioral aberrations in the larvae at concentrations as low as 7.8 μg/ml. To determine the effects on newly settled corals, postmetamorphosis juveniles (spat) of P. damicornis were exposed to extracts from four hermatypic species. They were either killed or suffered a reduction in growth rates. If released under natural conditions, substances with lethal or sublethal activities against the early life stages of other scleractinians could allow hermatypic corals to influence patterns of scleractinian recruitment, thus playing a role in ordering coral communities.

Comments on the First Report

The First Report focuses upon two distinct and major outcomes of the host group adaptation pilot project: cost and social adaptation. In light of the stated objectives, it was predicted that refugees who were assisted by host groups would depend less upon formal cash assistance from governmental sources, especially the Adjustment Assistance Programme (AAF'). Rather, they would be assisted by host groups to obtain goods and services in the community through informal and personal networks available to host-group members. As in the case of private sponsorship, it was expected that donations would supplement and reduce the number of goods which would be purchased in the early stages of settlement. Yet the Report indicates that refugees with host-group experience received about the same (and in certain cases slightly more) assistance from AAP than did host-group refugees. The comparison may not be exact, as the family size of refugees under the host-group programme is larger. Higher AAF' expenditures may thereby be attributable.1 In any event, under the conditions in the pilot programme, no cost savings in governmental assistance are evident.

Characteristics of Colonial Cultures

Research Article| September 01 1944 Characteristics of Colonial Cultures H. D. Sheldon H. D. Sheldon Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1944) 13 (3): 298–302. https://doi.org/10.2307/3635956 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation H. D. Sheldon; Characteristics of Colonial Cultures. Pacific Historical Review 1 September 1944; 13 (3): 298–302. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3635956 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1944 The Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.