Early Stages Of Evolution Research Articles

Towards the Multistage Ecosocial Theory of Glottogenesis: Modern Evolutionary Concepts, Principles, and Extension of the Nomological Approach

In recent decades, studies of the origin of language have seen shifts toward multistage concepts, explanations based on social and ecological patterns, and the integration of different levels of analysis (from behavioral practices to gene structures). The article develops these ideas. It aims to streamline and integrate evolutionary concepts and principles, suggest a special explanatory methodology. The models of gene-culture coevolution (Wilson et al.) and cultural drive (Laland et al.) are connected with the functionalist model of homeostatic dynamics and development (A. Stinchcombe). The conceptual core of the theory consists of the “zone of nearest evolutionary development,” “concern (need),” “providing structure,” “magic wand.” The formulated fundamental principles — a kind of "universal laws" of glottogenesis — draw on a rich intellectual tradition in biology and macrosociology. A priori rules fix the conditions of each new complexity stage of glottogenesis emergence. The main difficulty lies in justifying and explaining these stages. Moreover, the data obtained in archaeology, paleoanthropology, paleoclimatology, and paleogenetics are indirect. The extended variant of nomological explanation (C. Hempel) allows “on the industrial basis” to construct theoretical hypotheses and check them with the help of modern observations, comparisons, and experiments. Justified by this way, regularities connected logically with various indirect paleoscientific data can explain the main stages of early language evolution.

The metabolic adaptation in wild vertebrates via omics approaches

AbstractMetabolism is the basis for sustaining life and essential to the adaptive evolution of organisms. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, genetic mechanisms of adaptive evolution, including metabolic adaptation, have been extensively resolved by omics approaches, but a deep understanding of genetic and epigenetic metabolic adaptation is still lacking. Exploring metabolic adaptations from genetic and epigenetic perspectives in wild vertebrates is vital to understanding species evolution, especially for the early stages of adaptative evolution. Herein, we summarize the advances in our understanding of metabolic adaptations via omics approaches in wild vertebrates based on three types of cases: extreme environment, periodically changing environment, and changes of species characteristics. We conclude that the understanding of the formation of metabolic adaptations at the genetic level alone can well identify the adaptive genetic variation that has developed during evolution, but cannot resolve the potential impact of metabolic adaptations on the adaptative evolution in the future. Thus, it seems imperative to include epigenomics and metabolomics in the study of adaptation, and that in the future genomic and epigenetic data should be integrated to understand the formation of metabolic adaptation of wild vertebrate organisms.

Single-cell transcriptomics of the goldfish retina reveals genetic divergence in the asymmetrically evolved subgenomes after allotetraploidization

The recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) in goldfish (Carassius auratus) approximately 14 million years ago makes it a valuable model for studying gene evolution during the early stages after WGD. We analyzed the transcriptome of the goldfish retina at the level of single-cell (scRNA-seq) and open chromatin regions (scATAC-seq). We identified a group of genes that have undergone dosage selection, accounting for 5% of the total 11,444 ohnolog pairs. We also identified 306 putative sub/neo-functionalized ohnolog pairs that are likely to be under cell-type-specific genetic variation at single-cell resolution. Diversification in the expression patterns of several ohnolog pairs was observed in the retinal cell subpopulations. The single-cell level transcriptome analysis in this study uncovered the early stages of evolution in retinal cell of goldfish after WGD. Our results provide clues for understanding the relationship between the early stages of gene evolution after WGD and the evolution of diverse vertebrate retinal functions.

Investigation of flow separation control over airfoil using nanosecond pulsed plasma actuator

A detailed investigation of flow separation control over a stalled NACA 0015 airfoil model using pulsed nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge (NS-DBD) plasma actuator is conducted through combined large eddy simulation (LES), dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement possibly for the first time. Airfoil flow at chord-based Reynolds number (Re) of Re = 6.3 × 104 is considered. It is found that the interplay of the residual heat due to the nanosecond plasma discharge with external flow causes the generation of vortices through the baroclinic and vortex dilation mechanisms and finally promotes the formation of large-scale vortical structures that dominate the early-stage evolution of the flow control process. One of the most important findings of this work is that the flow control mechanisms are not universal but depend on the forcing frequencies of plasma actuation, and are categorized into three different types. Meanwhile, three-dimensional DMD analysis of LES datasets is performed and the output of modal analysis helps provide more physical insights into flow control and determine the optimum forcing frequency. Depending on the value of forcing frequency, the global or local resonance of the forced flow with the periodic plasma actuation occurs. The plasma forcing at any frequencies in the range 1≤F+≤20 produces pronounced flow control authority except for that at F+=20. Moreover, the optimum forcing frequency is identified and its relationship with the inherent characteristic frequencies of the baseline flow is established based on DMD analysis. It is found that the most favorable control effect is achieved when the plasma excitation frequency is high and very close to the characteristic frequency of the separated shear layer in the unforced baseline flow.

Organic matter accumulation of the Upper Triassic Ma'antang shales in the Longmenshan Foreland Basin (western Sichuan, China)

The Upper Triassic Ma'antang Formation is not only an important set of source rocks in the Sichuan Basin but may also be a successor for shale gas in China. In this study, the provenance, tectonic setting, chemical weathering, environment and productivity of the middle–late Carnian (Tuvalian) are reconstructed from petrological and geochemical data to determine the origin of the Ma'antang shales. The brachiopod-dominated fossil composition, type II-dominated organic matter, and fluctuating water salinity reflect that the shale formed in a marine environment influenced by terrestrial influx. TiO2 vs. Zr and La/Th vs. Hf diagrams, as well as the combination of major elements indicate that the Sichuan Basin was a collisional setting in the Tuvalian, and the provenance was felsic igneous source rocks. Redox-sensitive elements indicate dysoxic–anoxic conditions. Samples with Cd/Mo < 0.1 and Co*Mn > 0.4 show normal levels of Cd and relative enrichment of Mn and Co, which supports that the shale is more likely to be a product of anoxic preservation mode associated with the restricted basin. In contrast, the moderate productivity conditions reflected by Babio and P/Ti are also positive factors for organic matter accumulation. Based on the reconstruction of these environmental parameters, several driving factors that promote the formation of high TOC shales are explored. It is believed that the rapid tectonic subsidence in the early stage of foreland basin evolution (undercompensation period) created accommodation space for the shale, and the deep water also promoted anoxic bottom water, which facilitated the preservation of organic matter. The Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) increased global weathering and rainfall, allowing the oceans to receive more terrestrial nutrients, and freshwater influx caused stratification due to differences in salinity between the surface water and bottom water. Volcanic ash from the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (W-LIP) and volcanic ash from local volcanoes were transported over long distances in the Late Triassic megamonsoons. Both were able to stimulate marine productivity, maintain and expand oceanic anoxia, and were beneficial for organic matter accumulation.

Early stage of evolution of Gonomyia (Diptera: Limoniidae), new significant discoveries in the Cretaceous Iberian and Kachin amber

Thanks to detailed studies of inclusions in Spanish and Kachin amber, it was also possible to study the morphology of insects belonging to the genus Gonomyia. A new material under investigation made it possible to establish two new nominative for science subgenera within the genus Gonomyia has been designated with unique set of characters of antenna, wing venation and genitalia. Two new species within two new subgenera have been described and documented by drawings and photographs, there are Gonomyia (Iberiana) penalveri subgen. et sp. nov. and Gonomyia (Cretagonomyia) burmitica subgen. et sp. nov. The new discovery is the first record of the genus Gonomyia (Diptera: Limoniidae) in Cretaceous Spanish amber and the second in Kachin amber. The new discovery adds to the knowledge of the crane fies’ diversity and evolution, especially its first stage in the Cretaceous.

IDENTIFICATION OF YOUNG STAR OBJECTS NEAR DUST BUBBLE N10

Over the past decade, the most important observations of the interstellar medium have been made in the infrared and radio regions of electromagnetic radiation. Of particular interest were GLIMPSE (Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Survey Extraordinaire), MIPSGAL and WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) surveys of several areas of star formation. Distinctive features of the infrared view of the Galactic disk at wavelengths from 3.4 μm to 22 μm include regions of ionized hydrogen HII, infrared bubbles, young stellar objects, massive star formation, infrared dark clouds, diffuse dust, include hydrocarbons and radiation from millions of stars. Based on current literature, infrared signatures in hot regions around young massive stars have been identified as dust bubbles, so in this paper, the regions around bubble N10, one of the northern infrared bubbles included in Churchwell's catalog, were investigated. Using archival data from the WISE and 2MASS catalogs, we searched for candidates for young stellar objects around the N10 dust bubble and found 117 emission objects. Koenig et al. (2014) plotted diagrams of their color indices and energy distribution in the spectrum for each studied object under different classification conditions. According to the results of studies around the infrared dust bubble N10, objects at an early stage of evolution were discovered: 13 objects are young class I stars and 13 objects are young class II stars, 3 objects are classified as transitional disks.

A constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition with improved constrained dominance principle

There are various constraints in many real engineering problems, and the constrained handling methods play a key role in the constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (CMOEAs). Many constraint-handling strategies will struggle to reach optimum results when dealing with constrained multi-objective optimization problems (CMOPs) with large and complex infeasible areas. It brings stiffer challenges to CMOEAs in maintaining the convergence, diversity, and feasibility of the population. To remedy these issues, this paper proposes an improved constrained dominance principle (ICDP) embedded in MOEA/D, named MOEA/D-ICDP. In MOEA/D-ICDP, the original weight vector that a solution matches may not be the best suitable weight vector that this solution corresponds to, then there is a deviation between them. According to the above situation, ICDP is designed in this way. Firstly, a dynamic tolerability value about the deviation is introduced. Then ICDP adjusts the dominance relationship of solutions in light of the relationship between the deviation and tolerability so that it can preserve some valuable infeasible solutions in the early evolutionary stage and help the population to cross the large and complex regions. Three test suites and two real-world engineering optimization problems are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed MOEA/D-ICDP and the other five representative CMOEAs. The experimental results demonstrate that MOEA/D-ICDP has more excellent performance and competitiveness than the other five CMOEAs.

Imaging the Northeastern Crustal Boundary of the Tibetan Plateau With Radial Anisotropy

AbstractWe obtained a 3‐D crustal radial anisotropy model beneath northeastern (NE) Tibet by joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves from ambient noise tomography. Positive crustal radial anisotropy and significant low velocity are dominant beneath the Songpan‐Ganzi Terrane (SGT), indicating the presence of crustal channel flow. The Qilian orogen is characterized by negative radial anisotropy, which could be caused by folding and thrusting due to crustal shortening. This difference in radial anisotropy suggests that crustal shortening deformation may have occurred at a relatively early stage of the plateau evolution (the Qilian orogen) and crustal channel flow at the later stage (the SGT). The crustal radial anisotropy clearly defines the NE crustal boundary of the expanding Tibetan Plateau, which is roughly situated along the north Qilian frontal thrust from 97° to 103.5°E in the north and turns north‐south, passing the Zhuanglanghe Fault and terminating at the Kunlun Fault in the south.

The loss of OH maser emission in the early stage of Post-AGB evolution

AbstractBased on the results of an on-going monitoring program of 1612 MHz OH masers in OH/IR stars, we determined a lifetime encompassing late AGB and early post-AGB evolution of at least 4500 years. Fading of the OH masers observed with the Nançay Radio Telescope is detected in several post-AGB OH/IR stars on timescales of decades, while AllWISE/NEOWISE light curves taken almost in parallel show diverse behaviours.

A Profile-based Approach to Finding New Water Fountain Candidates using Databases of Circumstellar Maser Sources

AbstractWater fountains (WFs) are thought to represent an early stage in the morphological evolution of circumstellar envelopes surrounding low- and intermediate-mass evolved stars. These objects are considered to transition from spherical to asymmetric shapes. Despite their potential importance in this transformation process of evolved stars, there are only a few known examples. To identify new WF candidates, we used databases of circumstellar OH (1612 MHz) and H2O (22.235 GHz) maser sources, and compared the velocity ranges of the two maser lines. Finally, 41 sources were found to have a velocity range for the H2O maser line that exceeded that of the OH maser line. Excluding known planetary nebulae and after reviewing the maser spectra in the original literature, we found for 11 sources the exceedance as significant, qualifying them as new WF candidates.

Cyanophages as an important factor in the early evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis

Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria. An interesting feature of many of them is the presence of psbA and psbD, genes that encode D1 and D2 proteins, respectively. The D1 and D2 are core proteins of the photosystem II (PSII) in cyanobacteria, algae and plants and influence the proper function of oxygenic photosynthesis (OP) in all oxyphototrophs on Earth. The frequent occurrence of psbA and psbD in cyanophages raises the question whether these genes coevolved with hosts during the early stages of cyanophage and cyanobacterial evolution, or whether they are direct descendants of genes adopted from the genomes of cyanobacterial hosts. The phylogeny of D1/D2 proteins encoded in the genomes of selected cyanophages and oxyphototrophs was reconstructed. In addition, common ancestral sequences of D1 and D2 proteins were predicted for cyanophages and oxyphototrophs. Based on this, the reconstruction of the 3D structures of D1 and D2 proteins was performed. In addition, the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous (dN/dS) nucleotide substitutions in the coding sequences (CDSs) of psbA and psbD was determined. The results of the predicted spatial structures of the D1 and D2 proteins and purifying selection for the CDSs of psbA and psbD suggest that they belong to the ancient proteins, which may have formed the primordial PSII. It cannot be ruled out that they involved in water oxidation in cyanobacteria-like organisms at early stages of the evolution of life on Earth and coevolved with ancient cyanophages. The data are also discussed in the context of the origin of viruses.

The SPHERE view of three interacting twin disc systems in polarized light

ABSTRACT Dense stellar environments as hosts of ongoing star formation increase the probability of gravitational encounters among stellar systems during the early stages of evolution. Stellar interaction may occur through non-recurring, hyperbolic, or parabolic passages (a so-called ‘fly-by’), through secular binary evolution, or through binary capture. In all three scenarios, the strong gravitational perturbation is expected to manifest itself in the disc structures around the individual stars. Here, we present near-infrared polarized light observations that were taken with the SPHERE/IRDIS instrument of three known interacting twin-disc systems: AS 205, EM* SR 24, and FU Orionis. The scattered light exposes spirals likely caused by the gravitational interaction. On a larger scale, we observe connecting filaments between the stars. We analyse their very complex polarized intensity and put particular attention to the presence of multiple light sources in these systems. The local angle of linear polarization indicates the source whose light dominates the scattering process from the bridging region between the two stars. Further, we show that the polarized intensity from scattering with multiple relevant light sources results from an incoherent summation of the individuals’ contribution. This can produce nulls of polarized intensity in an image, as potentially observed in AS 205. We discuss the geometry and content of the systems by comparing the polarized light observations with other data at similar resolution, namely with ALMA continuum and gas emission. Collective observational data can constrain the systems’ geometry and stellar trajectories, with the important potential to differentiate between dynamical scenarios of stellar interaction.

Detecting Early-Stage Cohesion Due to Calcium Silicate Hydration with Rheology and Surface Force Apparatus.

Extremely robust cohesion triggered by calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) precipitation during cement hardening makes concrete one of the most commonly used man-made materials. Here, in this proof-of-concept study, we seek an additional nanoscale understanding of early-stage cohesive forces acting between hydrating model tricalcium silicate (C3S) surfaces by combining rheological and surface force measurements. We first used time-resolved small oscillatory rheology measurements (SAOSs) to characterize the early-stage evolution of the cohesive properties of a C3S paste and a C-S-H gel. SAOS revealed the reactive and viscoelastic nature of C3S pastes, in contrast with the nonreactive but still viscoelastic nature of the C-S-H gel, which proves a temporal variation in the cohesion during microstructural physicochemical rearrangements in the C3S paste. We further prepared thin films of C3S by plasma laser deposition (PLD) and demonstrated that these films are suitable for force measurements in the surface force apparatus (SFA). We measured surface forces acting between two thin C3S films exposed to water and subsequent in situ calcium silicate hydrate precipitation. With the SFA and SFA-coupled interferometric measurements, we resolved that C3S surface reprecipitation in water was associated with both increasing film thickness and progressively stronger adhesion (pull-off force). The lasting adhesion developing between the growing surfaces depended on the applied load, pull-off rate, and time in contact. These properties indicated the viscoelastic character of the soft, gel-like reprecipitated layer, pointing to the formation of C-S-H. Our findings confirm the strong cohesive properties of hydrated calcium silicate surfaces that, based on our preliminary SFA measurements, are attributed to sharp changes in the surface microstructure. In contact with water, the brittle and rough C3S surfaces with little contact area weather into soft, gel-like C-S-H nanoparticles with a much larger surface area available for forming direct contacts between interacting surfaces.

Gliridae and Eomyidae (Rodentia) of the Miocene Tagay fauna (Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal, Eastern Siberia)

The small mammals Myomiminae indet. (Gliridae), Leptodontomys cf. gansus Zheng and Li, 1982 (Eomyidae) and the new species Keramidomys sibiricus nov. spec. (Eomyidae) are described. They were collected from six layers of the middle to upper part of the Tagay-1 section on Olkhon Island. The glirid Myomiminae indet. is represented by only a few isolated teeth, the small eomyid Leptodontomys cf. gansus by a mandible with two teeth, and the second small eomyid Keramidomys sibiricus nov. spec. by several isolated teeth and a mandible. The ancestral tooth characteristics of Keramidomys sibiricus nov. spec. indicate an early evolutionary stage of Keramidomys in Asia. The suggested age of the assemblage is Early/Middle Miocene transition.

Study on the Changing Law of Cutting and Ultrasonic Strengthening Surface Integrity during Fatigue of Ti-17 Alloy.

The distribution of surface integrity features directly affects the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. In this paper, the surface integrity characteristics changing law of turning and ultrasonic impacting specimens during high cycle fatigue loading has been studied, and the effect of surface modified layer on the fatigue properties of titanium alloy has been revealed. The results showed that the surface roughness increased with the increase of fatigue cycles. The compressive residual stress and its gradient distribution depth decreased continuously. The gradient distribution depth of residual stress in the ultrasonic-impacted surface rapidly decreased by about 50% near the fracture stage. Local cyclic hardening occurred at 20-50 μm from the surface of the specimen in the early stage of fatigue evolution, and then the microhardness continued to decrease. During this process, there were no significant changes in hardened layer depth. The fibrous microstructure of the ultrasonic-impacted surface undergoes a process from coarsening to gradual disintegration during the fatigue process. Its attenuation process needs a longer period of time. The fatigue source of the turned specimen was located at about 320 μm from the surface, and the fatigue source of ultrasonic impact was about 610 μm from the surface. The fatigue striation width of the ultrasonic impact specimen was about 20% narrower than that of the turned specimen. The fatigue life of the ultrasonic impact specimen was increased by 73.9% compared with the turned specimen. The research in this paper is of great significance for exploring the anti-fatigue mechanism and the ability of various surface integrity features.

Investigation of the Langdon effect on the nonlinear evolution of SRS from the early-stage inflation to the late-stage development of secondary instabilities

In a laser-irradiated plasma, the Langdon effect can result in a super-Gaussian electron energy distribution function (EEDF), imposing significant influences on stimulated backward Raman scattering (SRS). In this work, the influence of a super-Gaussian EEDF on the nonlinear evolution of SRS is investigated by the three wave coupling model simulation and Vlasov–Maxwell simulation for plasma parameters covering a wide range of kλ De from 0.19 to 0.48 at both high and low intensity laser drives. In the early stage of SRS evolution, it is found that besides the kinetic effects due to electron trapping (2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 100702), the Langdon effect can also significantly widen the parameter range for the absolute growth of SRS, and the time for the absolute SRS to reach saturation is greatly shortened by the Langdon effect within certain parameter regions. In the late stage of SRS, when secondary instabilities such as decay of the electron plasma wave to beam acoustic modes, rescattering, and Langmuir decay instability become important, the Langdon effect can influence the reflectivity of SRS by affecting secondary instabilities. The comprehension of the Langdon effect on nonlinear evolution and saturation of SRS would contribute to a better understanding and prediction of SRS in inertial confinement fusion.

Quantum correlations of a two-qubit system and the Aubry-André chain in bosonic environments

In this research, we analyze two models using the tensor network algorithm. The quantum correlations of a two-qubit system are first studied in different bosonic reservoirs. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium scenarios are discussed. Non-Markovian effects can improve the survival time of the quantum correlations significantly and weaken the decoherence effect. Non-Markovian dynamics with existing memory can lead to entanglement rebirth in specific scenarios instead of the eventual entanglement decay or death seen in memoryless Markovian cases. The system reaches a steady state quickest in sub-Ohmic reservoirs and shows the most apparent non-Markovian behavior in super-Ohmic reservoirs. We not only study the impact of the environment on quantum correlations but also how to protect quantum correlations. Starting from a state in which the two ends are maximally entangled, a one-dimensional AA chain model is also studied. We identify distinct phases by monitoring the imbalance dynamics. When the chain is closed, the imbalance dynamics behave differently in various phases, and so does the entanglement evolution between the chain's ends. When the first site couples to a bath, we found the imbalance dynamics can still be an effective indicator to differentiate various phases in an early evolution stage since the imbalance dynamics is only remarkably affected at relatively high temperatures. The distribution of the eigenenergy of the system can account for it. The entanglement of the chain ends decays rapidly in all phases due to one of the ends being coupled to the bath directly. However, the entanglement of the chain ends will persist for a perceptible amount of time in the localization phase if the bath is coupled to the middle site of the chain. Our research shows that one can utilize the disordered environment as a buffer to protect quantum correlations.

Revisiting the origin of the Carboniferous Oytag pluton in West Kunlun orogenic belt, northwest China

The Oytag pluton in the West Kunlun orogenic belt of China represents the rare exposed Carboniferous granitoids associated with the early-stage evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, and its origin is controversial. New zircon U-Pb data suggest an emplacement age of 327–324 Ma for trondhjemite, which slightly predated tonalite (∼314 Ma). These results, along with available published ages, indicate several episodes of magmatism to build the Oytag pluton. Both trondhjemite and tonalite have positive whole-rock Nd isotopic compositions (ε Nd (t) = +4.56 to +8.01 for trondhjemite; ε Nd (t) = +4.68 to +6.15 for tonalite), which positively correlate with whole-rock MgO values. Given the presence of Ordovician inherited zircon grains, variations of whole-rock Nd isotopic compositions are attributed to addition of <10% crustal contaminants during assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes. Interestingly, trondhjemite and tonalite follow distinct AFC trends, consistent with their different ages. Zircons from two trondhjemite samples have overlapping U-Pb ages but show distinctly different trace elements and internal structures (sector-zoned vs. oscillatory-zoned). The sector-zoned zircons have a less evolved signature of lower Hf contents, higher Eu/Eu* and Th/U ratios than the oscillatory-zoned ones, indicating significant crystal fractionation processes for their parental melts. The more variable Hf contents of the oscillatory-zoned zircons than those of the sector-zoned ones reflect a more dynamic environment where they crystallized. We propose that the sector-zoned zircons were crystallized from locked, interstitial melt in a mush and the oscillatory-zoned zircons from extracted melt. In situ crystal-liquid segregation in a mush chamber thereby could be an efficient approach to the differentiation of Oytag trondhjemite. On the other hand, zircons from tonalite have similar Hf contents to the sector-zoned zircons from trondhjemite, but display slightly higher Eu/Eu* ratios and much higher Th/U ratios. This indicates that tonalite should have experienced much different AFC processes from trondhjemite. Both the episodic magmatism feature and the distinct differentiation processes argue for rises of different batches of magmatism to generate trondhjemite and tonalite in Oytag. Along with the large variations of Hf isotopes (5–6 epsilon units) in zircons, we propose a partial melting of juvenile mafic crust model for the Oytag pluton. Heat from upwelling of asthenosphere may have triggered the partial melting of wet, mafic underplates during the opening of a Paleo-Tethyan back-arc basin. • The Oytag pluton comprises predominant trondhjemite with minor tonalite. • Oytag trondhjemites (327–324 Ma) formed earlier than tonalites (∼314 Ma). • The Oytag pluton was built by different batches of magmas via partial melting.

Research on the evolution of incentive mechanisms for urban deep decarbonization under the vision of carbon neutrality: A perspective of multi-agent embedded participation

Carbon Peak & Carbon Neutral (30–60) target is a major strategic decision for China's sustainable development in the new era, and the short-term deep decarbonization transition (DDT) of cities under this target vision is imperative. This study constructed a tripartite game model of urban DDT under the vision of carbon neutrality from the perspective of embedded participation of multiple subjects, analyzed the behavior strategy choice of relevant subjects and its evolution process by using the evolutionary game approach, and further simulated the influence of four types of driving policies on the system evolution by using Matlab software. The main findings are as follows. (1) The stable equilibrium point of stakeholders' behavioral strategies (e.g., active participation or limited participation) in the urban DDT process was influenced not only by their strategic tendencies, but also by the behavioral strategies of other relevant groups (2) Changes in stakeholders' initial willingness (i.e., the probability of choosing a particular strategy at the beginning). significantly affected the evolutionary trajectory of stakeholders' behavioral strategies in the urban DDT process. The evolutionary trajectory of the government's stabilization strategy under the low initial willingness scenario showed a tendency to evolve first toward an active guidance strategy and then gradually toward a limited guidance strategy. (3) Both subsidy and penalty policies had significant positive effects on enterprises' evolutionary trajectories, but their effects differed. The increase of policy subsidies could continuously push enterprises to converge to a stable strategy, while the increase of regulatory fines could push enterprises to converge to a stable strategy in the early stage of system evolution, and then the push effect gradually decreases. (4) Participation incentive policies and emission compensation policies affect the evolutionary trajectory of the behavioral strategies of the government and the public. When participation incentives increase, the government and the public would converge to the stabilization strategy quickly. Finally, targeted policy recommendations were made in order to provide reference for the government to formulate effective DDT policies.