Stage Of Early Adulthood Research Articles

Impact of Employee Behavior to Customer Satisfaction among Selected Establishments in Zambales, Philippines

Employees’ behavior leads to customer satisfaction, which, in return, affects the organization’s overall productivity. This research attempts to explore the behavior of employees with customers’ satisfaction among selected establishments in Zambales. Descriptive re-search design is used with the questionnaire to gather data from three hundred forty-six respondents who were randomly selected. The findings showed that most of the respondents were female, single, and college graduates in the early adulthood stage. The respondents strongly agreed on employees’ behavior regarding employees’ general characteristics, behavior towards customers, and work attitude. There was no significant difference in the dimensions of employees’ behavior, but a significant difference in employees’ behavior as to general characteristics when customer-respondents were grouped according to educational attainment. Significant on level of customer satisfaction when customer-respondents are grouped according to civil status, and there is “high positive relationship” between the level of satisfaction and employees’ behavior as to general characteristics and behavior towards customers while “very high positive relationship” between the level of satisfaction and employees’ behavior as to attitude towards work. Recommendations are provided.

РОЛЬ САМОРЕГУЛЯЦИИ И СМЫСЛОЖИЗНЕННЫХ ОРИЕНТАЦИЙ НА РАЗНЫХ ЭТАПАХ ВЗРОСЛОСТИ

The results of a theoretical and empirical study of the image of the future, its functions are presented, predictors of the image of the future are identified, which are associated with its formation, they are conscious self-regulation associated with the image of the future through procedurality and active implementation of the planned, as well as life-meaning orientations that act as cognitive semantic fullness of the modus of the future. Their role in the formation of the image of the future, the influence on its qualitative and quantitative assessments at the stages of early and middle adulthood is determined. The hypothesis is verified that at the stages of early adulthood there is a reorientation, the specificity of life-meaning orientations and their stability are formed. It is shown that a high orientation towards the future, the relevance of self-determination, as well as a situation of uncertainty in front of the future remain, in this regard, self-regulation plays a leading role in the formation of the image of the future. At the stage of middle maturity, the consolidation and implementation of life meanings and plans, the active embodiment of the image of the future, are already taking place, while self-regulation fades into the background. It was found that the qualitative and quantitative assessments of the image of the future at different stages of adulthood are specific.

Two-year stability and change among the honesty-humility, agreeableness, and conscientiousness scales of the HEXACO100 in an Australian cohort, aged 24–29 years

A surge in longitudinal personality research has yielded insights into how our personalities change over life stages. Very little of this research, however, has employed the HEXACO model of personality, and thus little is known about the life-course of, especially, the honesty-humility dimension, nor of the longitudinal psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventories. In this study, we investigate the stability and change over two years among three of the HEXACO dimensions (honesty-humility, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) using the HEXACO-100, in a sample of 214 members of an Australian cohort study (the Raine Study) in the later stage of early adulthood (ages 24–27 to ages 26–29). We found that the test-retest stability of the dimension and facet scales was generally high (0.80 for honesty-humility, 0.75 for agreeableness, and 0.74 for conscientiousness; mean for facets = 0.67), and that maturation in the sample was evidenced by increases in honesty-humility (d = 0.19), conscientiousness (d = 0.23), and to a lesser extent, agreeableness (d = 0.12) over the two years.

Factors Associated With Alcohol Use Among Medical Students at Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia

Background: Alcohol use among students has been found to be significantly associated with suicide ideation, physical fighting, and poor academic performance. Consequently, the regular use of alcohol during the adolescence and early adulthood stage can be seen as a risk factor or an indicator of possible future health and social problems. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with alcohol use among medical students at Ridgeway campus.Methodology: The study enrolled259 medical students at Ridgeway campus who completed an anonymous, self-applied questionnaire. SPSS version 20 was used to verify the correlation between alcohol use and variables. The significance level was set at 95% (p>0.05) interval.Results: Alcohol consumption was 60%. Year of the study was related to alcohol use. Additionally, other related factors were boredom (p<0.001), forget problems (p=0.001) and improvement of academic performance (p=0.018). Conclusion:The results obtained are useful for developing strategies for alcohol prevention among this population. Training with tips on how to deal with stress, early detection of alcohol use, provision of scientific information, programs for professors/tutors and others and an increase in the time dedicated to disciplines that discuss alcohol use. Keywords:Alcohol use, Medical students, ridgeway campus, university of Zambia

Is the Online Friendship Scale Fit for High School Students?

Online friendship is an inevitable phenomenon especially for young people for which Helmi et al. developed a concept and an online friendship scale with university students as their trial subject. From a developmental perspective, university students are in the early adulthood stage. With the Internet’s asynchronous nature and the absence of non-verbal cues, the scale was applied to high school students in this present study. The purpose of this study was to test whether or not the online friendship scale has sound psychometric properties when applied to high school students. The subjects of this study were 214 high school students. The results of the structural equation model analysis met the goodness of fit criteria for construct validity, which include TL, GFT, and RMSEA indices. Its Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was also satisfying. A drive to create activities with friends on social media mitigates the lack of non-verbal signs resulting from online communication. This result supports the social enhancement hypothesis. Consequently, Online Friendship Scale can be implemented in adolescence and young adult.

Consumer Food Waste Behavior among Emerging Adults: Evidence from China.

With the aggravation of global climate change, the issue of environmental protection has become the focus of global attention, and countries all over the world have devoted themselves to the sustainable development of resources to reduce the negative impact of the environment on human society. Reducing the resource waste is an important aspect of the sustainable development, among which food waste is a critical part. According to a report of the United Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 35% of food is wasted during consumption. Although households are the main contributors to food waste during consumption, the situation in university canteens cannot be ignored. As universities have a high degree of social influence, some policies and activities are piloted in universities, and then, promoted to society after achieving significant results. In future social development, the food waste behavior of consumers at the early stage of adulthood will have a significant impact on society. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the factors that lead to food waste by early adulthood consumers. This study focuses on food waste by end consumers and explores factors in the food waste behavior of the emerging adulthood consumer, which can be used as a reference for improving food waste in schools, governments, and other related industries in the future. The results show that the model of factors influencing the food waste behavior of emerging adulthood consumers established in this study is acceptable. According to the analysis results of the structural equation modeling (SEM), it can be seen that the influences of environmental concerns on the attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are ranked first, second, and third, respectively. While emerging adulthood consumers have a high degree of independence and self-awareness, schools, governments, media networks, and other related industries also need to establish a more complete system and form of cherishing food, in order to encourage emerging adulthood consumers to change their behavior and attitude spontaneously.

Gender Difference in British Young Adults’ Retirement Saving Decision-Making Process: A Multi-Group Analysis Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)

Several changes have been made to the state and workplace pension schemes in recent decades in Britain. One of the implications of these changes is that individuals now carry greater risks in accumulating and generating retirement income. Many studies have discussed the role of attitudinal and behavioral tendencies in the retirement saving decision-making process. However, the way these tendencies manifest themselves is assumed to be identical for men and women, as most studies examined the partial gender effect. These differences are particularly meaningful for those in early stages of adulthood, as their experience of key life events is shaped by socially constructed gender norms. While an increasing gender disparity in pension wealth over the life course is widely recognized in Britain, not many studies have provided empirical evidence on potential gender differences in young adults’ additional retirement saving. This study examines whether men and women differ in their retirement saving decision-making process, and if so to what extent. To do so, it uses an adapted version of Hershey and colleagues’ model of financial planning with the fourth wave of the Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS). Findings show that financial resilience, which represents individuals’ everyday financial behavior, is the most influential predictor for identifying retirement savers for both males and females. However, the manner in which their current socio-economic environment – income, homeownership, marital status, offspring – is interlinked with financial resilience varies considerably by gender. The partial effect of education on myopia also differs by gender. These findings suggest that there are indeed gender differences in the retirement saving decision-making process and that failing to consider such difference in policies may widen the gender gap in retirement saving.

Late Rescue Therapy with Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Established Lung Injury in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the main complication of extreme prematurity, has lifelong consequences for lung health. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) prevent lung injury in experimental BPD in newborn rodents when given in the immediate neonatal period. Whether MSC therapy can restore normal lung growth after established lung injury in adulthood is clinically relevant, but currently unknown. Experimental BPD was achieved by exposing newborn rats to 95% O2 from postnatal days 4-14. Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs were intratracheally administered to rats (1 × 106cells/kg body weight) as a single dose at 3 or 6 months of age followed by assessment at 5 or 8 months of age, respectively. Lung alveolar structure and vessel density were histologically analyzed. O2-exposed rats exhibited persistent lung injury characterized by arrested alveolar growth with airspace enlargement and a lower vessel density at both 5 and 8 months of age compared with controls. Single-dose MSC treatment at 3 months partially attenuated O2-induced alveolar injury and restored vessel density at 5 months. Treatment with a single dose at 6 months did not attenuate alveolar injury or vessel density at 8 months. However, treatment with multiple MSC doses at 6, 6.5, 7, and 7.5 months significantly attenuated alveolar injury and improved vessel density at 8 months of age. Treatment of the adult BPD lung with MSCs has the potential to improve lung injury if administered in multiple doses or at an early stage of adulthood.

Social Risks of Consumer Credit Students

The financial and economic sphere is very rich in all sorts of social risks since money in modern realities is one of the essential benefits for healthy existence. In this regard, significant scientific and practical importance is the study of the process of management of social risks of consumer lending to students, as well as influencing factors. The study of these issues will help to assist in minimising the risks of consumer lending, as well as to develop a strategy for introducing changes in the process of informing and issuing loans to students. The article presents the results of the author’s empirical study of social risks of consumer lending to students. We considered the categories of risk experience and risk perception of consumer lending from students. According to the results of the study, we concluded that the riskiest types of consumer financing are loans for individual entrepreneurship and operating costs. We also found that it is necessary to make all possible efforts to protect young people from risky situations and develop a program to prepare children for adulthood, forming cultural values in the early stages of adulthood.

Self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers

Early adulthood is a productive period in development stage which involves more complex experiences and responsibilities. Contrary to what early adulthood should do, it was found that there were individuals who spent almost all their time playing online games at internet cafes. They always visit cyber cafes and usually play online games for at least 10 hours every day, which usually leads to various problem. This study aimed to see the correlation of self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers. A total of 33 online gamers in early adulthood stage participated in this study and were asked to complete self-report measures using questionnaires. Questionnaires included demographic information, Brief Self-control Scale constructed by Tangney, et al. and Game Addiction Scale constructed by Lemmens, et al. Rank Spearman correlation was used to analyze the data and the result indicated that there are two aspects of self-control that have significant correlation with online game addiction (Deliberate/Non-impulsive and Self-discipline) and the other three aspects of self-control have insignificant correlation with online game addiction (Healthy Habit, Work Ethic, and Reliability). The overall result shows that self-control is significantly negative correlated with online game addiction. This means the lower the self-control, the more severe the probability of suffering online game addiction in early adult gamers.

Gender- and Age-Specific Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Central Autonomic Network in Adulthood.

Previous functional imaging studies have identified the role of central autonomic network (CAN) in autonomic regulation during various tasks. However, its variability with respect to gender and age, particularly in the resting state, remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this study we systematically investigated gender- and age-related differences in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) seeded from core regions of this network, namely posterior mid-cingulate gyrus (pMCC), left amygdala, right anterior and left posterior insula, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), using a large cross-sectional adulthood sample. Results revealed that each of the seeded connectivity maps engaged in at least one of the large-scale brain networks including sensorimotor, attentional, basal ganglia, limbic, and default mode networks (DMN). In the early-adulthood stage, females had stronger negative rsFC in pMCC and right anterior INS (aINS) with the medial DMN than males, possibly reflecting their greater suppression of the sympathoexcitation associated with sex hormonal estrogen. Whereas in the late-adulthood stage, they showed stronger positive rsFC in pMCC with postcentral gyrus and weaker negative rsFC with the most DMN, possibly relating to their higher risk of depression, anxiety, and dementia than males after menopause. Moreover, females demonstrated reduced negative rsFC in pMCC with dorsal PCUN/PCC and left AG with advancing age, whereas males showed the opposite pattern, namely increased positive rsFC, in pMCC with right SMG, and in vmPFC with ventral PCUN. We interpret these results as their differences of altered autonomic regulation associated with pain experience and reflective movement, respectively, due to aging. In sum, our findings add in literature that autonomic responses can be also represented intrinsically in the resting brain, and gender- and age-related differences might be associated with sex hormones and sensorimotor abilities, respectively.

When Two Wrongs Make a Right: The Effect of Acute and Chronic Binge Drinking on Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Young Adult Female Rats.

Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug by young adults across North America. Although alcohol consumption itself incurs a risk of neurological damage, it is also a significant risk factor for traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI among young adults is described as a modern healthcare epidemic. The drastic changes occurring within their neurological networks put young adults at greater risk for developing long-term post-traumatic deficits. Contradictory findings have been indicated regarding the effects of alcohol consumption on TBI outcomes in adults, with some studies demonstrating detrimental effects, whereas others suggest neuroprotective abilities. However, little is known about the effects of alcohol consumption on TBI outcomes during the sensitive stage of early adulthood. Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions: Pre-injury alcohol+TBI; Pre-injury alcohol+Sham; Pre- and Post-injury alcohol+TBI; Pre- and Post-injury alcohol+Sham; No alcohol+TBI; No alcohol+Sham. Alcohol consumption groups received an amount of 10% v/v ethanol solution based on the animals' weight. Following the injury, the rats were subjected to a behavioral test battery to assess post-concussive symptomology. Overall, chronic binge drinking significantly improved TBI outcomes related to motor coordination and balance, whereas binge drinking in general significantly decreased anxiety-like behaviors. Additionally, in many cases, chronic binge drinking appears to return the TBI animal's behavioral outcomes to levels comparable to those of the no alcohol sham animals. Thus, the results suggest that alcohol may exhibit neuroprotective abilities in the context of early adulthood TBI.

Problematyczne używanie internetu a cechy osobowości i wczesne nieadaptacyjne schematy użytkowników sieci

Problematic Internet use in relation to personality traits and early maladaptive patterns of net users Abstract This article deals with the phenomenon of Problematic Internet Use among adolescents and people in the stage of early adulthood. The concept based on the diathesis model of stress assumes the existence of factors conducive to the occurrence of this phenomenon. Such factors are postulated as personality traits and early maladaptive schemas that may be a threatening factor as relatively persistent over the course of life. An important point is that the Problematic Internet Use takes into account the preference of on-line contacts apart from the real ones, negative consequences, the aspect of compulsiveness and self-regulation of mood through the network.

Jakość związku partnerskiego a satysfakcja z życia młodych matek – mediacyjna rola samooceny

Abstract. The birth of a child is a significant personal experience for a woman, but it is also an event of great social importance (Koronkiewicz, 2014). The arrival of an offspring changes forever the identity of a woman and her role both in her family and in the society. Motherhood can provide women with a sense of fulfillment and self-realization, but also give rise to conflict of roles, feeling overloaded with duties, discomfort, or health problems. Support from a close relationship partner is an important factor in self-esteem. It can be a source of happiness and satisfaction for a young mother. The results of numerous studies indicate that having children and a successful marriage are at the top of the hierarchy of values ​​affecting one’s happiness (Czapinski, Panek 2011; Miotk-Mrozowska, 2013). The study involved 336 mothers in the stage of early adulthood (average age M = 30.9, SD = 4.22). The quality of women’s partner relationship and their self-esteem were considered to be important factors for their life satisfaction measured with the SWLS Scale adapted by Juczynski. The independent variables were measured with the Quality of Relationship Inventory adapted by Suwalska-Barancewicz, Izdebski and Liberska, and the SES Scale adapted by Łaguna, Dzwonkowska and Lachowicz-Tabaczek. The analyzes carried out as part of the study confirmed the importance of the quality of the partner relationship and the level of self-esteem for the life satisfaction of young mothers.

Attitude towards girl’s feticide among early adulthood and middle age respondents

The phenomenon of female feticide in India is not new, where female embryos or fetuses are selectively eliminated after pre-natal sex determination, thus eliminating girl child even before they are born. In Indian society, female feticide has emerged as a burning social problem during the last few years. The present study aims to assess the attitude of both male and female adolescents towards girls’ feticide their early adulthood and middle age. For this from Jhansi city, 100 respondents, 50 of early adulthood stage (25 male, 25 female) and 50 of middle adulthood stage (25 male, 25 female) randomly selected. A structured interview schedule was prepared containing 30 questions to measure the awareness among male and female regarding the female feticide. Results revealed that equal per cent of respondents were in the age group 18-40 years and 40-60 years. Maximum per cent of respondents (97%) were Hindu followed by 3% respondents Muslim. In early adulthood and middle age group majority of male and female respondents (92 and 90%) strongly agreed to favorable comments on girl feticide, while for unfavorable comments lesat number of respondents of both sex were in strongly unfavorable category. Attitude of male and female respondents against favorable comments indicated association between sex and attitude in early adulthood i.e. χ 2 =2.2 but in middle age no association was found (χ 2 =36). On the other hand attitude against unfavorable comments indicated association between sex and attitude in both early adulthood (χ 2 =0.156) and middle age (χ 2 =0.581). Majority of the Hindu respondents both in early adulthood and middle age group strongly agreed to favourable comments on girl feticide. Regarding religion, attitude of Hindu and Muslim against favorable and unfavorable comments indicated association between religion and attitude in both early adulthood and middle age. Results revealed that both sex and religion have association with attitude regarding girl feticide.

성인 초기의 신체활동과 자아존중감의 관계에서 낙관성의 매개효과

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effects of optimism with regard to the effects of physical activities on self-esteem among college students who are in the early adulthood stage. For the purpose of the study, 498 college students attending two universities in N district in Seoul and C district in Yongin were chosen. As the measurement tools, physical activity questionnaire, optimism Questionnaire and self-esteem questionnaire were utilized. Also, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used for the study results. The results of this study demonstrated that physical activities have a significant effect on both self-esteem and optimism. In case of physical activities affecting self-esteem, optimism shows a partial mediation effect. This result suggests that increasing optimism through physical activities is an important physical and psychological mechanism that can improve self-esteem which is a positive psychological variable. It is also an important indication that the optimism enhancement strategy including regular physical activities that can lead to positive emotions in early adulthood can also lead to psychological benefits in improving self-esteem.

How ‘flexible’ are careers in the anticipated life course of young people?

Bridging literature that addresses the work–family interface and the changing nature of careers, this article examines, from a life course perspective, the extent to which, and why, young people anticipate careers as ‘flexible’. Drawing on 123 interviews with men and women engaged in different post-secondary education pathways in Australia, the study draws attention to the role of gender and to some extent class in shaping careers in a network of social relations. Three dimensions of flexible careers are examined: temporal, that is, through imagined possibilities in various stages of early adulthood; structural, including opportunities and constraints afforded by different industry sectors and workplaces; and relational, in terms of household-level role negotiations. The findings revealed that women continue to adapt their career goals to accommodate care, but that both men’s and women’s careers are shaped by contingencies including household income, home ownership, access to flexible work and ideological expectations of market/family work roles. These contextual dynamics directly impact on decisions in the present. The article underscores the need for an expanded research focus on work and care from a life course perspective in order to promote career flexibility in ways that align with young people’s broader aspirations for gender equality.

Proactive Coping, Time Perspective and Life Satisfaction

Purpose: This study aims to analyze how time perspective (TP) (future and present) and proactive coping (preventive and proactive) strategies influence the life satisfaction of emerging adults. Design/methodology/approach: The present study is basically correlational in nature. The data was collected from 90 undergraduate first-year students who are just entered to the stage of early adulthood. To measure the reaction of these students on three questionnaires (Zimbardo Time Inventory, proactive coping inventory and Satisfaction with Life Scale [SWLS]). Generalized linear and stepwise regression models were conducted for data analysis. Findings: The results showed, as expected, that proactive coping emerging as a single significant predictor of life satisfaction of emerging adults. Originality/value: The study offers a model that extends the scope of previous research works in the field of life satisfaction. It also provides a new research paradigm to the area of emerging adulthood as in it introduces some individual factors that could enhance their (emerging adulthood) life satisfaction.

Upregulation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor in the Hypothalamus Associated with a High Anxiety-like Level in Apolipoprotein E4 Transgenic Mice.

Anxiety symptoms occur in a large portion of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. ApolipoproteinE-4 (ApoE ε4 allele), a risk factor for AD, has been recognized as an important contributor to psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the corticosterone level in relation to anxiety-like behavior changes in transgenic male mice with different glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-ApoE isoforms. GFAP-ApoE4 transgenic mice aged 3months showed higher anxiety-like behavior in open field, light-dark box and elevated plus maze tasks compared with that of age-matched GFAP-ApoE3 mice. However, corticotropin releasing factor levels in the hypothalamus and plasma corticosterone secretion were similar in GFAP-ApoE3 and GFAP-ApoE4 transgenic male mice. Additionally, increased expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and unchanged expression of the glucocorticoid receptor were observed in the hypothalamus of GFAP-ApoE4 mice. However, no significant differences were found in the expression levels of the MR in GFAP-ApoE3 and GFAP-ApoE4 mice at postnatal day 2. In conclusion, we found that MR upregulation rather than corticosterone level changes in the early stage of adulthood was associated with the higher anxiety-like level measured in GFAP-ApoE4 mice.

In your 20s it's quantity, in your 30s it's quality: the prognostic value of social activity across 30 years of adulthood.

Social connection, a leading factor in the promotion of health, well-being, and longevity, requires social knowledge and the capacity to cultivate intimacy. Life span development theorists have speculated that social information-seeking goals, emphasized at the beginning of early adulthood, give way to emotional closeness goals in later stages of early adulthood. Drawing on developmental theory (Baltes & Carstensen, 2003; Baltes, 1997), this 30-year prospective study assessed social activity at age 20 and age 30 with experience sampling methods, and psychosocial outcomes (social integration, friendship quality, loneliness, depression, and psychological well-being) at age 50. Results supported the hypothesis that the quantity (but not the quality) of social interactions at age 20, and the quality (but not the quantity) of social interactions at age 30 predict midlife psychosocial outcomes. Longitudinal structural models revealed that age-20 interaction quantity had a direct, unmediated effect on age-50 social and psychological outcomes. The effects of age-20 interaction quality on midlife outcomes, on the other hand, were mediated by age-30 interaction quality. Our findings are consistent with the idea that selection and optimization serve important functions in early adulthood, and that engaging in developmentally appropriate social activity contributes to psychosocial adjustment in the decades that follow.