Early Sixties Research Articles

Towards Prosperity and Peace: The Beginnings of the European Project in the West German Governmental PR Film Der erste Schritt

Films that advertised the rising status of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) as a partner in Western economic and military alliances were an integral item of the Adenauer administration’s PR arsenal. Produced through the state-funded newsreel system Deutsche Wochenschau under the direction of the Federal Press Office, these films provided an effective way to reach out to the electorate and explain and highlight the successes of democracy in a post-fascist country. PR films also emphasized the FRG’s role as an integral partner in the emerging European project. This article examines Der erste Schritt: Die Geschichte eines Briefes, a 1951 film advertising the Schuman Declaration as the necessary “first step” to overcome the socio-economic devastation of postwar Europe. The film reveals its producers’ agenda to manipulate the collective memory of the war-ridden Franco-German Erbfeindschaft and replace memories of animosities with images of pragmatic cooperation. Through a focus on the First World War as a tragic, but heroically fought confrontation between the nations, the film helps its audiences bridge the more recent and more conflicted Second World War past. The film’s narrative argues for a unified Europe by vividly describing its absence vis-à-vis the post-Second World War destruction in central Europe, and by drawing favourable comparisons with the large, unified economic territory of the United States. Compared to later PR films that accompanied Konrad Adenauer’s and Charles de Gaulle’s policy of reconciliation in the early sixties, Der erste Schritt in 1951 does not try to manufacture an image of friendship between the two countries. Instead, through the sentimental frame narrative of a letter by a young French woman to a West German politician, the film’s narrative insists that only economic cooperation, the abolition of inner-European borders, and the sharing of resources can lay the foundation for lasting peace and prosperity in a war-torn Europe. The article closes with an overview on how the film was used in PR deployments that advertised the European project. In sum, Der erste Schritt provides an important perspective on the Adenauer administration’s early imaginations of Europe, and how these images were put to work to further the FRG’s still ongoing process of consolidation during its founding years.

"Ava en la noche", de Manuel Vicent: formación artística y concienciación política bajo la noche franquista

In "Ava en la noche" (2020), Manuel Vicent narrates the learning process of a young aspiring screenwriter and film director who, in the early sixties, shapes his conscience as he experiences Franco’s repression and perceives a demanding society of change. The objectives of this paper are to explore the novel from the theoretical perspective of the Künstlerroman (or “artist’s novel”), and to apply certain initiatory categories of the hero outlined by mythical studies. The analysis of these elements makes visible the vital and aesthetic phases that lead the protagonist to existential maturity, to his historicity and to the commitment of his filmic art in correlation with the questioning of the dictatorial regime.

Life and works of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: A man with ultra luminosity

Abstract Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray was one of the most prominent scientists and an industrialist of the Indian subcontinent. He brought academia and industry under one umbrella with his farsightedness and dedication. His inventions in synthetic chemistry and profound knowledge of ancient Rasayana Vidya (chemistry) recognized him as a father figure in the Indian chemical industry. He was born in the early sixties of the nineteenth century with a profound family background in Bengal province. Academically profound, Ray acquired several awards and accolades in his life. His entrepreneurship in the Industrial setup in India made him the father of modern chemistry. The man with simple living and high thinking left for his heavenly abode at eighty-three, leaving the footsteps for future generations.

Age-related changes in static balance in older women aged in their early sixties to their late eighties: different aging patterns in the anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions.

The aim of this study was to cross-sectionally investigate how static balance changes throughout the aging process in older women aged from their early sixties to their late eighties. Forty-six older women (aged 62-89 years) were requested to stand barefoot and quietly on a force platform for 30 s with their eyes either open or closed. During the trials, the position of the center of foot pressure (CoP) and the acceleration of the body's center of mass (ACC) were measured. The root mean square (RMS) of the CoP and ACC values was calculated to evaluate the amplitude of postural sway and the level of regulatory activity, respectively. The mean power frequency of the ACC was also calculated to represent the temporal characteristics of regulatory activity. In the anterior-posterior direction, there was no significant relationship between the RMS of CoP and the participants' age, whereas the RMS of ACC significantly increased with increasing age. In the mediolateral direction, however, the RMS of CoP significantly increased with increasing age, whereas the RMS of ACC did not change with age. The mean power frequency of ACC did not exhibit any age-related change in either the anterior-posterior or the mediolateral direction. The results indicate that static balance in older women aged in their early sixties to their late eighties exhibits distinctly contrasting aging patterns between the anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions. To prevent falls in older women, it is necessary to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for the increase in mediolateral sway that occurs throughout old age.

Changes in caddisflies community composition and distribution along 60 years timespan monitoring in Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, caddisflies have been systematically collected since the early Sixties. Three periods of exhaustive sampling may be distinguished: the Sixties; 1994 to 2002; and a long period from 2007 to the present time in the frame of the Water Framework Directive. Bearing in mind the uneven sampling procedure across periods, we aim to document changes in community composition and distribution through time including the nature of these changes (e.g. gains and losses of species). We hypothesise different trends of species gains and losses for specialist species in comparison to generalist species. Therefore, we propose a method to identify specialist and generalist species in our dataset. Historical data (1961 to 1968) lack information on precise locations and abundance of specimen collected. Consequently, cell grids of original distribution maps are used to compare caddisfly community assemblages along the three monitoring periods. We assess the changes that occur on presence/absence data in specific groups of species (i.e. cold-adapted, warm-adapted specialists and generalist species). Temporal β-diversity results reveal that survey intervals for each monitoring period are dominated by species losses when the comparison is restricted to cold-adapted species. On the other hand, warm-adapted and generalist species are increasing from the Sixties period when compared to the two next periods (1994–2002 and 2007–2020). However, the comparison of the most recent periods reveals species losses even for the warm-adapted and generalist species. This complex picture of caddisflies species losses and gains in different ways through time, amongst river types and in response to different pressures, is discussed.

From Charity to Commerce: Bondholders, Women's Auxiliaries, and Community Health Care in Arizona.

This article contrasts women's auxiliaries as volunteers and fundraisers at a voluntary sanatorium and a community hospital in metropolitan Phoenix. Their experience highlights the rising importance of private investors in nonprofit health care. Nonprofit community hospitals depended on volunteer labor from women's auxiliaries to keep their doors open in the mid-twentieth-century United States. However, their position became subordinate to financial demands from bondholders-these (and other) financial influences eroded the social capital created by charitable labor. At Maryvale Hospital, one of the "eight-percenter" mortgage bond hospitals built across the Sun Belt during the early sixties, bondholders assumed much of the fundraising and advocacy activities reserved for women's auxiliaries. Once bondholders assumed the duties of women's auxiliaries, their profitability became the determinant for success in nonprofit health care. Their rise reflects a shift from the social capital associated with charitable volunteers to the bond markets necessary for modern metropolitan development.

Uncovering the Hidden Bias: A Study on Ageism in Hollywood's Portrayal of Ageing Femininities in Romantic Comedies (2000-2021)

Recently, the media has been highlighting the increasing presence of older women on screen. However, it is important to examine whether this is the case and how exactly older women are being portrayed. This research examined the representations of older women in Hollywood romantic comedies released from 2000 to 2021. To assess diversity and stereotypes, forty-four popular films were analysed. Here we identified, in twenty of the forty-four films, one or more characters aged 60 and over. Results indicate that, while the number of older female characters was high compared to other studies, their diversity was rather limited. Most characters were in their early sixties, white, middle-class, able-bodied, and heterosexual. Characters from ethnic minorities, sexual minorities and with disabilities were almost absent. Stereotypes, such as the Golden Ager and the Shrew, were frequently used. This confirms the dominant discourse on older women, which leads to negative attitudes towards ageing. 

A Review of The Microgenre: A Quick Look at Small Culture

A Review of <i>The Microgenre: A Quick Look at Small Culture</i>

0982 Atrial fibrillation diagnosed from a home-based sleep study in a patient with REM behavior disorder

Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) is the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia and is a major cause of stroke. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an established risk factor of A-Fib, but sleep disruption with frequent awakenings was recently identified as another risk factor, independent from OSA. Home sleep apnea test (HSAT) is widely used to diagnose OSA with low cost and short wait time, and HSAT that uses peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) can reveal cardiac arrhythmia. Here we report a case of A-Fib detected by PAT-based HSAT in a patient with REM sleep disorder. Report of case(s) A 60-year-old man with hypertension, depression, anxiety, tobacco and alcohol use disorders presented to sleep clinic for frightening vivid dreams and violent dream enactments that gradually developed over the last two years. A diagnostic polysomnography study showed mild OSA, normal heart rhythm, and no epoch of REM sleep without atonia (RSWA). In the following four years, he used CPAP therapy, imagery rehearsal therapy, high-dose melatonin, doxepin and hydroxyzine. However, the frightening dreams and dream enactments persisted despite full adherence to CPAP. To reassess OSA, the patient took a PAT-based HSAT, which showed not only mild OSA, but one episode of irregularly irregular PAT-derived pulsation variations that lasted three hours and started and stopped abruptly. We therefore ordered longitudinal cardiac monitoring, which showed multiple asymptomatic episodes of A-Fib during nighttime. After treatments for A-Fib were started, a polysomnography study with effective CPAP titration showed one episode of A-Fib with rapid ventricular response that lasted 2.5 hours during non-REM sleep, and multiple epochs of RSWA. The diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) was thus established. Conclusion We reported concurrent developments of RBD and asymptomatic paroxysmal A-Fib in a man in his early sixties. Our case suggests a potential association between RBD and A-Fib, which has not been studied but is conceivable, given that RBD causes frequent awakenings with surges of sympathetic activity. Our case also highlights the advantage of PAT in capturing not only OSA but cardiac arrhythmia. Clinical interpreters of PAT-based HSAT can seize the opportunity to diagnose A-Fib and prevent stroke. Support (if any)

Death of a Salesman

Death of a Salesman

Powerful Radio Sources in the Southern Sky. I. Optical Identifications

Since the early sixties, our view of radio galaxies and quasars has been drastically shaped by discoveries made thanks to observations of radio sources listed in the Third Cambridge Catalog and its revised version (3CR). However, the largest fraction of data collected to date on 3CR sources was performed with relatively old instruments, rarely repeated and/or updated. Importantly, the 3CR contains only objects located in the Northern Hemisphere, thus having limited access to new and innovative astronomical facilities. To mitigate these limitations, we present a new catalog of powerful radio sources visible from the Southern Hemisphere, extracted from the GLEAM 4 Jy (G4Jy) catalog and based on equivalent selection criteria as the 3CR. This new catalog, named G4Jy-3CRE, where the E stands for “equivalent,” lists a total of 264 sources at decl. below −5° and with 9 Jy limiting sensitivity at ∼178 MHz. We explored archival radio maps obtained with different surveys and compared them with optical images available in the Pan-STARRS, DES, and DSS databases to search for optical counterparts of their radio cores. We compared mid-infrared counterparts, originally associated in the G4Jy, with the optical ones identified here, and we present results of a vast literature search carried out to collect redshift estimates for all G4Jy-3CRE sources resulting in a total of 145 reliable z measurements.

Loserville: How Professional Sports Remade Atlanta— and How Atlanta Remade Professional Sports by Clayton Trutor

Reviewed by: Loserville: How Professional Sports Remade Atlanta— and How Atlanta Remade Professional Sports by Clayton Trutor Thomas Wolf Clayton Trutor. Loserville: How Professional Sports Remade Atlanta— and How Atlanta Remade Professional Sports. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. 458 pp. Cloth, $34.95. In Loserville: How Professional Sports Remade Atlanta—and How Atlanta Remade Professional Sports Clayton Trutor offers a thorough and compelling study of Atlanta’s execution of a strategy to bring major league sports teams to the city in the mid-to- late 1960s. While Trutor’s comprehensive investigation and analysis tell the story of four different teams— the MLB Braves, the NFL Falcons, the NBA Hawks, and the NHL Flames—this review focuses primarily on the issues regarding the relocation of the Braves from Milwaukee to Atlanta. The Braves, of course, had already moved once—from Boston to Milwaukee in 1953, the first move by an MLB team from one city to another in fifty years. Especially in the early years, the Braves thrived in Milwaukee, and fans flocked to the ballpark. The Braves won the National League pennant in 1957 and 1958, powered by the hitting of Hank Aaron. The team led the league in [End Page 128] attendance six years in a row. In the early sixties, however, the team slumped, and attendance at games dropped by more than half. Braves owner Lou Perini decided to sell a majority interest in the team to a group of young investors in Chicago. Meanwhile in Atlanta, an alliance of politicians and business leaders— both white and Black— joined forces to bring a major league sports team to the city, either through expansion or relocation. The leader of that coalition was Ivan Allen, the recently elected mayor of Atlanta who had defeated segregationist Lester Maddox in Atlanta’s mayoral race in 1961. One of the goals of Allen and his cohorts was to promote Atlanta as a model city of the new South. Their slogan was “The City Too Busy to Hate.” They aimed to portray Atlanta as a haven of racial tolerance and economic prosperity. To attract a franchise, though, the city had to provide a venue for the new team, and building a suitable stadium was the next step in the plan. Trutor notes, “The primary benefits of cities investing in professional sports facilities come from the cultural prestige and source of common identity they lend to a metropolitan area” (51). Trutor details the issues involved in obtaining the funding for the stadium and deciding on a location. Ground was broken to construct Atlanta- Fulton County Stadium on April 15, 1964, while the city was still in the process of finding a team to occupy it. A year later a deal was struck to move the Milwaukee franchise to Atlanta. The city of Milwaukee was stunned that the team was being relocated, though the years of declining attendance and financial losses suffered by Perini might have been an indicator that a move was imminent, especially considering that the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants had pursued a similar strategy less than a decade earlier. Some players on the Braves— notably, Hank Aaron— had serious misgivings about being forced to relocate to Atlanta. Aaron expressed concern about his children being moved to a new school system. But Aaron’s concerns, not surprisingly, also reflected his trepidation about living and playing baseball in the South. “I lived in the South, and I don’t want to live there again,” Aaron told a reporter (84). Trutor describes the efforts made by civic leaders to convince Aaron and other skeptical players that Atlanta—the Atlanta of the mid- 1960s— was a hospitable place for African Americans. The Braves moved and played their first season in Atlanta in 1966. Public enthusiasm for the team was underwhelming. Fewer than three thousand season tickets were sold in anticipation of that first season (109), and although the roster was studded with stars like Aaron, Eddie Mathews, Rico Carty, Felipe Alou, and Joe Torre, the team finished a disappointing fifth in the National [End Page 129] League standings. Until the Braves won the NL West Division title in 1969, fan interest and attendance...

Al-ʿUcha

<i>Al-ʿUcha</i>

Military Helicopters in Czechoslovak Aeroclubs Between 1963–1974

In mid-fifties helicopters were already an indivisible part of military air forces all over the world. In terms of the Warsaw Pact the army of Soviet Union and subsequently its satellite states got the first helicopters. In 1956 Czechoslovak military air force also received the first Mil Mi-4 helicopters. Since 1959 Mi-1 light helicopters were used for pilots training, however, in early sixties there was a shortage of backup pilots within military units. The only Czechoslovak liaison helicopter regiment did not manage to train its own pilots, much less backup pilots. Therefore, unused military helicopters HC-102 were incorporated into Svazarm aero clubs (Svaz pro spolupráci s armádou - The Union for Cooperation with The Army). Flying with Mi-1 started in 1965. In course of eleven years a huge number of pilots were trained within aeroclubs, which cooperated with military air force, to join the army in case of need. In 1974 the conception of backup pilots training in aeroclubs was re-evaluated and finished. The numerous group of pilots then got occasional trainings at army till early eighties and many of the pilots were finally employed at the police, air force or in civil sector.

60대 초반 기혼여성의 ‘잘 늙어감’ 경험

Objectives The purpose of this study was to verify the experience of ‘aging-well’ for a early sixties. Subject of this study was six early sixties who live in Daegu. Methods The data was collected by depth interview of experience of ‘aging-well. sixty years old woman who get marriage in city of D. if you have any question, I did telephone counseling more. The data collected was analysis using phenomenological method be due to Colaizzi(1978). Results The result were five meaning that ‘going with aging’, ‘living dependent another big power’, ‘active encount’, ‘walking positively in aging’, ‘a ripe persimmon as a beautiful human’. Conclusions we fond participant is living by acceptant aging and dependent another big power about ‘aging-well’. so I suggest to study expanded participant as a more old person and male.

An Analysis of Contraceptive Method Choice among Married Women of Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance site in Thailand

Introduction: The Fertility of Thailand declined to 1.6 in 2014 compared to 6.5 in the early sixties. This fertility revolution was accompanied by a concurrent revolution of contraceptive behavior among Thai people. This study examined the role of individual and geospatial factors to explain the variation in contraceptive method choice among married in two selected districts of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand.&#x0D; Methods: The sample size in this study was 1468. The study population was currently married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were residing in two selected districts of Kanchanaburi province, Sai Yok and Muang districts, collected under the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance Site (KDSS) project from 2004 to 2006. The study performed multinomial logistic regression for statistical analysis and Arc view GIS for spatial analysis to identify the factors associated with contraceptive method choice.&#x0D; Results: The women in the middle age group and urban women were more likely to use permanent methods over non use and temporary methods compared to young and rural women respectively. Women having higher than secondary education used both temporary and permanent contraceptive methods 2.5 times more than uneducated women (AOR 2.43; 95% CI 1.33– 4.46 for temporary versus none and AOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.29 – 5.01 for permanent versus none respectively). If women has no children, they were significantly less likely to use permanent method over non-use as well as over temporary methods. Geo-spatial analysis results showed transportation facilities determine the contraceptive choice.&#x0D; Conclusion: The better transportation network facilitated women to use a permanent contraceptive method rather than the temporary method. It is necessary to establish a better transportation system and education system in the areas, especially in the mountainous regions to improve accessibility and to realize reproductive health services. Further, investments in increasing women's access to various contraceptive options are urgently needed.

A contribution to Paulo Freire’s theory and practice: The ‘Cultural Extension Service/University of Recife’ (1962–64)

This contribution to the special issue is an historical account of Paulo Freire’s pedagogical and administrative praxis before his forced exile in 1964. It relies on interviews collected during a field trip in 1976, a conversation with Paulo Freire in Geneva one year later and on the secondary literature up to date. Being the head of the first Extension Service of a major Brazilian university in the early 1960s gave Freire and his collaborators the space and time to experiment with the today world famous literacy method bearing his name. The concept of ‘Field of Cultural Production’ (Bourdieu) is used to elucidate better Freire and his team’s avant-gardist production within the spaces opened up by Brazil’s popular movements in the early sixties. The contribution shows how the ‘Paulo Freire System’ developed in the praxis of a cultural movement and received its academic consecration in an incremental and eclectic style.

Desire-Aware Translation: From Ethics to Erotics

Desire-Aware Translation:From Ethics to Erotics David M. Smith (bio) I In Clayton Eshleman's "A Translation Memoir," an afterword to his translations of César Vallejo, we find an extraordinary account of the role desire played in one man's life as a translator. "For nearly 50 years," Eshleman wrote, Vallejo "has become the keelson in the ship of poetry I have attempted to construct." As a college student and aspiring poet in the early sixties, Eshleman came to translation because he thought translating poetry might facilitate the writing of his own poems. This aim would be radically disrupted when he discovered Vallejo, however, in whom he found "a whole wailing cathedral of desires, half-desires, mad-desires, anti-desires, all of which … seemed caught on the edge of no-desire." Eshleman decided he had to try and translate Vallejo's Poemas humanos, a project he approached with some trepidation, as it would involve "an awesome commitment of psyche as well as time." His anxiety would prove to be well-founded: Both in translating and in working on my own poems, I felt a terrific resistance, as if every attempt I made to advance was met by a force that pushed me back. It was as if through Vallejo I had made contact with a negative impaction in my being, a nebulous depth charge that I had been carrying around with me for many years. … I also began to have violent and morbid fantasies that seemed provoked by the combination of translating and writing. More and more I felt that I was struggling with a man as well as a text, and that this struggle was a matter of my becoming or failing to become a poet. For Eshleman, this translation brought about nothing less than the dissolution—the death—of his old identity. Out rose a new way of being: "I envisioned myself as a kind of angel-less Jacob wrestling with a figure who possessed a language the meaning of which I was attempting to wrest away." This did not only mean he was wrestling with Vallejo to wrench away the meaning of the poems; rather, Eshleman also came to realize: I had ceased to be what I was … that I now had a glimpse of another life, a life I was to create for myself, and that this other man I was struggling with was also the old Clayton who was resisting change. The old Clayton wanted to continue living in his white Presbyterian world of "light"—where man is associated with day/clarity/good and woman with night/opaqueness/bad. The darkness that was [End Page 157] beginning to spread through my sensibility could be viewed as the breaking up of the belief in male supremacy that had generated much of that "light." Eshleman's statement is radically different from most translators' prefaces and afterwords. Typically, these statements start with respectful deference to previous translations, before announcing why a new translation is needed or justified. The stability of the translator's identity, and their ability to transparently render the original author's meaning, is rarely questioned. Eshleman, however, shows us with wrenching honesty how the translator can be radically transformed by the experience, by opening the self to the translation as fully as possible. I am moved by Eshleman's honesty, and at times have been tempted to write, if not a full autobiography of my own coming-to-be as a translator, then a similar account of the desires, the resistances that have shaped my identity as a translator and my translational practice thus far. I take as a starting point my translation of the short story that complements this essay: "Den slappe farskapsdingsen," or in my rendering, "The Limp Fatherpizzle," by the Norwegian writer Kristian Klausen. I say "complements" since neither translation nor essay should be read either as prior or subordinate to the other. Rather, translation and essay become two sides of the same project of working through, in the psychoanalytic sense, of working through resistances in order to free up my translational desire. Through this analytical work, I hope to move away from certain distorting tendencies inherent to translation as...

LANGUAGE AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE COLLECTED POEMS “DROBNA ZMIANA” BY MARCIN ŚWIETLICKI

Introduction. Marcin Њwietlicki is a modern Polish poet and prose writer, winner of many literary awards. The critics praised his collections “Pieśni profana” (1998), “Czynny do odwołania” (2001), “Delta Dietla” (2015), etc. One of his latest works – “Drobna zmiana”, issued in 2016 – has practically not been investigated. This book is a sample for lexicosemantic analysis.Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the M. Њwietlicki’s collected poems “Drobna zmiana”, to determine the specific features of the author’s language with special interest to syntax, vocabulary and stylistics.Methods. The research is grounded on the descriptive method, the methods of synthesis and induction, contextual analysis and quantitative analysis as well. Results. The collection of poems “Drobna zmiana” is characterized by short and simple sentences, unusual titles (in particular, according to their belonging to the parts of speech), laconicism and cyclicity, polysemanticity, a large number of interrogative sentences, a combination of everyday and exotic vocabulary, anglicicisms, the names of modern subjects, “tabooed” lexemes.The quantitative analysis which results are given in the paper illustrates that titlesnouns (26,3%), titles-combinations of nouns with adjectives (25,3%) and with numerals (11%) are the most numerous in the investigated collection of poems. The popularity of titles-nounsis probably connected with specific author’s style, his world view and his tendency to watch and to nominate reality, both everyday and exotic things. The last place was occupied by poems’ namespronouns,adjectives, adverbs, verbs and a combination of several different parts of speech.Conclusion. The M. Њwietlicki’s language is modern and close to the youth culture, although this author was born in the early sixties of the XX century. The special linguistic features and distinctive style of the book “Drobna zmiana” make it controversial, ambiguous, deep in content and relevant to both linguists and a wide range of readers. This study has broad perspectives, which include, in particular, investigation of linguistic features of the other M. Świetlicki’s collected poems, analysis of his prose’s language, finding the peculiarities of these texts’ translations, as well as their comparison with the works of the other writers.

Diving Lessons

Diving Lessons