Early Showa Period Research Articles

1984年度秋季学術大会シンポジウム 地理思想史における伝播・継承および革新―日本を主にして

This symposium was organised as a first attempt to hold a discussion among Japanese geographers interested in the history of Japanese geographical thought, under the stimulus of world-wide new trends in which the history of geographical thought is studied as a part of intellectual history or the history of science. Here, the term “geographical thought” connotes not only geographical ideas or theories of professional or academic geographers but also ideologies and conceptions concerning the spatial relationships and geographical environments of specialists other than geographers and of the common people. Geographical thought in this broader sense has been expressed not only by means of languages in the narrow sense of the term (langue) but also by other means of expression (langage) such as the pictorial or the cartographical or that of spatial planning. Having specified the fundamental stance as quoted in the above title, the organisers next requested papers for presentation at the symposium, tentatively proposing the following six main topics: 1. Diffusion and successive transmission of indigenous and/or traditional thought in Japan and East Asia and the continuation or non-continuation of this traditional or indigenouse thought into modern Japanese geography after the Meiji period. 2. Diffusion and acceptance of geographical knowledge and geographical thought of Western origin in pre-modern Japan, their articulation with modern geography in Japan and various transformations. 3. Geography and geographical thought in the Meiji period prior to the establishment of academic geography in Japan. 4. Founders of the academic geography of Japan, their successors (orthodox geographers), innovators in academic geography and “outsider” geographers. 5. The sociology of geography as a sociology of science. 6. Relationships (involving acceptance, refutation or influence) of the Japanese national school of geography with foreign geographical schools or foreign geographers. In response, the following papers were contributed: Unno, K. (Osaka University): Conceptions of the Early Modern Japanese regarding their own Nation. Naito, M. (University of Tokyo): Changing conceptions of soil and water (suido) in the agronomical books of the Early Modern Period: from adaptation to the environment to transformation of the environment. Kamozawa, I. (Hosei University): Why there were no successors within the academy to the geographical thought of the Meiji enlightenment thinkers. Ashikaga, K. (Kyoto University): Historical geography of the Early Showa Period. Nishikawa, O. (University of Tokyo): The geographical methodology of Taro Tsujimura (1890_??_1983). Yatsu, E. (Joetsu University of Education): A personal view of geomorphological studies in Japan, especially between 1940_??_65. Ishimitsu, T. (Kobe University): Doctor E. A. Ackerman and Natural Resource Polcies under the Allied Forces Occupation. Tatsuoka, H. (Tokyo Metropolitan University): The acceptance of R. Hartshorne in Japan. Yamada, M. (Osaka Kyoiku University): Diffusion processes of the so-called New Geography in Japan. The paper session and general discussion were presided over by K. Nakamura (Komazawa University), M. Senda (Nara Women's University), Y. Otake (Joetsu University of Education) and H. Nozawa. Unno pointed out that in comparison with the rather pessimistic conception of Japan under the influence of Buddhist cosmology in the Mediaeval period, the conception of Japan in the Early Modern period was characterised by an optimistic view evidenced by the admiration of the Japanese people for their own land. N. Honi (Hiroshima University), in the capacity of commentator on Unno's paper, pointed out the egocentric political intentions of the rulers of Early Modern Japan who had seclusionism as their political target and confucianism as their ideology.

住宅設計競技入選案から見た「住宅改良会」の住宅像について

The housing reform movement which took place in the Taisho and early Showa periods played the most important role in the modernization of japanese houses. The central role in this movement was that of the "Organization for Housing Reform". The two previous articles in this series have dealt with the founding process of this organization and the history of its organizational proceedings and activities. This article will focus on what is considered one of the most important undertakings of this organization-the series of house design competitions which was carried out as a kind of "Enlightement Campaign" to teach the ideals of modernization. The outline of the article is as follows : Preface Chap.1 Outline of House-design Competition Conditions and Requirements Chap.2 Floor-plan Layout Trends in Winning Works Chap.3 Life-style Pattern Trends in Competition Designs : Japanese (on Tatami) vs. Western (Using Chairs, Tables, Etc) Chap.4 Interior and Exterior Design Trends in Competition Designs Conclusion

Dance Education in the Taisho and Early Showa Periods

Dance Education in the Taisho and Early Showa Periods

DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL VEGETABLE-FRUIT MARKETS AND FORMATION OF VEGETABLE-FRUIT GROWING AREAS IN NORTHERN PART OF SAITAMA PREFECTURE DURING EARLY SHOWA PERIOD

In this study the author tried to examine the trends in vegetable markets and brokers in the producing districts and to clarify how these trends affected the formation of the vegetable growing areas during the agricultural depression. Comprehensive descriptions are made about (A) nature of market places at the villages on the right bank of the Tone River, and on the alluvial fan of the Arakawa River and that of the Kanna River and (B) formation of the vegetable producing areas on the right bank of the Tone River. A-1. During the agricultural depression, production of vegetables and fruits for cash income was promoted actively in the rural communities in the northern part of Saitama Prefecture to compensate the loss of cash income due to the low market prices of silk. A-2. As a result, the following two areas were formed, reflecting physical and chemical characteristics of the soil e (a) a winter-spring vegetable area on the right bank of the Tone River and (b) a fruit and summer-fall vegetable area on diluvial tablelands. A-3. As these two vegetable areas developed, their situations in the outer fringe of suburban farming region around the Tokyo metropolitan area promoted the formation of unique distribution systems, which were characterized by dense occurrence of market places and accumulation of brokers in the producing areas. These systems caused to increase the vegetable production of individual farms and to expand the producing areas. A-4. The development of the distribution systems reflected the geographical characteristics of these vegetable-producing areas. On the right bank of the Tone River, this system developed markets which resembled a cooperative association. On the diluvial tablelands, it markets which were a market-oriented type were developed even though they were located in the producing areas. B-l. In the rural areas on the right bank of the Tone River, the intensive growing areas were resulted from the general management type (sericulture and winter-spring vegetables) which was based on the establishment of sericulture and fertile soil as well as the simple composition of vegetables. B-2. Shipping of welsh onions under the guidance of village agricultural associations contributed to expand the markets and to increase the production at the end of the Taisho period. Later increase in the production stimulated the establishment of market places run by the agricultural associations. As a result, the joint shipment system of the village agricultural associations was converted to the systems of market-at-producing-area, which would be open to brokers. B 3. Seasonality of local market places (held in the off-seasons of sericulture in this case) and the participation of peasants that were produced by the Tone River improvement works in brokerage caused an interdependent relationship between the brokers and the farms that needed multiple utilization of limited land. They worked together to develop the production of vegetables. B-4. The establishment of the system of market-at-producing-area and the activities of the brokers became a rather effective factor in increasing the vegetable production of farms in the early Showa period, when shipping and traffic means was not developed and the markets in urban places in the vicinities were immature. At the same time, the increase in the production of winter-spring vegetable combined with mulberry farming contributed to the increase in the number of brokers and the areal expansion of their activities. B-5. The vegetable farming on the right bank of the Tone River established indispensable distribution systems which included organizations of market at producing-area accumulation of local brokers. Supported by the development of munition industry in Ohta, Koizumi, Ojima, Isesaki, and the expansion of agricultural markets in rapidly expanding Tokyo, this area was cropped throughout the year and diversified its production items.

大正・昭和初期の大倉財閥

Founded by Okura Kihachiro in the early Meiji period, the Okura zaibatsu did business with the government and the military during the period, and accumulated wealth through its foreign trade activities. From late Meiji through the Taisho period, it carried out a vigorous policy of diversification. One area into which it moved was mining, it ran coal and metal mining operation both at home and overseas. It also invested in numerous activities in China, beginning with mining and forestry, and also lent funds to political authorities there. As, a result, the zaibatsu saw tremendous expansion in the Taisho period, particularly in its three major fields-trade, construction and mining. But with the recession in the early Showa period and with the chaotic political situation in China, Okura run up substantial losses. Faced with meager profits and a lack of investment capital, the zaibatsu was unable to invest in any new areas, including heavy industry. Growth for Okura was severely restricted and the gap between it and Mitsui and Mitsubishi widened considerably.

Os Teniwoha nos primeiros tratados dos poemas renga da era medieval japonesa

Continuing the studies on grammatical morphemes named teni{wo)ha this article presents the treaties on renga poetics. In Tashiro-Perez 2010,1 have presented early treaties on waka poetics. In this article we try to interpret some comments about the importance of teni{wo)ha in renga poems. And also frames-summary of types of teni(wo)ha explained in each work, establishing parallel with the class of joshi, defined by Yoshio Yamada (1873-1958). And, at the end of this text, we have introduced some studies of Meiji, Taisho and early Showa periods about morphemes teni(wo)ha, which shall receive new names and grammatical and more precise definition through attempts to seek specifics of the Japanese language.