Early Screening Of Cervical Cancer Research Articles

Application of one-dimensional hierarchical network assisted screening for cervical cancer based on Raman spectroscopy combined with attention mechanism

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among women, and its pathological change is a relatively slow process. If it can be detected in time and treated properly, it can effectively reduce the incidence rate and mortality rate of cervical cancer, so the early screening of cervical cancer is particularly critical and significant. In this paper, we used Raman spectroscopy technology to collect the tissue sample data of patients with cervicitis, Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, Moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and cervical adenocarcinoma. A one-dimensional hierarchical convolutional neural network based on attention mechanism was constructed to classify and identify seven types of tissue samples. The attention mechanism Efficient Channel Attention Networks module and Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks module were combined with the established one-dimensional convolutional hierarchical network model, and the results showed that the combined model had better diagnostic performance. The average accuracy, F1, and AUC of the Principal Component Analysis-Squeeze and Excitation-hierarchical network model after 5-fold cross validations could reach 96.49%±2.12%, 0.9663±0.0253, and 0.9815±0.0224, respectively, which were 1.58%, 0.0140, and 0.008 higher than those of hierarchical network. The recall rate of the Principal Component Analysis-Efficient Channel Attention-hierarchical network model was as high as 96.78%±2.85%, which is 1.47% higher than hierarchical network. Compared with the classification results of traditional CNN and ResNet for seven types of cervical cancer staging, the accuracy of the Principal Component Analysis-Squeeze and Excitation-hierarchical network model is 3.33% and 11.05% higher, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the model established in this study is easy to operate and has high accuracy. It has good reference value for rapid screening of cervical cancer, laying a foundation for further research on Raman spectroscopy as a clinical diagnostic method for cervical cancer.

Exploring the causal association between rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cervical cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

ObjectiveWhether rheumatoid arthritis patients have an increased risk of cervical cancer remains controversial, and further research is needed on this clinical question. This study aims to investigate the association between rheumatoid arthritis and the susceptibility to cervical cancer by employing Mendelian randomization methodology, utilizing the extensive dataset from human genome-wide association data analysis.MethodsThe publicly accessible MR base database was utilized to obtain the complete genome, relevant research findings, and summarized data pertaining to rheumatoid arthritis and cervical cancer. Genetic tool variables, specifically single-nucleotide polymorphisms closely linked to rheumatoid arthritis, were chosen for analysis. Four methods, namely inverse variance weighted analysis, weighted median analysis, weighted mode, and MR-Egger regression, were employed. Statistical analysis was conducted to explore the potential association between rheumatoid arthritis and susceptibility to cervical cancer.ResultsThe results of the inverse variance weighted analysis (OR = 1.096, 95% CI: 1.018–1.180, P = 0.015) indicate a significant causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and an increased risk of cervical cancer. Furthermore, the absence of horizontal pleiotropic effects (MR-Egger intercept = 0.00025, P = 0.574) and heterogeneity (QEgger = 2.239, I2Egger = 0.225, PEgger = 0.268, QIVW = 2.734, I2IVW = 0.220, PIVW = 0.999) suggests that the observed association is not influenced by confounding factors. Sensitivity analysis and other statistical methods also support the conclusion that genetic pleiotropy does not introduce bias to the findings.ConclusionThere is a causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and the occurrence of cervical cancer. People with rheumatoid arthritis is one of the high-risk groups for early screening of cervical cancer. The IL-18 may play a significant role in elevating the risk of cervical cancer among rheumatoid arthritis patients.

SCAC: A Semi-Supervised Learning Approach for Cervical Abnormal Cell Detection.

Cervical abnormal cell detection plays a crucial role in the early screening of cervical cancer. In recent years, some deep learning-based methods have been proposed. However, these methods rely heavily on large amounts of annotated images, which are time-consuming and laborintensive to acquire, thus limiting the detection performance. In this paper, we present a novel Semi-supervised Cervical Abnormal Cell detector (SCAC), which effectively utilizes the abundant unlabeled data. We utilize Transformer as the backbone of SCAC to capture long-range dependencies to mimic the diagnostic process of pathologists. In addition, in SCAC, we design a Unified Strong and Weak Augment strategy (USWA) that unifies two data augmentation pipelines, implementing consistent regularization in semisupervised learning and enhancing the diversity of the training data. We also develop a Global Attention Feature Pyramid Network (GAFPN), which utilizes the attention mechanism to better extract multi-scale features from cervical cytology images. Notably, we have created an unlabeled cervical cytology image dataset, which can be leveraged by semi-supervised learning to enhance detection accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publicly available large unlabeled cervical cytology image dataset. By combining this dataset with two publicly available annotated datasets, we demonstrate that SCAC outperforms other existing methods, achieving state-of-theart performance. Additionally, comprehensive ablation studies are conducted to validate the effectiveness of USWA and GAFPN. These promising results highlight the capability of SCAC to achieve high diagnostic accuracy and extensive clinical applications. The code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/Lewisonez/cc_detection.

Determinants of cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV in Zimbabwe.

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), cervical cancer (CC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive women being particularly vulnerable. Despite the benefits of early CC screening in reducing HIV-related CC deaths, CC screening uptake remains limited, with wide disparities in access across SSA. As part of a larger study, this paper examines the determinants of CC screening among HIV-seropositive women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Zimbabwe. Using the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, we conducted multilevel analyses of CC screening among 1490 HIV-seropositive women, nested in 400 clusters. Our findings revealed that, even though 74% of HIV-seropositive women knew about CC, only 17.6% of them reported ever screening for it. Women who held misconceptions about HIV (OR = 0.47, p = 0.01) were less likely to screen for CC compared to those with accurate knowledge about HIV and CC. HIV-seropositive women with secondary or higher education were more likely to screen (OR = 1.39, p = 0.04) for CC compared to those with a primary or lower level of education. Age was positively associated with screening for CC. Furthermore, locational factors, including province and rural-urban residence, were associated with CC screening. Based on these findings, we call for integrated care and management of HIV and non-communicable diseases in Southern Africa, specifically, Zimbabwe due to the legacy of HIV in the region.

Knowledge and practice of cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among women attending maternal health services at public health institutions in Assosa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among all women in Ethiopia and the second most frequent cancer among women between 15 and 44 years of age, resulting...

Cervical cancer screening utilization and associated factors among women attending antenatal care at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Arsi zone, South Central Ethiopia

BackgroundCervical cancer is a major public health problem affecting women worldwide. It is the second cause of mortality among women in Ethiopia. Early Cervical cancer screening has a tremendous impact on reducing morbidity and mortality related to cervical cancer infection. Therefore, this study aimed to assess cervical cancer screening utilization and associated factors among women attending Antenatal Care at Asella referral and teaching hospital, Arsi Zone, south-central Ethiopia.MethodThis study employed a facility-based cross-sectional study among 457 Antenatal Care mothers from December 2020 to February 2021. Data collection was performed using interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. Data were entered into EpiInfo Version 7 and transferred to SPSS V.21 for analysis. A logistic regression model was used to determine the factors associated with cervical cancer screening utilization and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval at p-value < 0.05 was computed to determine the level of statistical significance.ResultThe magnitude of cervical cancer screening utilization was found to be 7.2%(95% CI: 5.2, 10.6). Educational status of secondary and above (AOR = 2.92; 95%CI = 1.078–7.94), getting screened for any reproductive healthcare services(AOR = 4.95; 95%CI = 2.24–10.94), having multiple sexual partners(AOR = 4.55; 95%CI = 1.83–11.35), and satisfactory knowledge of cervical cancer screening(AOR = 3.89; 95%CI = 1.74–8.56) were significantly associated factors with cervical cancer screening utilization.ConclusionUtilization of cervical cancer screening was low among women attending Antenatal care at Asella Referral and Teaching hospital, Southcentral Ethiopia. Educational status, history of multiple sexual partners, getting screened for any reproductive healthcare services, and knowledge of cervical cancer screening were significant factors associated with the utilization of cervical cancer screening. Hence, to improve the utilization of Cervical cancer screening, there should be the implementation of programmed health education and awareness creation on the benefits of screening as well as the promotion of reproductive healthcare services at health facilities.

Early screening of cervical cancer based on tissue Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning algorithms

Cervical cancer is the most common reproductive malignancy in the female reproductive system. The incidence rate and mortality rate of cervical cancer among women in China are high. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to collect tissue sample data from patients with cervicitis, cervical precancerous low-grade lesions, cervical precancerous high-grade lesions, well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and cervical adenocarcinoma. The collected data were preprocessed using an adaptive iterative reweighted penalized least squares (airPLS) algorithm and derivatives. Convolutional neural network (CNN) and residual neural network (ResNet) classification models were constructed to classify and identify seven types of tissue samples. The attention mechanism efficient channel attention network (ECANet) module and squeeze-and-excitation network (SENet) module were combined with the established CNN and ResNet network models, respectively, to make the models have better diagnostic performance. The results showed that efficient channel attention convolutional neural network (ECACNN) had the best discrimination, and the average accuracy, recall, F1 and AUC values after five cross-validations could reach 94.04%, 94.87%, 94.43% and 96.86%, respectively.

Early cervical cancer screening: The influence of culture and religion.

Screening for cervical cancer at an early stage is essential for providing women with a better chance of receiving effective treatment for both precancers and cancer. Delaying screening until cancer has advanced can be detrimental, resulting in late presentation of cervical cancer and, as a result, cancer metastasis. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which culture and religion influence early cervical cancer screening in women. The research was conducted in one of the rural districts in Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. A qualitative exploratory and contextual design was utilised, and data were gathered by means of semistructured interviews. At 17 semistructured interviews, data saturation was reached and further data collection terminated. Data were thematically analysed. Five themes that described participants' perceptions on culture and religion as barriers to early cervical cancer screening emerged from the data. These included a lack of knowledge, stigmatisation, cultural beliefs and values, religion and a lack of resources. These all negatively affected participants' motivation to seek early screening services. According to the study findings, culture and religion constitute impediments to early cervical cancer screening for rural women. Interventions that encourage screening, such as targeted health education and health promotion materials, must consider cultural and religious views if behaviour change in diverse groups is to be accomplished.Contribution: The study has the potential to inform Zimbabwean health policy and contribute to prospective interventions or health education that encourage women to attend early cancer screening.

CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO THE CYTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION THAT FAVOR THE LATE DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER

Cervical cancer, also known as cervical cancer, is a malignant tumor that develops in the cervix, mainly caused by persistent infection by some types of Human Papillomavirus, present among the female population and responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality. mortality in the world. In women, cervical cancer can be more lethal due to low adherence to health services, as well as the lack of periodic Pap smear. Therefore, knowing the relevance of this theme, this study was developed with the aim of identifying, in the literature, the obstacles related to the Pap smear that favor the late diagnosis of cervical cancer. This is an integrative review carried out in scientific data sources: Scientific Electronic Online Library (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and Nursing Database (BDENF). Searches for studies were carried out from June to November 2022. The descriptors selected for the data search were: cervical neoplasms, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, late diagnosis, all registered in the Health Sciences Descriptors (DECS). As inclusion criteria for the selection of scientific articles we have: articles published from 2017 to 2022, in Portuguese; available and complete articles. Exclusion criteria were: monographs, thesis, dissertation, publications of repeated articles in the databases. From the analysis of the literature, several obstacles that influence the evasion of women from the health systems were evidenced. In this aspect, the literature has shown that female evasion of the cytological examination is directly related to the lack of information about the importance of the Pap smear. Thus, low adherence to routine consultations and cytological examination is considered a predisposing factor for the occurrence of health problems. Such resistance, which is still quite common in primary care services, is a reflection especially of sociocultural and traditional issues that are related to religious beliefs and archaic practices. In this regard, women have been developing home practices to promote self-care. The search for health services and for gynecological consultations, in most cases, is only sought by women when they develop symptoms of pain, vaginal discharge or complaints related to anomalies, bad smell and bleeding. In addition, recent research indicates that women who live in conditions of social vulnerability are more likely to develop diseases. Faced with this reality, health professionals, especially nurses working in primary care, face numerous challenges for the early screening of cervical cancer.

Knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and treatment, and willingness to receive HPV vaccination among college students in China

BackgroundCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. Up to 99% of cervical cancer cases are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Sexual behavior is a direct risk factor for HPV infection, and sexually active college students, therefore, receive attention for HPV vaccination. At present, most Chinese studies lack of in-depth research on influencing factors, and are limited to cervical cancer, HPV, or HPV vaccine, without comprehensive consideration. This study investigated Chinese college students’ cervical cancer prevention and treatment knowledge level, and explored the influencing factors, and understood their willingness to receive HPV vaccination. The findings of this study will lay a foundation for promoting the early screening of cervical cancer and vaccination process.MethodsA total of 800 college students from four universities in Zhengzhou, China were selected by multistage random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire on the knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and treatment, and willingness to receive HPV vaccination was carried out. A logistic regression model was conducted to analyze factors influencing knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and treatment among college students.ResultsUp to 87.9% of college students said they had heard of cervical cancer. The proportion of college students with good knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and treatment was 46.7%. Logistic regression showed that gender, major, grade, level of education, the father's level of education, premarital sex attitude, and mother cervical cancer screening participation had a significant influence on cervical cancer prevention and treatment knowledge level (P < 0.05). In addition, 589 (74.0%) of college students had heard of HPV vaccine, and 92.8% of college students said they were willing to get vaccinated or recommended that their relatives and friends get vaccinated.ConclusionsThe knowledge level of cervical cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among college students in Zhengzhou is low. Many of them had poor knowledge about HPV vaccine, but their willingness to vaccination is high. Various health education modes should be carried out for people with different characteristics, to improve their knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and promote the vaccination process.

Value of TCT combined with HPV and CA125 in early cervical cancer screening in a medical examination population.

This research aimed to explore the clinical value of thin prep cytologic test (TCT) combined with human papillomavirus (HPV) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) in early cervical cancer screening in the physical examination population. For this purpose, a total of 3587 females who received gynecological physical examination in the outpatient department of Ganzhou people's Hospital from January 2018 to March 2022 were included and underwent TCT, HPV and carbohydrate antigen 125 upon admission. Colposcopy biopsy was performed on patients who tested positive for any of the three indicators. Then using pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the three methods applied alone or in combination were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic yield and Youden index. Results showed that Among the 3587 females, 476 (13.27%) were HPV positive, 364 (10.14%) CA125 positive, and 314 (8.75%) TCT positive. Furthermore, 738 tested positive for any of the three indicators and underwent cervical biopsy. Among the 738 cases, 280 (39.94%) developed chronic cervicitis, 268 (36.31%) low-level cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 173 (23.44%) high-level CIN, and 17 (2.30%) cervical cancer. HPV+TCT+CA125 combined screening showed higher sensitivity (94.54%), specificity (83.92%), diagnostic coincidence rate (87.46%) and Youden index (0.760) than single-indicator examinations. Also, it had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, 0.673 (0.647, 0.699), compared to any other screening method. In conclusion, The combined detection of CA125, HPV and TCT is of clinical significance due to its higher sensitivity and accuracy in early screening of cervical cancer in the physical examination population.

The Relationship between level awareness with decision maker for early screening of cervical cancer

Introduction. Early detection of cervical cancer is an effort to prevent the incidence of cervical cancer. The results of a preliminary survey in Sukoharjo district in 2019 obtained data on the number of women of childbearing age (WUS) aged 30-50 years of 141,649 people, the number of people who were examined by IVA was 4,998 people, around 3.53% of WUS. With positive examination results, there were 977 people (19.5%), while the incidence of cervical cancer in 2019 was 58 people, amounting to 5.9% of positive examinations. Meanwhile, data from the Sukoharjo Health Center from 14,294 WUS who participated in early detection were 458 people and were declared positive IVA tests 118 people (12%) of positive cases in Sukoharjo and 3 people diagnosed with cervical cancer. Purpose The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between level of awareness and decision making for women of reproduction age to early cervical cancer screening. Method The type of research is descriptive correlation with cross sectional data collection using a questionnaire, the sample consists of 41 respondents of women of childbearing age, taken by purposive sampling. Data collection tools and methods used were questionnaires and processed by Pearson correlation test using SPSS 17. Results The results showed that the level of awareness of WUS with low awareness category was 29.3%, moderate awareness category was 63.4%, and high awareness category 7.3%. The decision making WUS conduct early examination of cervical cancer in the negative category 31.7% and the positive category 68.3%. The results of the analysis showed that there was a relationship between the level of awareness and the decision making of WUS to perform early cervical cancer examination (r: 0.293 p=0.000). Conclusion There is a relationship between the level of awareness and decision making WUS perform early cervical cancer examination.

Evaluation of the Application Effect of Nursing Education in the Early Screening of Cervical Cancer

Evaluation of the Application Effect of Nursing Education in the Early Screening of Cervical Cancer

FT-IR combined with PSO-CNN algorithm for rapid screening of cervical tumors

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy.. Early and accurate identification of the stage of cervical cancer patients can greatly improve the cure rate. In this study, serum sample data were collected from patients with cervical cancer, CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) I, CIN II, CIN III and hysteromyoma using FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) technology. PSO-CNN model for early screening of cervical cancer was designed using a particle swarm algorithm to automatically build a CNN structure with variable number of layers and variable layer class parameters. The experimental results showed that PSO-CNN was the best compared with the classical Lenet, AlexNet, VGG16 and GoogLeNet deep learning models, and the accuracy of PSO-CNN in discriminating five types of samples can reach 87.2%. This study showed that FT-IR technology combined with PSO-CNN model had great potential for non-invasive, rapid and accurate identification of patients with cervical cancer, and can provide a reference for intelligent diagnosis of other diseases.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) toward Cervical Cancer Screening among Adama Science and Technology University Female Students, Ethiopia.

Background Cervical cancer is a complication of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Eighty percent of the cases occur in low-resource countries. According to the 2009 World Health Organization report, the age-adjusted incidence rate of cervical cancer in Ethiopia was 35.9 per 100,000 patients with 7619 annual number of new cases and 60-81 deaths every year. The study is aimed at assessing the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning cervical cancer among female students at Adama Science and Technology University. Methodology. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 667Adama Science and Technology University female students. A simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results About 404 (60.6%) of the participants heard about cervical cancer, 478 (71.7%) had positive attitude towards cervical cancer screening, and only 15 (2.2%) participants were screened for cervical cancer. Lack of information about cervical cancer was the most reported reason for not attending to cervical cancer screening. Conclusion and Recommendation. The study showed that there was low knowledge on cervical cancer and screening for premalignant lesion among women. There is a need to promote and encourage women to early cervical cancer screening at precancerous stage by informing their susceptibility to cervical cancer.

Perceptions and Knowledge about Cervical Cancer among Women Living with HIV in Parakou in 2017

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer in women and those living with HIV have a six times higher risk of cervical cancer compared to those without. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and perceptions about cervical cancer in women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHIV) in the municipality of Parakou in Benin. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted among WLWHIV monitored on antiretrovira (ARV) therapy (ART) centers in Parakou. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Data collection took place from September 5, 2017 to November 6, 2017. Log-binomial regression was used to identify associated factors. Results: A total of 167 women were recruited into the study. The median age was 35 years [Interquartile range: 41.50 - 30.00]. More than half of the women had no perception of the cause of CC. Only 12.6% of women believed in the preventive capacity of early screening of CC. Among women, 15.6% knew that it can be prevented, but only 9.6% had heard of HPV and 4.8% knew that HPV vaccination is an effective means of preventing CC. The factors associated with the low level of knowledge were the age at first sexual intercourse (≤24 years), the ART follow-up site (private health structure) and the fact of not having visited a maternity hospital in the last 12 months preceding the survey. Conclusion: The perceptions and knowledge about cervical cancer in the population of women living with HIV and monitored on ART in Parakou were inadequate and disproportionate to their vulnerability to this cancer. In order to avoid a double burden on these women, their ART centers must integrate cervical cancer prevention interventions into ART initiation services.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES IN CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: Early cervical cancer screening (CCS) and treatment is effective method of controlling the disease, however its uptake is poor. Women only screen for cervical cancer when they experience symptoms or when advised by healthcare workers. Main objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of cervical cancer screening among women in Kakamega County.&#x0D; Methodology: The target population was 208,905 women of reproductive age residing in Kakamega County. This was a quantitative research approach utilizing descriptive study design. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Multi-stage sampling was used to select 872 women aged 25-49 from 16 community units of Kakamega County. Participants were assured of confidentiality, voluntary participation and freedom to exit the study at any point. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze knowledge and attitude levels towards cervical cancer screening. Logistic regression along with odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals was used to analyze factors affecting uptake of screening.&#x0D; Findings: Majority (81%) of participants had heard of cervical cancer screening mainly from media and Health Care workers. Only 16 % and 13% had good knowledge about signs of and risk factors of cervical cancer respectively. More than 78% had positive attitude towards cervical cancer screening. Less than 22% of participants had been screened for cervical cancer previously. Uptake of cervical cancer screening was low, and there was poor knowledge on aspects of cervical cancer. Poor to average knowledge is not sufficient to enable women make decisive actions on CCS.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Women should be encouraged to seek for more information about CCS through the various sources of media available to them. Healthcare providers need to be empowered further on delivering key information about CCS. The Ministry of Health should consider and strengthen alternative sources of information on CCS by use of Community Health Volunteers to complement health care providers. The government should further initiate a monitoring and evaluation program to track trends of factors barring uptake of CCS. A qualitative research need to be conducted to establish deeper factors associated with poor knowledge and uptake of CCS despite positive attitude.

Cervical cell multi-classification algorithm using global context information and attention mechanism

Cervical cancer is the second biggest killer of female cancer, second only to breast cancer. The cure rate of precancerous lesions found early is relatively high. Therefore, cervical cell classification has very important clinical value in the early screening of cervical cancer. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network (L-PCNN) that integrates global context information and attention mechanism to classify cervical cells. The cell image is sent to the improved ResNet-50 backbone network to extract deep learning features. In order to better extract deep features, each convolution block introduces a convolution block attention mechanism to guide the network to focus on the cell area. Then, the end of the backbone network adds a pyramid pooling layer and a long short-term memory module (LSTM) to aggregate image features in different regions. The low-level features and high-level features are integrated, so that the whole network can learn more regional detail features, and solve the problem of network gradient disappearance. The experiment is conducted on the SIPaKMeD public data set. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed l-PCNN in cervical cell accuracy is 98.89 %, the sensitivity is 99.9 %, the specificity is 99.8 % and the F-measure is 99.89 %, which is better than most cervical cell classification models, which proves the effectiveness of the model.

A hybrid model for efficient cervical cell classification

Abnormal cell recognition from cervical pap cytology is crucial for early cervical cancer screening and treatment. However, the current manual analysis requires the undivided attention of the pathologists and is prone to diagnostic errors. To tackle this issue, several techniques have been proposed in the last few decades. The success of an automation-based cervical screening and diagnosis system relies on accurate identification of cell types. This paper proposes an efficient automated hybrid framework for enhancing the cell classification accuracy of cervical cytology images. In this work, a Pyramid Scene Parsing Model is used for the segmentation of cell components. The integration of the feature pyramid with local and global context prior makes the model suitable for the segmentation of small cell components. Nuclear as well as cell features of segmented regions are extracted and categorized using an ensemble-based stack classifier. The performance of five different machine learning classifiers is also investigated and it was found that the CNN-based segmentation followed by ensemble-based stack classifier achieved the best performance. The model was evaluated on a publicly available data set and achieved an average accuracy and AUC of 99.7% and 0.996 for 2-class classification and 75.55% and 0.909 for 4-class classification respectively. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves promising performance on pap stained cytology images.

PENINGKATAN KETRAMPILAN PEMERIKSAAN KANKER LEHER RAHIM DENGAN METODE IVA MELALUI REFRESHING KADER

Cervical cancer incidence ranks second after breast cancer. One of the efforts to detect cervical cancer early is the IVA method. The formation of IVA cadres in Bejiruyung Village was a breakthrough in efforts to reduce cervical cancer cases. Health cadres as the spearhead of health empowerment need to be refreshed in improving their skills. This study used an quasi experimental study with one group pre test post test design. Data analysis used Wilcoxon test. The results of the study showed that there are increased in cervical cancer examination skills using the IVA method through refreshing cadres in Bejiruyung Village, Sempor District, Kebumen Regency in 2020 (p value 0.0001). It is hoped that the Head of the Puskesmas will optimize health promotion officers at the puskesmas and village midwives in conducting training / refreshing for IVA cadres as well as health education / health promotion on early detection of cervical cancer using the IVA method. Village midwives should always assist and provide motivation to cadres in carrying out their duties to invite women to do early cervical cancer screening using the IVA method.