Renaissance Research Articles

휴머니즘은 여전히 유효한가?휴머니즘, 안티휴머니즘, 포스트휴머니즘에 관한 소고

This study seeks to find out a philosophical meaning of the validity of humanism against contemporary antihumanism and posthumanism. The distinctive characteristics of humanisms in each era were reviewed from Renaissance era through age of Enlightenment to the contemporary. It is remarkable not only that there is no intrinsic meaning of humanism across time but also meanings of humanism in particular context of each era differ in very many ways but still have family resemblances in Wittgenstein’s sense. Humanism discourses have been diversified in the process of responding to challenges that each era has posed. We can say that language games of humanisms are ongoing process with diversity in Wittgenstein’s sense. The fact that traditional humanism, antihumanism and posthumanism are in the state of conflict is actually a sign for a good perspective to future, since the conflict itself shows a certain direction that future humanism is headed. There is no need to limit the scope of humanism since we can diversify and expand humanistic values as possible. This study is basically self-examination of the relation between ‘us’ and forms of life in our age. As studying current humanism discourses, we can see the scope of ‘us’ in humanism is expanding to all beings in the universe that we are related with. Humanism is an ongoing open concept. The humanism discourses are always dreaming a better world just like human beings. They will play variations as diversifying and expanding humanistic values as responding to challenges of times.

Papaver somniferum in seventeenth century (Italy): archaeotoxicological study on brain and bone samples in patients from a hospital in Milan

In this paper, we present the results of toxicological analyses of preserved brain tissue and bone samples from the remains of the seventeenth century patients of the Ospedale Maggiore, the main hospital in Milan and one of the most innovative hospitals in Europe from the Renaissance period. Beneath it, the crypt functioned as the burial place for the deceased of the hospital. In this multidisciplinary study of the remains, toxicological analyses in particular were performed with HPLC–MS/MS on different biological samples from nine individuals. Anthropological, paleopathological, histological, radiological examinations and radiocarbon dating were also carried out. As a result, archeotoxicological analyses revealed the presence of codeine, morphine, noscapine and papaverine, derived from Papaver somniferum, a plant present in the hospital pharmacopeia used as a narcotic, analgesic, astringent, coagulant, and antitussive agent. Such analyses have shed light on the pharmacological therapies administered to the patients near the time of death and have implemented our knowledge of medical treatment and drug administration in the 1600’s.

Hydrographic Drone Non-Invasive Underwater Investigations: New Archaeological Discoveries in Valle Fossa di Porto (Comacchio—FE, Italy)

During forensic archaeological research conducted in 2021 in the Comacchio Lagoon (FE), we detected new data concerning the ancient local hydrography to the west of Argine Agosta, an ancient bank, in Valle Fossa di Porto. A systematic campaign of geophysical surveys for heritage and archaeology was conducted with a hydrographic drone equipped with a single-beam bathymetric sensor echo sounder, sub-bottom profiler, and side-scan sonar. In combination with the indirect non-invasive investigations, systematic surveys of the walkable areas were also completed. These remote-sensing studies have relocated the River Vatrenus palaeo-watercourse, while visual census have brought to light a system of wooden palisades with floors made of wood associated with some scattered finds belonging to the material culture dating back to the Mediaeval and Renaissance periods. A preview of the results of this case study is presented here, contributing to the reconstruction of the ancient landscape and waterscape area of the Valle Fossa di Porto.

Medici Influence in 15th Century Movements

During the Renaissance period, the Medici family has played a fundamental role in encouraging the spread of humanism ideas. As humanist believed, spirit of human is lost during the Middle Ages prior to the Renaissance period due to feudal system. The introduction of such humanism idea is impactful towards the society; however, it is lacking in direct support that promotes such idea. In Florence, the Medici family made huge contributions to allowing the growth of humanism to be shown in works of art that challenges traditional thinking. During the stage where financial power is mostly held by kings and political leaders, the success of the Medici in the Medici bank allows them to support artists who are in need for support. By stabilizing peace in Florence, it provided chances for artists under Medici support to receive a positive environment for art creation. The peaceful Florence also brought in more artists from other places to investigate into the rising humanism possibilities; hence, Florence under Medici control became an important art center.

Hygromechanical behaviour of wooden panel paintings: classification of their deformation tendencies based on numerical modelling and experimental results

Wooden panel paintings are among the most important historical and artistic artworks from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period. Currently, they represent a challenge for conservators and scientists who face complex issues related to their conservation. Panel paintings can be considered multilayer objects, that for brevity can be considered to consist of a wooden support and various paint layers. The wooden support is known to be hygroscopic and is continuously seeking hygroscopic equilibrium with the humidity of the environment, thus it tends to deform. Based on various hygroscopic tests carried out on 6 real panel paintings chosen by expert restorers to represent different periods and construction techniques, this paper describes the deformation tendencies of the selected panel paintings. Among possible variables, three most important variables were identified: (a) tree ring orientation of the wooden support, (b) stiffness and (c) emissivity of the paint layers. The internal equilibrium of the forces, governed by the moisture gradients across the thickness of the wood, changes drastically according to the varying characterisation of these factors. To observe their individual contributions, the 6 panel paintings underwent various humidity cycles, were completely free to deform and were always in complete safety. To characterise the stiffness and emissivity of the paint layers, the 6 panel paintings underwent a few humidity cycles with the front face totally waterproofed; thus, the moisture exchange was forced from the back only, and one of the three variables was eliminated. A complex system emerges where the tree ring orientation of the wooden support, the stiffness and emissivity of the paint layers are strongly coupled and determine the deformation modes of the panel paintings. A numerical analysis was conducted to classify the various general deformation modes of panel paintings and the specific classification of the 6 real panel paintings analysed experimentally. The complexity of the interaction of the variables studied suggests that experimental procedures must be conducted in preparation for numerical analyses of real panel paintings.

The stages of the initial constitution of multipartism in the Republic of Moldova

In different political systems, present in history, people organized themselves for the purpose of defending their special interests and imposing their will as dominant. In this context, political parties existed in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, as well as in Europe in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance era. But, still, only in the 19th century, when millions of people received the right to vote within liberal democracy, parties appeared as organizations specialized in the struggle for the conquest, participation and achievement of political power. It is no coincidence that the famous French researcher of the history of political parties and social movements, M. Duverger, considered that "refusing to political parties means refusing to act" and if "it was true that democracy is incompatible with them, this would mean that democracy is incompatible with the conditions of our age".

Jonsonian Stylistic Modes in Sutherland: A Study of Jonson’s Volpone and Sutherland’s The Marriage of Anansewa

Jonsonian dramatic theories gained notoriety during the Renaissance period and most dramatists and critics (of that century and beyond) have appropriated those theories in the construction of their literary crafts and criticisms all within the Eurocentric tradition. Limiting literary creativity and criticism to the Western tradition raises a question that this essay seeks to interrogate. Drawing inspiration from Wa Thiong’o’s (1997) advocacy for a metaphor of a flower garden to represent the wholeness of Literature and Borowy’s (1983) model, this paper studies Jonsonian stylistic modes in Volpone (1605) and compares them to Sutherland’s artistic choices in The Marriage of Anansewa (1975) to make a case for a refluence of aesthetic energies among the two artists despite the fact that four centuries elapse in the exhibition of those artistic skills. Keywords : Archetype, echoes, gull-knave pattern, moral legators, semblances, trickster. DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/96-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2023

Historical Interpretation of the Phenomenon of Indian Renaissance

This paper is all about the historical interpretation of the phenomenon of Renaissance in context to India.It discusses about the various perceptions being thought about the renaissance in India.How it was historically being analyzed as mere imitation of the west and later on perceived as the impact of the intellectual enlightenment of the Indian mind and not the imitator of the west. this paper also throws light on how the British conquest and the consequent dissemination of colonial culture and ideology had led to an inevitable introspection about the strengths and weaknesses of indigenous culture and institutions.The response to it was varied but the need to reform social and religious life was a commonly shared conviction. This paper also discusses about how the European renaissance led to the accomplishment of the western culture that was not Indian but had a great influence on Indian mind.it also discusses a perceived thought about how depressed culture in a European context was a tragedy of Indian intellectualism also.

Forgotten Pioneers of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery During the Medieval Period.

Sushruta who lived in India sometime between 1000 and 800 BC is traditionally recognized for being the "Father of Plastic Surgery." However, "plastic surgery" has been performed much earlier in antiquity, with the earliest origins of primitive procedures dating back to 1600 BC in Ancient Egypt on the southeastern shores of the Mediterranean. Some centuries later, simple plastic cosmetic surgeries were performed, as well on the Northern Mediterranean shores in ancient Greece and Rome to repair damaged parts caused by war mutilation, punishment, or humiliation. Afterward, there has been a historical gap moving rapidly from the Greco-Roman period to the European Renaissance. Ignoring valuable contributions made by surgeons of the Medieval period, like Albucasis and Avicenna, has denied scholars of the Arabic Golden Age that bridged the eastern and western cultures recognition. In fact, all Mediterranean populations, albeit not together or simultaneously, have participated in the development of plastic and reconstructive surgery art and science. All have made valuable innovations, together with others, which cumulatively have resulted in progressive buildup of knowledge and technical skills.

Religious and Emotional Communities in John Heywood and John Bale’s Interludes

The paper examines emotional communities in early modern English drama, specifically interludes by John Heywood and John Bale. It explores the connections between emotion and religion, and seeks to uncover whether and how emotionality changes according to the politically acceptable religious doctrine – particularly in the time of Protestant reformation under Henry VIII Tudor – and how these changes are expressed in the early sixteenth century English interludes by a Catholic (Heywood) and a Protestant (Bale) author. This paper considers early modern texts of culture which have not been researched as broadly as the drama of the later English Renaissance period (such as works by William Shakespeare or Christopher Marlowe), and, drawing upon the concept of “emotional communities” introduced by Barbara Rosenwein, additionally offers insights into an ongoing discussion on emotions in history.

Filip Melanchton i 500 lat jego Loci communes (1521)

In Poland, the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century is most often associated with Martin Luther. However, together with Luther, the reforms were introduced into the Church by Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, while Philip Melanchthon, Luther’s friend and collaborator, was a very important theologian in Germany. It was him who determined the ultimate doctrinal and organizational form of Lutheranism. Melanchthon was a theologian and a humanist, the reformer of German education, author of numerous textbooks widely used in all over Renaissance Europe, including Poland and Lithuania. One of Melanchthon’s major textbooks was Loci communes (1521). In this book, Melanchthon made an attempt to systematize evangelical doctrines. Consequently, it is considered the first evangelical theology textbook and, at the first time, the first work on Protestant dogmas.

Origins of a New Poesy in Late Medieval Europe: Proto-Renaissance Rhymes by Giacomo da Lentini and the Dolce Stil Nuovo

The article reviews the historical and literary background of a new poesy that appeared to be an outcome of the accumulation and release of the new poets’ creative energy in late medieval Europe. We primarily deal with the poesy of the Sicilian school and the Dolce Stil Nuovo (‘sweet new style’). The interest of literary criticism in the historical and cultural background of influential literary phenomena, which have not lost their relevance, is defined by the need for reinterpreting them in new paradigms. The methods of cultural, historical, biographical, hermeneutic, and comparative analyses as well as the method of generalisation have been exploited for this research. The European poetic tradition has passed a long way in searching for new forms and means of the artistic representation of reality. The emergence of the Sicilian School on the Apennine Peninsula in the 13th century became the initial stage of the literary and linguistic history of the Old World. It marked the beginning of Italian poesy the development of the Dolce Stil Nuovo and was largely the forerunner of Dante’s and Petrarch’s poems, laying the foundations of the philosophy of lyric poetry. The Sicilians gave a powerful impetus to the further development of poetic theory, images, and themes, which would be pivotal in stilnovismo, as well as to the assimilation of many authors of the Renaissance in Europe. The appeal to certain themes and motives as well as their transformation highlighted the idea of Sicilian authors about poetry as a specific kind of philosophy. We emphasise that the time of origination and a highly cultured environment have caused the refinement of art forms and stylistic devices for revealing the conceptual content of such verses. Giacomo da Lentini reconceptualised the approaches to rhyming and poetising, and most importantly — to the psychological perception of reality and understanding of love in the metaphysical dimension. The ideological and aesthetic unity of the poets of the Dolce Stil Nuovo, who developed the innovations of da Lentini, made it possible to relate them with the writers of the early Renaissance. The article also focuses on the specifics of literary activity during the expansion of new European poetry leading to the invention of a sonnet as the poetic form that follows a particular rhyming pattern.

WİLLİAM SHAKESPEARE'İN FIRTINA ADLI ESERİNDE DİLSEL SÖMÜRGECİLİK

The Tempest by William Shakespeare is a classical play that deals with various themes including, colonization, power, language, confinement, freedom, revenge, and nature. In this article, The Tempest is examined in terms of linguistic colonialism; Shakespeare’s portrayal of the complex dynamics of linguistic oppression and resistance in the colonial context is examined in this article. The article explores what happens when the colonized come to understand and use their European masters’ languages. The main focus of the analysis is the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, the master and the slave, the colonizer and the colonized, the white and the black. It reveals an imagology study through the analysis of the characters and their linguistic interactions, it explores the Western image of the New World as a land of supernatural and exotic and the ways in which the inhabitants of this region are portrayed as wild, uncivilized, and powerless. The land and the inhabitants of the new world are placed in a dichotomous opposition to England and the English people who are presented as embodying the Western values of reason, civilization, organization, and active implication in a changing world. In this context, the article considers the notions of Caliban’s backwardness and underdevelopment, with a particular focus on discovering what sort of an image of the New World is implemented in the minds of its Western audience. This study provides not only depictions of a specific nation or character but also insights into the imagologies surrounding the New World and Renaissance Europe. Moreover, while exploring the theme of linguistic colonialism within the play, it sheds light on how language is used as both a tool of domination and control by the colonizers over the colonized by tracing the trajectory of the essay “Learning to Curse: Aspects of Linguistic Colonialism in The Sixteenth Century” by Stephan Greenblatt. This article uses Greenblatt’s essay’s new historicist analysis to understand the historical background that The Tempest is a product of the Renaissance.

Význam raně renesanční architektonické skulptury na lombardské a moravské umělecké periferii

This case study examines the importance of artistic periphery in the field of early Renaissance architectural sculpture in the years circa 1480 – 1550. The Renaissance style spread to Central Europe especially from Italy. In the older historical art literature opinions often emerged that Central European stonemasons did not understand the principles of Italian Renaissance art, and because of this misunderstanding they combined Renaissance style with Gothic. The author has undertaken long-lasting terrain research of early Renaissance architectural sculpture in one Central European and one Italian region of artistic periphery: the Moravian part of the Dyje valley and Val Camonica in Lombardy. In both regions were very elaborately stylistically examined stone decorations of architecture in the years circa 1480 – 1550. When the information about client´s social status, travel itinerary was known, also the influence of client on the style of architectural culpture was researched. On the basis of terrain research, the author comes to the conclusion that stonemasons in the Moravian part of the Dyje valley in the time of early Renaissance created architectural sculptures in the same styles that Italian artists in Val Camonica did: Romanesque Renaissance, a mixed style combining Gothic with Renaissance, early Renaissance architectural sculptures closely following the antique models, early Renaissance architectural sculptures created as an innovative modification of antique models.

The thought of criminal law implied in Utopia

In the early Renaissance, the culture of "original desire" had a strong impact on the Hebrew-Christian value system which had been entrenched for a thousand years, and Westerners fell into the carnival of releasing the original desire. Literature in the late 15th century drew this all-destroying frenzy into the buffer zone, where it swirled and accumulated, effectively rewinding the passions and orgies of the pre-Renaissance period. In the field of regulation, In Utopia, Thomas More, an English writer, systematically expounded the essence of the thought of criminal classical school and the criminal social school involving the ideas of legislation, judicature and punishment system, which profoundly influenced the formation and development of later classical criminal law thought.

Research of some issues of historical genealogy in Ganja from the Renaissance period

Research of some issues of historical genealogy in Ganja from the Renaissance period

Direct Replication in Psychological Assessment Research

Direct Replication in Psychological Assessment Research

Музыкальная картина мира Микалоюса Константиноса Чюрлёниса

The article examines a number of musical canvases by M. K. Churlenis, one of the notable artists of the Silver Age, often conventionally referred to as “second-hand masters”. The main purpose of the article is to identify and comprehend the complex, extraordinary path of the artist, composer, poet, coinciding with the main trends in the development of Russian art of the turn of the epoch (late XIX - early XX centuries). The novelty of the research is determined by the lack of systematization of the phenomenon in art, as we see the music of the symbolist artist Churlenis. The relevance of the chosen topic is connected with the comprehension of the composer's experimentation, which is the basis of his musical worldview and creative method. The evolutionism of Churlenis' activity is obvious, the desire to search for a new artistic paradigm, a new format of thinking, which in our opinion seems innovative against the background of artistic products of the era of the Russian religious Renaissance. As a result, the need for a deep analysis of the composer's original musical philosophy is revealed. In conclusion, it is said about the important contribution of the sounding philosophy of M. K. Churlenis to the anthology of music of the cultural Renaissance in Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.

Суспільно-історичні передумови формування вітчизняної системи освіти в період кінця XVI-початку XVII ст.

The article describes the social and historical preconditions for the formation of the Ukrainian schooling in the period of the 16th–early 17th centuries. The special focus is placed on the Western European Renaissance and the Reformation, as well as the influence of these epochs on the formation of the Ukrainian educational model in the specified time period. It is argued that the Union of Lublin (1569) was an important historical factor which made it possible for ethnically Ukrainian territories to enter the European context. As a result of the Union, most Ukrainian lands became a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thus falling under the influence of Western culture. At the initial stages of mentioned period, Ukrainian education did not have the appropriate means to conduct an equal dialogue with the opponent whose intellectual culture had been improved over centuries in colleges and universities. The national education had the resourses inherited from the preceding Greco-Byzantine tradition, which played a positive role as a translator of educational and scientific experience within the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, but by the beginning of the sixteenth century they proved to be insufficient and inappropriate for the actual time period. At this stage, Ukrainian pedagogy was confronted with the urgent task of establishing its own national education system, based on previous historical and cultural experience, but, at the same time, the one that met social needs and the best Precisely within the chronological framework of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries the national school as an institution was formed and the public demand for this institution was established. It is concluded that Ukrainian pedagogy, through refraction of the Slavic cultural tradition and certain duration in time, chose the path of the development that met the existing social demands – the path of synthesis of two main types of culture of that time – Latin and Greco-Slavic. This synthesis was reflected in the structural organization and practice of educational institutions that began their activities in the Ukrainian lands in the 16th – 17th and later in the 18th centuries. This also determined the vector of the development of national education in the next era. Keywords: social and historical conditions, Ukrainian cultural and educational space, Greek and Slavic educational tradition, Western European educational model, educational institutions, school, education, culture.

Painting of Ferrara in the second half of the 15th century

The classical style of Early Renaissance painting was defined by Florence, where clear rationality emphasized the values of relief and three-dimensional space with mathematically accurate perspective. Ferrara, among other regional schools in the country, developed its own variant of stylistic expression. It drew upon its interactions with numerous masters who came from different parts of Italy and transalpine lands. As a result, the Renaissance painting of Ferrara, which had taken shape by the second half of the 15th century, exhibited a character that was not only contradictory but also vibrant and marked by significant artistic importance. This article is a logical continuation of the publication “The rise of the Renaissance in Ferrara in the 15th century. All about the city” Academia, 2023, no 1, рр. 24–32.