Early Reformation Research Articles

Interconfessional Implications: Printed Plainchant in the Wake of the Reformation

Abstract This article investigates the retention, reformation, and revision of plainchant in liturgical books printed in German-speaking lands during the early Reformation. Previous scholarship often considered chant in confessional and linguistic isolation, which has obscured both its importance in Protestant worship and its connections with contemporary Catholic musical trends. Writings of reformers and their followers, including Luther, Müntzer, and Spangenberg, indicate that they valued plainchant because it provided continuity, functioned pedagogically, and increased congregational unity. However, chant was subject to modification. An examination of reformed sources connected to Allstedt, Erfurt, and Nordhausen demonstrates how plainchant was adopted and adapted to reflect shifting priorities. Analyses of modified alleluia chants in Protestant and Catholic books reveal similarities and differences in techniques of revision. The formation of new musical traditions is delineated, as well as their intertwined relationships with the musical past, present, and future. These interconfessional findings provide new perspectives on early modern chant and liturgies.

Martin Luther's Contribution to John Wesley's Doctrine of Justification

ABSTRACT Scholars have repeatedly recognized John Wesley's debt to Martin Luther, but have stated it in generalities. What specifically did Luther contribute to Wesley's doctrine of justification over the course of his career? This article documents Wesley's comments on Luther throughout his corpus, identifies four streams of direct and indirect influence (Luther's writings, German Pietism, German mysticism, and the early English Reformers), and evaluates Luther's contribution to Wesley's doctrine of justification from 1738 to the 1780s. Luther's influence was strongest from 1738 to 1741, but moderated after Wesley split from the Moravians. Through the decades, Wesley continued to recognize his debt to Luther, despite differences concerning imputation and personal holiness.

Early Reformation Covenant Theology: English Reception of Swiss Reformed Thought, 1520–1555. By Robert J. D. Wainwright. Reformed Academic Dissertations. Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing, 2020. 432 pp. $59.00 paper.

Early Reformation Covenant Theology: English Reception of Swiss Reformed Thought, 1520–1555. By Robert J. D. Wainwright. Reformed Academic Dissertations. Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing, 2020. 432 pp. $59.00 paper.

Stanovlenie form upravleniya v pedagogicheskom processe

The article is devoted to the history of the formation of forms of management in the Russian pedagogical process. The authors focus on the development of pedagogical problems in the late 19th - early 20th centuries and school reform in the period under review.

Effects of changes in early retirement policies on labor force participation: the differential effects for vulnerable groups.

Objectives:This study investigated the effects of a national early retirement reform, which was implemented in 2006 and penalized early retirement, on paid employment and different exit pathways and examined whether these effects differ by gender, income level and health status.Methods:This study included all Dutch individuals in paid employment born six months before (control group) and six months after (intervention group) the cut-off date of the reform (1 January 1950) that fiscally penalized early retirement. A regression discontinuity design combined with restricted mean survival time analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of penalizing early retirement on labor force participation from age 60 until workers reached the retirement age of 65 years, while accounting for secular trends around the threshold.Results:The intervention group postponed early retirement by 7.41 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.11–8.72], and partly replaced this by remaining 4.87 months (95% CI 3.60–6.24) longer in paid employment. Workers born after the threshold, annually earning €25 000–40 000, spent 1.24 months (95% CI 0.31–2.18) more in economic inactivity than those born before. The working months lost to unemployment increased by 1.50 months (95% CI 0.30–2.71) for female workers and 1.99 months (95% CI 0.06–3.92) for workers reporting multiple chronic diseases.Conclusions:The national reform successfully prolonged working lives of older workers. However, workers with a middle income, female workers, and workers with chronic diseases were more vulnerable to premature exit from the labor market through unemployment or being without any income or benefit.

3D Printing as an Object of Legal Protection

The article discusses the formation of a new approach to the statutory regulation of 3D printing, an uncommon object of civil matters. Creating a product with the help of such technology not only by an entrepreneur but also by any person, can in practice cause some issues in protecting all participants’ rights during the 3D printing process. 3D printing is regarded as a complex object, so its characteristics are determined. Additionally, possible ways of resolving legislative gaps are proposed, such as: defining the concept of the manufacturer, supplier, seller, and consumer of 3D printed products; developing their rights and responsibilities; establishing quality requirements for 3D printed elements; and adopting clear rules on liability and consumer protection. Due to the widespread use of digital technologies, Russian legislation requires a thorough reconsideration and early reform.

Globalization, Progress, and Race in Military Reformers’ World Observations after 1865

This article analyzes the military reform movement that emerged from the U.S. officer corps after the American Civil War. Placing this movement in its global context allows me not only to elaborate on under-researched aspects but also to address this special issue’s challenge to established dichotomies and the question about the relationship between reform and (racialized) othering. In the first section, I characterize the reformers’ milieu as conservative, but their ideas as ­anti-traditional. I relate this to an emerging global professional military culture and show that this contextualization better characterizes the military reform movement than the common association with imperialism and Progressivism, both of which stem not from a global but a national analytical framework. In the second section, I analyze how reformers compared U.S. and European developments. Although their notion of war and preparedness was Eurocentric, early reformers were aware of specific circumstances that limited the applicability of European ideas to the United States. Only towards the late nineteenth century did arguments for an outright emulation of European practices become more influential. In the third section, I look at reformers’ observations of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. This case reveals that their Eurocentrism is better described as an expression of an ideology of progress rather than essentialism.

The Law of Ideology Interaction and the Strategy of School Ideology Education under the Environment of Opening up

Although ideology is a matter in the field of thought, it is closely related to the real world. The influence of education opening to the outside world on ideology is far-reaching. Different ideologies meet in open areas, and the opening of education promotes the collision and confrontation of different ideologies. In the contest of different ideologies, the interaction between ideologies still presents a certain regularity. Schools are the highland of ideological education. The rapid development of education since the reform and opening up has not only provided knowledge and technical support for national construction and social progress, but also cultivated a large number of middle class, which is different from the revolutionary war period and the early reform and opening up period. Teachers, students studying in school and students about to graduate all become the object of ideological work. The interaction law of ideology plays an important role in this era, which shows that the certain ideology is either accepted or abandoned by more people. Ideological education in schools should shoulder the responsibility of the times, that is, to regulate the movement of ideology, so that what should be followed will be followed better, and what should be abandoned will be abandoned gradually. However, there are some problems in the existing school ideological education mode, which makes it difficult to effectively show this role. This paper further summarizes the existing problems of school ideology, and thinks about how to better carry out school ideological education in the new era and under the condition of education opening to the outside world.

Enemies of the Cross: Suffering, Truth, and Mysticism in the Early Reformation by Vincent Evener

Enemies of the Cross: Suffering, Truth, and Mysticism in the Early Reformation by Vincent Evener

Amy NelsonBurnett, Debating the Sacraments: Print and Authority in the Early Reformation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, 544 pp., $ 105.00 / £64.00

Amy NelsonBurnett, Debating the Sacraments: Print and Authority in the Early Reformation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, 544 pp., $ 105.00 / £64.00

The Musical Activities at the Court of Ulrich VI, Duke of Württemberg Before and During the Early Reformation

The Musical Activities at the Court of Ulrich VI, Duke of Württemberg Before and During the Early Reformation

Application of Finnish energy saving and emission reduction technology in glass industry

Finland has formed a unique energy saving and emission reduction concept in the process of realizing the leap from agriculture to industrialization, which has been shown in the utilization of raw materials, optimizing fuel structure, recovering waste heat and waste disposal. These concepts and aspects have been widely used in the glass industry, from the early glass technology reform to the present stage of technological innovation for the development of Finnish glass industry to provide an important guarantee. Finland experience provides experience and reference for the development of glass industry in China, which has important strategic significance in the increasingly severe environment of energy crisis.

The Dynamics of the Early Reformation in their Reformed Augustinian Context by Robert J. Christman

The Dynamics of the Early Reformation in their Reformed Augustinian Context by Robert J. Christman

Calvin and the early Reformation. Edited by Brian C. Brewer and David M. Whitford. (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions.) Pp. xiv + 231. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 2020. €99. 978 90 04 35994 9; 1573 4188

Calvin and the early Reformation. Edited by Brian C. Brewer and David M. Whitford. (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions.) Pp. xiv + 231. Leiden–Boston: Brill, 2020. €99. 978 90 04 35994 9; 1573 4188 - Volume 72 Issue 1

Amy Nelson Burnett. Debating the Sacraments: Print and Authority in the Early Reformation.

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One ring to rule them all? Locating discourse in Aotearoa New Zealand early childhood education curriculum

Early childhood scholars in New Zealand have long lamented a rising dominance of neoliberalism. Correspondingly they suggest that there has been a lessening of socialist ideals and principles of Te Ao Māori after years of a right-wing government. With the ‘refresh’ of New Zealand’s national early childhood curriculum, Te Whāriki under the Fifth National Government we sought to investigate the location of these discourses in Te Whāriki. Borrowing from Tolkien this paper draws on the metaphor of a ruling, in this case neoliberal, discourse as ‘one ring to rule them all’. We investigate the governmentality of the Fifth National Government through their Four Year Plan 2016–2020 and its permeation of the revised curriculum. Seeking to better understand the location and dominance of neoliberalism within the updated Te Whāriki, the paper analyses both the 1996 curriculum and the 2017 revision for socialist, neoliberal and Te Ao Māori discourses, and their status within the document. A post-structuralist conceptual framework is employed for this study, bringing to bear Michel Foucault and Julia Kristeva in conversation. Analysis across both Te Whāriki and the Four Year Plan found that while neoliberalism was certainly a pervasive discourse, it was, in fact, accompanied by discourses of socialism, neoliberalism and Te Ao Māori. The paper concludes by suggesting that, while neoliberalism may appear to dominate texts, there are complex interanimations between a number of discourses. This multitude potentially ameliorates any one discourse’s domination or, conversely, compromises others. With these findings come important implications concerning the pervasive discourse of neoliberalism and its shaping potential. However, there are also concerns for a new form of colonisation within early childhood curriculum and policy reform.

Civilising urban public space: An analysis of ideology and governance strategies

In this paper I show the path dependency and development of how today’s urban public space is governed, concentrating on the Southern metropolis of Guangzhou as a case study. I first give a short historical overview of the discourse of modernisation, civilising urban citizens and urban public space in republican times. I then elucidate the growing governmental interest in everyday public space since the early reform policies of the 1980s and in the context of the campaign “Building a Spiritual Civilisation”. This ideological thought work campaign was re-interpreted as a city development campaign which aimed to clean Guangzhou’s streets and induce proper behaviour. In the new millennium, the campaign culminated in the “National Civilised City” competition, which seeks to generate both economic and political profits. The paper sheds light on how the civilisation discourse is entangled with the communist party’s claim to power and how public space is developed as a space of education and of representation to steer China on the path to modernity.

Cat and the Plumber: An American Radio Drama in China

Abstract The translation and adaptation of Arthur Miller's 1941 radio drama “The Pussy Cat and the Expert Plumber who was a Man” in 1980s China not only conveys the witty humor and intriguing critique of the original, but also carries unique marks of its receiving culture. A comparative close reading of the original and the translation shows how the original survives in a translation. Instead of antagonizing the east and the west as mutually unintelligible, my analysis of the translated Chinese radio drama “Cat and the Plumber” explores ways in which interlingual, intermedia, and intertextual references and variations help build the “image” of the west in post-Mao China through sound media. The literary event of a 1940s American radio drama traveling to 1980s China not only provides us with a new perspective in looking at the social soundscape as well as popular culture of 1980s China but also contributes to the repertoire of Sino-American cultural exchanges during the last decade of the Cold War. At the dawn of a new era in the history of China, the introduction of this American radio drama shows both achievements as well as limitations of the early post-Mao cultural reforms.

The parable of the railway agent: stories of progress and winter legumes in the twentieth-century South

ABSTRACT This essay examines the abbreviated fiction-writing career of an unlikely author, Central of Georgia Railway agricultural agent Jesse Frisbie Jackson. In the process, the essay explores the centrality of storytelling to the early twentieth-century United States, to farming and agricultural reform, and to the historical profession.

Religious Patronage as Gendered Family Memory in Sixteenth-century England

Through an analysis of a large corpus of sixteenth-century wills and testaments, this article explores Englishwomen’s end-of-life religious patronage a site for the production of family identity and memory, and as a mechanism by which family and faith were woven together. It considers both the influence of the family on women’s post-mortem piety, and their role as executrices for their husbands. In doing so, it argues that women were integral to producing the commemorative practices that ensured their families’ immortality, and that these practices were in turn an important means by which religious practice and belief were renegotiated and refigured during the early English Reformation.