Early Poetry Research Articles

"A study on Jojeong-gwon's early poetry -Investigation of Things and Hermeneutics of things-"

"A study on Jojeong-gwon's early poetry -Investigation of Things and Hermeneutics of things-"

마가렛 앳우드의 초기 시에 나타난 유령과 타자성

This paper explores how ghosts in Margaret Atwood's early poetry represent otherness, specifically the division of the self or the repressed heterogeneous elements. Drawing on the similarity between Atwood's ghost imagery and the way hysteria and the unconscious enter the symbolic world of consciousness or language, this paper interprets ghosts as representing the other that exists either externally in nature or internally within the self, following Julia Kristeva's concept of the abject. In Atwood's poetry, white explorers, settlers, and Susanna Moodie as colonial pioneers are positioned as subjects, while the indigenous peoples, wilderness, and animals they displace occupy the position of the other. These others, as abject beings, experience death and resurrection, disturbing the settlers' identity by inhabiting their space as ghosts. This aligns with Kristeva's explanation of the abject as the essential precondition for the emergence of the self; the subject must continually expel the abject to establish its own identity, even as the abject remains a fundamental condition of existence. Atwood's ghosts, therefore, signify her unique sense of otherness, traversing the boundaries between human and animal, life and death, and seeking to dismantle otherness.

“Words Cluster like Chromosomes”: Marianne Moore and Poetic-Genetic Origination

In 1963, Marianne Moore tells an interviewer, “I never ‘plan’ a stanza. Words cluster like chromosomes, determining the procedure.” Six decades earlier, when Moore first learned about chromosomes, the concept was relatively new. Her education at Bryn Mawr from 1905 to 1909 placed her at the forefront of the understanding of heredity for her time, among those who knew that embryos inherited chromosomes equally from each parent. As her early poetry placed embryonic origins in tension with religious, national, and poetic origins, she posed the embryo both as disruptive to Western origin stories—like the Christian story of the fall—and as generative for her poetics, offering a model for a poetics of iterative and continual origination. Heather Cass White has suggested that the future of Moore criticism depends on recognizing how two schools—“the scientific Moore” and “the Protestant Moore”—are ultimately united around “her pursuit of an aesthetically and ethically tenable ‘original’ poetics.” Moore’s attention to embryos suggests that she was also performing a study of origin itself.

Everything Honks, Everything Creaks: Frank O'Hara and the Early Poetry of James Schuyler

Abstract: In 1993, Geoff Ward stated that "O'Hara's methods were in a sense absorbed and filtered by Schuyler, his more exploratory and prolific output converted to a series of moves, a repertoire, that Schuyler could then deploy at will" (14–15). Schuyler, however, did not simply mimick the characteristic rhetorical gestures of O'Hara's improvisational approach. O'Hara's influence on Schuyler's poetic sensitivity is undeniable, but this does not mean that Schuyler's work can be adequately described as an amalgam of elements gleaned from O'Hara. Despite many formal and thematic resemblances, Schuyler was interested in issues significantly different from those which absorbed O'Hara. O'Hara donned many costumes; in short, there are many different Frank O'Haras. I suggest taking a closer look at particular poems (the early ones) to see which of these costumes Schuyler at times borrowed from his friend.

The Materiality of Absence in Paul Auster’s Poetry and Fiction

ABSTRACT Through mapping the blank landscapes and stones in Paul Auster’s writing, and through the employment of a framework that reads Auster alongside twenty-first-century theories of minimalist aesthetics, this article demonstrates how his early poetry and later fiction frequently explore a politics of erasure. The intersection of an austere literary style with contextually flat representations of crumbling stones, work, and conspicuously omitted power structures affords a previously unacknowledged environmental context underpinning Auster’s thinking. By recalling his early poetry and later novels that dramatise comparable scenarios of labour and loss under the shadow of external threat, I explore how frequent representations of erasure echo environmental and cultural anxieties related to memory and future uncertainty.

Tapestry of Cultures in Derek Walcott’s Poetry: A Transcultural Reading

Walcott, through his searches for the history of his original nation, seeks to face the racial conflicts that impacted his cultural formation; he does celebrate the hybridity that becomes an integral part of his identity through crossing- national transit. It is through his constant traveling that, continuously, leads him to experience other nations, cultures, identities. His poetry comes to be a witness for a more cosmopolitan construction of individuality. Walcott, in his early poetry, shows his endeavors to understand the culture and the racial challenges of his origin, yet it seems that he comes to no resort. In his later poetic volumes, he seems to come to a better realization of his Caribbean identity that fell under colonial influences. Thus, Walcott comes to accept that his own Caribbean roots can go beyond its origins. This can be called transcultural approach which has developed in the last few decades, not only to embrace alterity, but also to encourage interconnectedness and empathy with the Other. Transculturalism challenges the traditional notions of culture, belonging, and identity. The purpose of this study is to explore Walcott’s poetry that reveals the poet’s perspective on national and cultural identity. It argues that, though Walcott’s poetry is deeply rooted in the Caribbean culture, traditions, and national inheritance, yet it transcends the national and cultural limits to celebrate the hybridity of the Caribbean present identity. Walcott’s constant traveling created a poetry that goes beyond its national borders to see in displacement of the Caribbean people and the diaspora as a means to develop a better communication with the world. Therefore, Walcott is quite liberal in his cultural perspective regarding identity politics.

SENTIMENTAL CONCEPTUALISM OF TIMUR KIBIROV’S EARLY POETRY (“A MESSAGE TO L. S. RUBINSTEIN”)

The purpose of the work is to analyze the early texts of Timur Kibirov and determine his involvement in the group “Moscow romantic conceptualism” (B. Groys). The article shows that personal friendship with D. A. Prigov, L. Rubinstein, D. Novikov, M. Eisenberg and other conceptualists and soc-artists does not make Kibirov a conceptualist in the exact sense of the word. It is demonstrated that already in the early poems Kibirov overcomes the limited framework of conceptual art, following the path of perception of the tradition of Russian classical literature, inheriting its best examples. During the analysis, the sentimental components of Kibirov’s early poetry are shown using the example of the poem “A Message to L. S. Rubinstein” (1989).

Theological Meaning of “Resignation” in Mok-wol Pak’s Early Poetry

Theological Meaning of “Resignation” in Mok-wol Pak’s Early Poetry

Поэзия как внутренняя речь. Борис Пастернак в интерпретации Владимира Библера

The article focuses on the concept of inner speech as it was first elaborated by Lev Vygotsky and then taken up by Vladimir Bibler in his analysis of Boris Pasternak's poetry. The first part of the article aims at reconstructing the psychological background of this concept in Vygotsky's theory of speech, - especially as regards its mediating role. The second part addresses Bibler's assertion that both philosophy and poetry employ inner speech to produce meaning (through concepts and words/sounds, respectively). By characterizing Pasternak's early poetry as a form of inner speech, Bibler highlights the immediate connection between his primitive sensible and sensuous experiences and their initial expression in poetic words. In conclusion, it is argued that the concept of inner speech in Pasternak's poetry enhances the understanding of the “metonymous hero” concept introduced by Roman Jakobson and Michel Aucouturier in their works on Pasternak. While emphasizing metonymic structures in Pasternak's poetry foregrounds the notion of object-oriented poetry, Bibler's conceptual perspective, on the contrary, seems to rehabilitate the instance of the subject.

Exploring Gender Dynamics in Indian English Poetry: A Feminist Literary Study

This research paper offers an extensive exploration of gender dynamics within Indian English poetry. The study adopts a chronological approach, tracing the evolution of gender portrayal from the early to the contemporary phase. The research objectives are to identify recurring themes and narratives related to gender, to compare these findings with existing literature, and to analyze their broader implications. The methodology involves a thematic analysis of selected poems, drawing from various literary periods. The key findings reveal a transformative shift in gender portrayal, from stereotypical depictions in early poetry to nuanced narratives in contemporary works. The study identifies specific themes such as the emerging female voice, exploration of gender identity and intersectionality, evolving portrayal of masculinity, and the depiction of female empowerment and feminine spaces. The findings also fill gaps in the existing literature by identifying new themes such as caste and gender intersectionality and queer narratives. The research has significant implications for understanding the evolution of gender portrayal and feminist discourse within Indian English poetry. It also offers a richer understanding of the gender dynamics within the South Asian context, thereby contributing to the fields of literary studies, gender studies, and feminist theory.

“Autumn”: John Clare and the Altered Fenland

abstract: The draining of the fens has been described as “England’s greatest ecological disaster.” This article delineates how John Clare’s ‘flitting’ to Northborough in the spring of 1832 fatefully coincided with a new, more efficient—or, in ecological terms, more disastrous— era of wetland drainage projects in the late 1820s and 30s. Focusing on his late (and sadly neglected) prose essay “Autumn” (1841), I explore how Clare recalls and recasts some of the enduring themes of both Romanticism and his own early poetry as he surveys the ecological disaster he had lived to see unfold.

The Mechanics of Dwelling: Karen Solie’s Early Poetry and Short Haul Engine

Karen Solie’s poetry redefines the ways in which language problematizes contemporary issues such as climate change, the nature of our physical environments, the conception of agency, the politics of gender, and our understanding of the increasingly divergent social orders we inhabit. This article focuses on Solie’s early poetry and her first book, Short Haul Engine. It aims to explore her aesthetic values and to identify some of the prominent motifs and concerns that animate her work. Solie is interested in thinking about the particular conditions and consequences of decisions made, paths taken, relationships begun and broken. But she is also interested in critique as an epistemological form of inquiry: how do we know what we think we know, and what factors account for that knowing? One aesthetic principle uniting many of the poems is the identification of absence as a key to desire – the need to explore desire as a means of accessing what is beautiful through what is lost, absent. Paradoxically, language does not always provide a means of accessing experience; it often gets in the way, turning the person behind the words into a creature of imprecision – the “near miss” of accurate description becoming a central problem in the poetry itself.

‘On the Perimeter and Fringe of War’: Norman Nicholson, Rural Modernity and Wartime

The author Norman Nicholson is an exemplary writer of rural modernity, acutely conscious of the need for rural areas to remain ‘living and organic communities’, as he puts it in his topographic book Greater Lakeland (1969). Here I argue that his position in his lifetime home of Millom, an industrial town on the periphery of the tourist Lake District, gives his writing a unique, revisionary perspective on both modern/ist and war poetry: he is a non-combatant rural poet who focuses not on contested ground overseas, but on the rural and wartime industry on the north-western English coast. Born in 1914, his life was profoundly shaped by war, and while not often considered in these terms, he was inspired by modernist poetry, particularly that of his editor at Faber & Faber, T. S. Eliot. Reading Nicholson’s early writings ‘on the perimeter and fringe of war’ (‘Waiting for Spring, 1943’) during the Second World War, engaging with his editing, periodical contributions, and early poetry up to and including his debut collection Five Rivers (1944), enables us to see the multiple ways that the traces of war in his poetry have previously gone unrecognised, displaced, by the widely-theorised struggle of both combatants and civilians to articulate the experience of war, into dates, locations, events and depictions of the body. I conclude by examining Nicholson’s response to war after the Second World War, and commenting on the implications for more general theories of wartime.

„tu das zum Bild, das uns heimwürfelt“. Zur Denkfigur des Würfelspiels in Celans Dichtung

Abstract The game, with its creative potential and rich semantics, has repeatedly animated writers’ imagination, motivating them to imagine new worlds or to present the experience of the existent world according to other rules. Beyond this, games have been perceived as a form of transposing traumatic experiences or an expression of heteronomy in man’s relation with destiny. The dice game appears in Paul Celan’s early poetry, but it is more present in late poems. The present paper analyses the semantics of the dice game in Celan’s poetry, trying to evidentiate its ontological and poetical values.

Rethinking Tenderness in the Early Poetry of Juan Gelman

The poetry of Juan Gelman (1930–2014) is eminently suited to an edition of BSS that simultaneously celebrates a centenary of Hispanist research in the UK and attempts to survey the current state of the field. Gelman—poet, journalist and political activist—with an oeuvre that emerges from the socially engaged verse of the 1950s, engaging with Anglophone poetry, pseudonymous translations mysticism, and culminating in the Premio Cervantes 2007. An assessment of his early work, particularly the presence of ternura therein, draws on influential work in affect theory and speaks to signal moments in the history of UK Hispanism.

‘Dung and death’: Waste and desire in The Waste Land

Much of the early poetry of T.S. Eliot embodies a rejection of sexual desire. Gabrielle McIntire in ‘Modernism, Memory, and Desire’ argues that Eliot’s poetry can be read as the “expression of desire that has reached its limit and knows it”. In fact, throughout Eliot’s poems, desire is rejected, deferred, and displaced, albeit the fact that this strategy is not always successful. Eliot espouses a poetics of failure of desire and the conflicts and compromises arising out of it. In this paper, we will argue that the sexual non-rapport is Eliot’s poetry often finds expression by a sublimation of desire. Desire, or any possibility of the sexual encounter, is turned into shit. What is left behind as the rem(a)inder is the waste. We are constantly reminded that to desire is also to be anxious of the limitations of desire, because what lies beyond desire is the fear of death.

Among the Decadents: Nancy Cunard's Art of Imitation

Abstract: This article examines Nancy Cunard's early poetry in light of ongoing debates about the relationship between modernism and decadence. Rather than positioning Cunard as a 'dilettante', 'rebel' or 'muse', it suggests that she was a poet in her own right, adopting a modernist-decadent style. Through a close reading of her early poetry, published in the collections Outlaws and Sublunary , and her long poem Parallax , the article considers Cunard's poetry as an example of a continued decadence, showing how Cunard adopted decadent motifs and strategies in her work.

India in Yeats’s Early Poetry

India in Yeats’s Early Poetry

Early Verse Conventional Ambulation on Postoperative Pain among Women with Lower Segment Cesarean Section

Introduction: A cesarean section is a surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision made on a mother’s abdomen and uterus. In post cesarean section phase, early ambulation and oral intake are need to be encouraged after declined effects of anesthesia. The present study was conducted with aim to assess the effectiveness of early ambulation on postoperative pain among the women with a lower segment cesarean section. Materials and Methods: The study design was quasi-experimental design and 60 subjects were enrolled by convenient sampling technique. In experimental group, the pain level was assessed after performing breathing exercise, moving legs and hands, upright sitting position, stand and walk with and without support after 10 h of surgery for first 3 postoperative days. While in control group, the mothers were ambulated after 24 h of surgery as per the hospital protocol. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean postoperative pain scores after early ambulation among experimental on day 1st, day 2nd, and day 3rd. There was a significant decline in pain scores in experimental group compared to control group (P < 0.001) with days progresses. Conclusion: The early ambulation was significantly effective in reduce postoperative pain scores among the mothers after cesarean section. The present approach may be adopted for the mothers to decline the need of analgesics during postoperative period.

The Colour Images in D. H. Lawrence’s Early Poetry :Love Poems and Others

The Colour Images in D. H. Lawrence’s Early Poetry :Love Poems and Others