Early Historic Period Research Articles

“Submerges … Coming out Again and Then Flowing”: What Historical Documents Tell Us About the Character of the Santa Cruz River

The Santa Cruz River, like all the major rivers in southeastern Arizona and the region, had a permanent year-round flow that was restricted to limited segments of the river. This is where the Sobaipuri O’odham established their villages because the reliable surface flow allowed them to farm with irrigation canals. Early historical period observations indicate that the Santa Cruz and other regional rivers were characterized by patchworks of pasturelands, agricultural fields and canals, shady groves of mature trees, marshes, and expanses of dry sand, in contrast to the many previously suggested reconstructions. The underlying fundamentals of the river valley have been determined by surface water availability and although periodically transformed by floods, downcutting, drought, and human factors the riparian corridor has regenerated.

ANKARA MERKEZLİ HIMAYE-İ ETFAL CEMİYETİ‘NIN GELİRLERİ ÜZERINE BIR DEĞERLENDİRME(1921-1923)

Çocuk koruma dünyadaki evrensel konulardan biridir. Tarihin erken dönemlerinden itibaren çocuklar çeşitl şekillerde korunmuştur. Osmanlı Devletinde çocuk koruma erken dönemlerden itibaren varlığını sürdürmektedir. Tanzimat sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurumsallaşmanın artmasıyla birlikte çocuk koruma alanında çok sayıda kurum açılmıştır. Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyet, 1917 yılında kurularak çocuk koruması alanında kurumsal bir eksikliği tamamlamıştır. Cemiyet çocuk korumayı kurumsal bir biçimde gerçekleştirerek ülkenin içinde bulunduğu zor koşullarda çocukları himaye etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Ülkenin savaş koşulları içerisinde olması sebebiyle yardım edilecek çocuk sayısı sürekli artmıştır. Bu durum kurumun gelir ihtiyacını da beraberinde artmıştır. Bu sebeple kurum gelirlerini artırmak için çözüm yolları aramıştır. Bu çalışmada cemiyetin görevlerini yerine getirebilmek için gelirlerini artırma, giderlerini azaltma ve yeni kaynak arayışları incelenecektir.

Любительская охота и рыболовство русского населения Республики Алтай

The unique fauna of Gorny Altai contributes to the fact that today hunting and fishing, as well as in the early periods of history, remain one of the branches of maintenance of the region’s population. In this article we study hunting and fishing of the Russian population of the Altai Republic. In this research we used field materials of those informants for whom hunting and fishing are not professional but amateur activities.

Foreign Aid and the Status Quo: Evidence from Pre-Marshall Plan Aid

Abstract Foreign aid has served as an important policy tool for centuries, yet international relations research essentially treats it as a novel, post-World War II phenomenon. We argue that documenting aid-like activities in earlier historical periods helps shed new light on the systemic political dynamics of aid giving. We introduce a framework that links aid giving to the status quo in international politics and populate the framework with a diverse set of historical and contemporary cases, including Western and non-Western donors. Our analysis reveals striking similarities between the ways in which donor governments from diverse regions, historical periods, and international systems have utilised aid and other forms of concessional finance to pursue international political goals. Our findings suggest that by considering the pre-Marshall Plan roots of aid researchers can more effectively link foreign aid provision to rising power dynamics, international formal and informal hierarchies, and other research agendas in international relations. Our analysis also points to the need for greater attention to non-Western and pre-World War II evidence in understanding the link between aid and systems of international relations that have been less prevalent in the post-Marshall Plan era.

Forging empire: Angkorian iron smelting, community and ritual practice at Tonle Bak

Abstract

Merchants and state society: Some case studies from early historic period and the ‘threshold times’ (c. 600 bc to ad 700)

The history of the evolution of state in India, or any country, cannot be studied in isolation from the evolution of other institutions of society. We are thus entitled to trace the evolution of the ‘state society’ meaning a society that had the state as its major institution; and this further obliges us to trace, among other factors behind the evolution of state, the factor of trade, its organisation and requirements, security being a major factor behind its own growth—one that could only be provided, in its turn, by the state. The present article draws on the varied evidence available to us from the so-called ‘threshold times’, ending c. 1300, on the evolving relationship between the mercantile world and the state. Both literary texts and inscriptions are put to use in our enquiry. It brings into question the widespread assumption that there was a decline of trading activities in the late centuries of the period the article deals with.

Living on the Edge or Forced into the Margins? Hunter-Herders in Jordan's Northeastern Badlands in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods

Abstract The arid and desolate, basalt-strewn uplands of northeastern Jordan have been perceived as the natural home of pastoralist communities, which lie on the very fringes of the early urban polities of the eastern Mediterranean. However, current fieldwork in the area has revealed the presence of many and diverse sites from the late prehistoric to the early historic periods that were finely tuned to their harsh environment. Some of these sites include rich assemblages, including rock art and inscriptions on stone. This paper investigates the hunter-herder communities that successfully exploited the “margins” in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. It is argued that these desert populations were forced into obscurity by the Roman military intrusion in the region in the third century CE.

A road less travelled? The Society for Libyan Studies and the landscape archaeology of Libya's early civilisations

AbstractThis contribution explores a key dimension of the work of the Society for Libyan Studies concerning the archaeology of Libya's Protohistoric and early historic periods (broadly first millennium BC and first millennium AD). This primarily concerns the archaeology of rural landscapes (including the desert) and the investigation of the ancient Libyan populations that inhabited them. Taking an autobiographical approach, I review the contributions to developing research agendas made by a number of research projects that I have been involved in. The results collectively have advanced knowledge and understanding not only of this aspect of ancient Libyan society, but also have important implications for the construction of Libyan identity and the management of its heritage today. More broadly, they constitute an important contribution to wider re-evaluation of Maghribian and Saharan societies in the Iron Age and Roman periods.

The Development History of Biogeography

Biogeography is a major branch of geography, often considered a subdivision of physical geography. This paper is a qualitative review of the historical perspective of its development. Although there is no conspicuous beginning to this subject it is clear that ideas pertaining to the geography of biota have a history running back to the pre-Christina era. This paper identifies five periods in the history of emergence of biogeography; early historic period, classical period, late modern to early modern period, modern period and the beginning of the 21" century. In the earliest days the subject was not a distinct discipline, but had gradually acquired a natural history tradition with accumulating knowledge on the distribution of plants and animals. It was with the great conditions of Alexander von Humboldt that biogeography became a clear branch of geography. Since then, it grew based on evolutionary and ecological theories. Since the late-middle of the 20111 century, biogeography became prominent within the main discipline of geography due advancements in geosciences and the growing environmental awareness. At the onset of the 21" century is has become a subject of immense breadth and remains a strong branch of geography, ecology and earth sciences in the developed countries. Although currently it is a minor sub-division of geography in Sri Lanka, a growth in the subject can be expected in the forthcom ing years due to the revival of geography in the curricula.

History of the Landscape and Rural Territory among the Indigenous Families of Paposo and Taltal on the Atacama Desert Coast

Recent ethnographic research undertaken with coastal inhabitants of the Taltal district on the Andean coast of South America facilitates corroboration of the development of a shared territorial map, with the extended family as a basic nucleus. These families, notwithstanding centuries of the imposition of the Encomienda system and mining industry, have historically occupied the rural territory from the housing/productive space of the majada, whose settlement led to a strong system of alliances predating the early historical period. The tracing of local family networks is presented here from the Almendares family registry, currently one of the groups defined as Changos or Camanchacos.

Relational Identities and Other-Than-Human Agency in Archaeology

Relational Identities and Other-Than-Human Agency in Archaeology

Byatt, Fiction and Biofiction

A. S. Byatt’s fiction is much possessed by ‘lives’ – not only the lives of her characters, but the ideas of the biographies of those characters, and of characters as biographers. The essay will explore the relation between fiction, biography and autobiography in her work, taking in such topics as portraiture, myth, creation and reading. It will ask why a novelist who has written about earlier historical periods has eschewed one of the defining devices of the historical novel – and postmodern biofiction – of using real historical figures as characters.

4 The Phenomenology of Neighborhoods in the Early Historic Period of the Indian Subcontinent (3rd Century BCE – 4th Century CE)

ABSTRACTNeighborhoods are places of social interdependence expressed in material forms of proximity represented by closely packed households, pathways, and open spaces. Archaeological remains provide the opportunity to analyze neighborhoods as the physical locale of urban residence that included daily routines of eating, sleeping, and self‐care; regular acquisition of provisions; and interactions with other people. However, the experiences of neighborhood interaction were not unique to the urban form. In the Indian subcontinent in the mid‐first millennium BCE, there were three configurations that brought people together into crowded physical and social spaces, each of which provided the opportunity for repeated, standardized, and routinized mutual interdependence: urban settlements, religious pilgrimage centers, and army encampments.

Early Historic Gemstone Bead Workshops at the Badmal Asurgarh and Bhutiapali in the Middle Mahanadi Valley Region, Odisha, India

Recent archaeological investigations conducted in the tributaries of the Middle Mahanadi Valley region of Odisha have brought to light evidence for large-scale bead manufacturing workshop sites, i.e. Badmal Asurgarh and Bhutiapali belonging to the Early Historic period. Most interestingly, while the Badmal site is a fortified settlement, the latter site is an extensive open-air bead workshop site. Significantly, both the sites brought to light evidence for gemstone bead manufacturing activities during the Early Historic period. Preliminary studies and limited excavations conducted at both the sites appear to suggest their significant role in the Early Historic trade and exchange network in the Middle Mahanadi Valley riparian system and probably beyond. The present paper outlines the results of our preliminary archaeological investigation conducted at both the nature of sites.

Stūpa as śarīra dhātū to stūpa as dharmadhātū and maṇḍala: Continuity and changes in the sacred landscape in the Buddhist site of Udayagiri, Odisha

Abstract External forms and internal materiality of stūpas underwent changes over centuries, and how these changes also altered the sacred landscape of a Buddhist site is the subject matter of the paper. Exploring the practices of the worship of the stūpa at the site of Udayagiri in particular and Lalitagiri and Ratnagiri in general in Odisha, the present paper analyses the transformation of material contents and form of stūpas – from that of containing body relics to pratīiyasamutpāda sūtra and then to various dhāraṇīs and finally, in the 8th century CE, a maṇḍala stūpa emerged in Udayagiri I area. The emergence of this maṇḍala Mahāstūpa also coincided with the construction of a new monastery in the same area which asserted its new identity by issuing a new monastic seal, namely Mādhavapura Mahāvihāra, in addition to the prevailing monastic seal, Simhaprasta Mahāvihāra, which came up in early historical period in Udayagiri II. area.

Criminal Punishment in the Form of Exile as a Tool for Resolving Russia's Geopolitical Problems on its Eastern Outskirts (Historical and Legal Aspects)

The Russian state has historically used the reference not only as an implementation of criminal punishment against convicts, but also to solve colonization, economic, cultural and social problems on the Eastern borders of the country. The vast and undeveloped territory in the East of the country; natural minerals, raw materials for the emerging Russian industry; the presence of the land route of the TRANS-Siberian direction, all this at first looked very attractive. However, at the end of the second half of the 19th century the authorities were forced to reform the Siberian exile, and in the future to completely abandon it, recognizing it is extremely inefficient and costly for the state. Modern geopolitical interests of Russia face similar problems typical for the State in earlier historical periods. As for the exile or some other punishment associated with the voluntary or forced displacement of a large number of people from one region to another (more often from the Central regions to the outskirts of the country), will be resolved gradually, depending primarily on the socio-economic capabilities of the state.

The 2002 Russian Anti-Extremism Law: An Introduction

This introduction offers an overview of the 2002 Russian anti-extremism law and a summary of the contributions by individual authors to this special journal issue. The authors detail the significant impact of the law, particularly for religious minorities. They note that the authors approach the law from different angles, ranging from the evolving rhetoric of extremism in Russia and the law’s application to particular religious minority cases to the censorship of the online world and the politicized and partisan nature of the Russian legal system. In doing so, they draw out the contradictions, inconsistencies, and arbitrariness of the law's application and some unexpected continuities with earlier historical periods. Overall, they conclude that the anti-extremism law represents a serious impediment to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law in contemporary Russia.

The Technological and Chronological Implication of 14C Concentrations in Carbon Samples Extracted from Mongolian Cast Iron Artifacts

ABSTRACTCast iron objects recovered primarily in eastern Mongolia, spanning the Xiongnu through the Early Historic periods (ca. 3rd BC–AD 17th century), were examined for their radiocarbon (14C) concentration and microstructure. Most of the samples examined were found to have originated from charcoal-based smelting with a few exceptions that were made using a mineral coal-based technique. A comparison of 14C dates with dates derived from artifact typology allowed the charcoal-smelted objects to be classified into two groups, based on whether the radiometric and typological periodization are in agreement or not. In addition, those with differing 14C and typological dates can be divided into two subgroups with and without evidence for a melt treatment applied after original casting. These conflicting dating results are confusing and would seem to provoke skepticism about the use of 14C measurements for dating iron artifacts. We demonstrate however that 14C analysis, when combined with metallographic examination and other lines of chronological evidence, can clarify the history of a given iron object and its multiple users, often separated in time by more than a millennium.

Dynamics of Change in Flint Sickles of the Age of Metals: New Insights from a Technological Approach

AbstractFlint sickle blades are traditionally considered significant hallmarks of the late prehistoric and early historic periods. Their morpho-typological transformations over time have been differently interpreted, but the idea that each sickle type would have been substituted by the following because of more effectiveness, permitting development and intensification of agricultural practices, is still dominant. Without denying the importance of these functional considerations, another perspective for understanding technological change is to consider the entire process of sickle manufacture, the spatial and temporal organization of technical activities, methods and techniques implied in the manufacturing processes, and knowledge and skill required for production. Using all these parameters, changes in the production of sickles in the age of metals, from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age, can be perceived not simply as reflection of technological progress but rather as the result of complex historical phenomena involving the social, economic, and cultural structures of ancient societies.

The history of chicken and other bird exploitation in Thailand: Preliminary analysis of bird remains from four archaeological sites

AbstractThe origin of the domestication of chicken Gallus gallus domesticus is still a subject of debate. It principally originates from the red junglefowl G. gallus, which is distributed throughout Southeast Asia and South China. However, the prehistoric exploitation of chicken and red junglefowl in Southeast Asia has remained unclear due to a small number of samples for bone analysis. In this study, we analysed bird remains from four archaeological sites in Thailand: Ban Hua Ud (4,000–3,000 bp), Long Long Rak (1,900–1,600 bp), Ban Non Wat (3,750–1,500 bp), and Keed Kin (fifth–11th Century A.D.). Bones from pheasants/fowls (Phasianidae), storks (Ciconiidae), cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), crows (Corvidae), and passerines (Passeriformes) were found. A small number of stork bones were found at three lowland sites, with none found at Long Long Rak. Cormorant bones were dominant at Ban Hua Ud but were only found at that site. Pheasant/fowl bones were found at all sites except Ban Hua Ud and dominated the number of identified specimens, suggesting that they were the most commonly used bird, at least after the Iron Age. Morphological bone identification criteria for the 24 Phasianidae species in Thailand have not been established; ancient DNA analysis is required to differentiate chicken/red junglefowl bone from other indigenous pheasants/fowls. It is obvious that mitochondrial DNA remained unchanged in the early stages of the domestication process. Further studies combining ancient DNA and morphological analyses are required to judge whether all of the candidate chicken bones are indeed from red junglefowl or chicken. Although these results are regionally and temporally restricted, they give important quantitative information on bird exploitation during the Neolithic and early historic Dvaravadi periods in Thailand.