Early Nineteenth Century Research Articles

Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature, by Winter Jade Werner

Reviewed by: Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature by Winter Jade Werner Kimberly VanEsveld Adams (bio) Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature, by Winter Jade Werner; pp. vii + 210. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2020, $79.95, $24.95 ebook. I always thought that in Jane Eyre (1847), the dangerous passion of St. John Rivers is for Rosamond Oliver, the bewitching daughter of a wealthy mill owner. He suppresses his emotions, since he considers her unfit to be a missionary’s wife. But no—the danger [End Page 702] is the “‘hot action’ of India,” or the attractiveness of native women. St. John manfully seeks to resist temptation by pressuring his unloved cousin Jane to become his helpmeet, or, as Jade Winter Werner says, his “prophylactic” (134). In Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature, Werner explores the development of missionaries’ claims to, and concern with, world citizenship. Charlotte Brontë’s novel provides the most vivid example. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, intermarriage between British missionaries and female converts (preferably from influential native families) was seen as positive, a demonstration of universal human kinship. But misgivings began to emerge by the 1820s: missionaries’ “going native,” the challenge to British superiority of biracial bicultural families, the disapproval of white slaveholders in South Africa, and what came to be seen as the corrupting effect of interracial union. The last is exemplified in Jane Eyre by Mr. Rochester’s brutal descriptions of his marriage to Bertha Mason, a Jamaican-born planter’s daughter. The new policy of British missionary societies was for men to marry before going overseas. St. John’s endogamous proposal to his cousin, Werner argues, shows an extreme effort to avoid contamination. The thesis of Werner’s book is that “cosmopolitanism both fueled and found an unlikely champion in the modern missionary movement” (3). The Dissenting missionaries who are her primary focus were not, as opponents claimed, irrational enthusiasts, ill-educated “pious tinkers” (77), or as Sydney Smith said, “little detachments of maniacs” (qtd. in Werner 3). Nor were they unthinkingly allied with empire, as some scholars contend. The missionaries’ often-repeated claims to be “cosmopolites,” or world citizens, were based, Werner found, on the ongoing interactions between Protestantism and Enlightenment (or Enlightenment-Liberal) beliefs and values, such as a common human nature, individual freedom and tolerance, reason, and the benefits of scientific knowledge and global trade (71). A difficulty with this argument is that the core religious beliefs and practices of the denominations—Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, and evangelical Anglicans—are not described. That makes it difficult for the reader to assess when the missionaries’ use of Enlightenment ideas is a matter of Christian morals, as they claimed, or when it is strategy, or appropriation of available terminology. Moreover, some points would have been clarified or strengthened with use of a wider range of materials and more extensive historical evidence. Werner for example shows that during the French Revolution, missionary cosmopolitans who spoke of universal benevolence and the rights of man were accused of republican sympathies, despite their professions to have no political agenda. But Werner’s discussion here might have gone beyond the quarreling periodicals, since there is some basis for the charge of republicanism. Dissenters were prominent not just in missionary societies but also among British working-class radicals and American revolutionaries, particularly those from colonies such as Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. In Britain, Dissenters resented legal restrictions on their religious and civic liberty. Only with the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts in 1828 was their access to political and military office unrestricted (if they were men). Werner centers the four chapters of her book on literary texts because these reveal the tensions within missionary cosmopolitanism, in contrast to the propaganda of the various societies. In her second chapter, “Robert Southey and the Case for Christian Colonialism,” Werner demonstrates the Romantic author’s interest in Dissenting missions. Southey published reviews of societies’ periodicals between 1802 and 1809. But he broke [End Page 703] from the missionaries in considering forceful colonization necessary for the spread of Christianity. In A Tale of Paraguay (1825), Southey’s verse narrative based on the 1784 account...

A Century of Weird Fiction 1832-1937: Disgust, Metaphysics and the Aesthetics of Cosmic Horror, by Jonathan Newell

Reviewed by: A Century of Weird Fiction, 1832–1937: Disgust, Metaphysics and the Aesthetics of Cosmic Horror by Jonathan Newell Michael Saler (bio) A Century of Weird Fiction, 1832–1937: Disgust, Metaphysics and the Aesthetics of Cosmic Horror, by Jonathan Newell; pp. ix + 241. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2020, $60.00 paper. Over the past two decades, scholars have attempted to define the nature of weird literature, seeing it as either a mode of the gothic, a distinct genre, or a marketing gimmick. In A Century of Weird Fiction, 1832–1937: Disgust, Metaphysics and the Aesthetics of Cosmic Horror, Jonathan Newell presents it as a specific genre that commenced in the mid-nineteenth century with Edgar Allan Poe, assumed momentum at the fin de siècle in works by Arthur Machen, Algernon Blackwood, and William Hope Hodgson, among others, and culminated in the early-twentieth-century works of H. P. Lovecraft. Based on case studies of these five authors, Newell argues that “the [weird] genre’s key distinction from the gothic” is its “pivot away from the contents of the human mind towards the non-human world in all its horror and wonder” (58). The weird is fundamentally metaphysical, challenging the division in Western philosophy between human subjectivity and ontological reality, the “world-in-itself” (5). Weird tales express the radical alterity of existence that transcends all anthropocentric conceptions. Their narratives convey aesthetically that which cannot be apprehended logically—notably by deploying the affect of disgust. Newell’s linkage of the weird’s preoccupation with an ineffable ontology and its recourse to gross-out techniques nicely resolves the otherwise paradoxical feature of this form of fiction: its frequent combination of disgust and ecstasy, the abject and the empyrean. Writers of the weird use disgust not merely for sensational effects, but to intimate the intermingled, monistic nature of reality. Newell demonstrates that his five authors intuited what recent scholars of emotions have documented: disgust is often elicited when boundaries are violated. By dissolving rigid categories through representations of hybridity, decay, and alien incursions into quotidian reality, writers of the weird are able to evoke, at a visceral level, the fundamentally interconnected, porous nature of existence. Whereas Edmund Burke and Immanuel Kant’s definitions of the sublime excluded disgust and exalted the human subject, Newell argues that disgust is the “sublime’s shadow,” dissolving anthropocentrism while evoking nausea as well as awe at the numinous nature of reality (69). Newell’s focused study should appeal to those who believe that the promiscuous use of the term “gothic” to cover virtually anything related to terror and horror from [End Page 722] the eighteenth century to the present renders that term meaningless. While he starts by defining both the gothic and the weird as “two modes . . . within a larger literary tradition” (5), he subsequently asserts that by the late nineteenth century, weird fiction becomes “a distinct genre . . . not merely a flavour of the gothic” (55). He charts a determinate genealogy for the genre beginning with Poe, who not only popularized the term “weird” but was an acknowledged influence on numerous fin-de-siècle writers who dabbled or specialized in works of fantastic literature. Many shared a common intellectual concern with the metaphysics of the nonhuman, thereby distinguishing the weird from the gothic’s focus on human subjectivity, as well as a recurrent affective strategy based on “the subject-dissolving power of disgust” rather than the gothic’s “subject-affirming power of sublime fear” (5). This argument about the weird supplanting the gothic receives empirical support from James Machin’s Weird Fiction in Britain, 1880–1939; while Machin conceives of the weird as a mode rather than a genre, he observes that, “after the publication of Sir Walter Scott’s Waverly (1814), it is difficult to find examples of [the gothic’s] use as a literary term until the early twentieth century” ([Palgrave Macmillan, 2018], 14). Newell’s own study suggests that the pervasive use of the term “gothic” for material produced after the early nineteenth century is anachronistic and may occlude the unique cultural trajectories of modern fantastic literature. This work should also appeal to those interested in the intersections between theory...

Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Charity, Community and Religion, 1830-1880, by Alysa Levene

Reviewed by: Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Charity, Community and Religion, 1830–1880 by Alysa Levene Lindsay Katzir (bio) Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Charity, Community and Religion, 1830–1880, by Alysa Levene; pp. vi + 248. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020, $108.00, $35.95 paper, $28.76 ebook. Scholarly interest in the Jews of Victorian Britain has been steadily increasing in recent decades. Since the 1970s historians such as Geoffrey Alderman, David Feldman, Todd M. Endelman, and Vivian D. Lipman, among several others, have been telling remarkable and invaluable tales of Victorian Britain’s Sephardi and Ashkenazi communities. Their research has largely focused on patterns of assimilation and acculturation, especially among the upper classes, and has mostly centered on Victorian London, which is understandable given that London has always been home to the majority of Britain’s Jews. But Alysa Levene’s recent monograph, Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Charity, Community and Religion, 1830–1880, makes a compelling case for the centrality of provincial Jews to Anglo-Jewish history. [End Page 700] Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain expands upon studies like Bill Williams’s The Making of Manchester Jewry, 1740–1875 (1976), Nikos Kokosalakis’s Ethnic Identity and Religion: Tradition and Change in Liverpool Jewry (1982), and Ben Braber’s Jews in Glasgow, 1879– 1939 (2007) by looking at seven different industrial cities, making it the first monograph to research provincial Jewry so expansively. It is a socioeconomic history of the Jews of industrial Britain, and thus it revolves around the Jewish populations of Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, Glasgow, and Hull. In it, Levene examines maps, statistics, census data, and communal records to understand social, geographical, and transpatial notions of community among provincial Jews. In particular, Levene uses the 1851 Religious Census, a survey of all identifiable houses of worship, including Nonconformist, Catholic, and Jewish, to assess communal bonds in a period of rapid migration and assimilation. In this evaluation of provincial Jewish communities, Levene challenges a prevailing view of industrialism: that it severed cherished family ties and replaced them with mere communities of circumstance. Her research centers on evidence of postindustrial kinship, including household arrangements, residence patterns, employment histories, and religious practices, rather than the endeavors of official communal leadership. While previous scholarship has especially focused on the histories of communal leadership, those facts were less relevant to the daily lives of average provincial Jews. Levene makes several other suggestions for further research, including a renewed focus on the mid-nineteenth century, as opposed to limiting inquiry to the early and late nineteenth centuries, both of which have received much more attention from scholars. Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain explores the mid-century as a period of growth in industrial towns and the Anglo-Jewish population, generally, as well as a time of meticulous recordkeeping by these communities. Those records remain largely unstudied. Levene makes extensive use of the Anglo-Jewish Database (AJDB), a digital archive based upon the 1851 census that also includes information on the Jews of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Calling the AJDB an underutilized resource, Levene encourages other scholars to make use of its data, an invaluable resource for Anglo-Jewish studies. In order to draw conclusions about communities that may have included gentiles living among Jews, Levene works from the same broad definition of Jewishness as the AJDB, defining a Jew as “anyone who was, or may be assumed to have been, Jewish by either birth, conversion or cultural affiliation, whether or not they retained that identity later in life” (14). Levene’s definition is especially appropriate to the mid-century, which saw an increase in intermarriages. Jews in Nineteenth-Century Britain is divided into two parts. Chapters 2 through 4 focus on households, residence patterns, and finances. Chapter 2 deals with the household and family structures of provincial Jews. In it, Levene uses tables to share data, showing statistics such as numbers of Jewish households in each city, kinds of households (that is, the composition of families), and the presence of lodgers. In addition to data sets, Levene also provides anecdotal evidence of specific families. Levene concludes that Jewish kinship ties extended beyond financial convenience and instead revolved around feelings of...

Outcast: Limits and Possibilities in Casting Black Performers in the Age of Granular Dramaturgy

The history of Black performance in Canada goes back to the early nineteenth century alongside blackface. In the late twentieth century, ‘blind casting’ became an opportunity for Black performers to work on canonical works of Western theatre. But this form of casting is problematic as it asks the audience to look beyond the identity of the performer, to disregard any important facet of their humanity. As casting is evolving to acknowledge the identity of the performers, some cases show that cultural casting demands additional human and financial resources so that the work is precise and culturally accurate. A deft use of conscious casting can lead to more layered and additional aesthetic complexity to play in the repertoire. A judicious application of our new paradigms in culturally specific and safer spaces should not be construed as dogma; in fact, there are occasions where we must subvert our thinking for greater artistic results and compassionate treatment of performers. Lenity and mindfulness in casting will guide casting directors and institutional dramaturges, and this will yield better artistic results.

Negociación, lágrimas y maldiciones: La fiscalidad extraordinaria en la monarquía hispánica, 1620–1814

Negociación, lágrimas y maldiciones: La fiscalidad extraordinaria en la monarquía hispánica, 1620–1814

Judiciary and Wealth in the Ottoman Empire, 1689–1843

Abstract This article examines the accumulation, temporal variation, and inequality of wealth in the Ottoman judiciary between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. Using information from the estate inventories, we calculate the gross and net wealth of judges at the time of death. Comparisons against contemporary economic indicators show low to moderate levels of wealth accumulation among the judiciary. Wealth levels varied significantly across judiciary subgroups and they dropped drastically in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Regression analysis shows that differences in motives for bequests and family connections to other members of the judiciary contributed to the inequality of wealth.

The Oxford Handbook of The History of Education

This handbook suggests a global, transnational perspective on the history of education as a field. Apart from an introductory chapter written by the editors, the text includes 36 articles divided into six parts. Each article describes a subject in the field and ends with a bibliography for further reading. As repeatedly stressed in the book, this field has developed since the early nineteenth century with the emergence of the modern nation-state. Its scope and content expanded and underwent some transformations since the 1960s with the introduction of new perspectives, issues, and methods through interaction with the discipline of history and the broader social sciences.

Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade

Philip Carpenter and the convergence of science and entertainment in the early-nineteenth century instrument trade

Empire, Exploration and ‘Failure’: The Euphrates Expedition and the Route to India that Never Was

ABSTRACT In the early nineteenth century, Suez was not the only possibility for a shortcut between Britain and its rapidly expanding Indian empire. Serious consideration was also given to a route via Mesopotamia. In 1835, the lavishly funded Euphrates Expedition set out to determine the suitability of the river for steam navigation, assess the political complications, and complete maps and natural historical surveys. The Expedition began with an extraordinarily laborious overland transport through Syria, hauling two dismantled steamships across the desert, a process resisted by both Ottoman and Egyptian authorities. Things did not become much easier upon reaching the river, and a series of calamities ensued, most significantly the complete loss of one of the steamers in a hurricane. In this article, I use the Euphrates Expedition to consider various notions of ‘failure’ and breakdown in the histories of empire, science and exploration. In terms of everyday expeditionary practice, the Expedition might be seen as a series of cascading failures, from cross-cultural negotiation to technological limits, and it was in another sense an imperial ‘failure’ as ‘the route to India that never was.’ At the same time, this article interrogates a tension in the historiography around what it means to tell the story of imperial exploration and surveying as one of limits, confusion, vulnerability and dependency – or ultimately ‘failure’ – given the often pervasive legacies and consequences of these activities for the places and peoples surveyed.

Hayek’s theory of mind and the origins of the neoliberal critique of modern liberalism

ABSTRACT Although it is broadly accepted that neoliberalism emerged as a reaction to what its foundational thinkers believed was a crisis of modern liberalism, little work has been done to understand either the timing or the nature of the intellectual shift that gave rise to it. Through an assessment of Friedrich Hayek’s thought, this article claims that the neoliberal critique of liberalism is primarily grounded in an epistemological dispute about the capabilities of mind that can be traced to the early nineteenth century and the development of Jeremy Bentham’s universal principle of self-preference. Hayek’s epistemological perspective, anchored in a theory of the understanding, and Bentham’s conception of mind as plastic, knowable, measurable, and reformable, led each thinker to embrace vastly different constitutional models. This epistemological dispute is critical to grasp, not merely for historical precision, but also because many of its essential features lurk at the heart of contemporary debates about the rise of an anti-democratic neoliberalism, and the future of liberal democracy.

Hundred years of geophysics (1834–1933)

Geophysics is relatively a new discipline in comparison to physics or geology. Contrary to general perception as an ancillary to geology, the discipline has been developed with a distinct focus of using the principles and methods of physics for the earth processes. Geophysics was born in the nineteenth century as a necessary element of theoretical geography. Academicians and researchers in the field of geography played chief roles from its birth to its present level of maturity. Historical scholarship in this paper provides an account of the development of the discipline over hundred years from its inception in the early nineteenth century. The article covers, how the discipline was conceptualised and what necessary steps were taken, such as establishing learned societies, publishing technical journals and text books, endowing university chairs, opening up departments and course curriculum, and most importantly, appearing as a primary discipline to cater to exploration for mineral resources.

Bleckblåsinstrument i svensk kavallerimusik under 1800-talets början – en omvälvande period

Brass instruments in Swedish cavalry music in the early nineteenth century – a period of transition
 This article makes use of archival material – early brass scores and financial accounts – in Swedish cavalry regimental archives, providing information about the use of natural horns and trumpets and keyed instruments (keyed bugles, ophicleïdes) and about the introduction of valve brass instruments – French horns, (Swedish) cornets, horns, trombones and bass tubas – in Sweden during the first half of the nineteenth century.
 Preserved Swedish cavalry scores from the early nineteenth century reflect Prussian traditions and show how recent compositions, especially pieces of opera music, were arranged by cavalry band masters and musicians, several of which were members of the Royal Orchestra and thus familiar with what was on the fore in the Swedish capital. Their instruments were of north German models, bought by band masters and musicians and copied, repaired and developed by Swedish brass workers and workshops. Keyed and natural instruments were used alongside the new valve instruments from around 1830 and well into the mid-nineteenth century.

The Collapse of Mercantilism: Anglo-Hispanic Trans-Pacific Ventures in Asia at the End of the Spanish Empire (1815–30)

Early modern connections between the Pacific shores of the Spanish Empire have been assessed in previous studies and yet, studies on the subsequent developments during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are scant. This particularly applies to the consequences of the commercial developments at the end of the Manila Galleon and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in America. Through the analysis of the professional networks of Francisco Xavier de Ezpeleta, and Juan Nepomuceno Machado, which stretched from Asia to Mexico at the time, this paper proposes some preliminary conclusions about trans-Pacific links. It focuses on the study of networks and connections, and builds upon archival sources — mostly from the Jardine Matheson Archive, in Cambridge. In the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth centuries, actors who made up Hispanic trading networks in what remained of the crumbling Spanish Empire, reorganised to benefit from opportunities as mercantilist limitations came to an end. In so doing, by the 1820s, Hispanic traders allied with the forebears of the British firm of Jardine, Matheson & Co., and controlled the resulting networks. This paper points to Hispanic trans-Pacific connections during the development of European private trade between East Asia and the Mexican Pacific. Ties between British and Hispanic merchants are key for the analysis of the opium trade and Western imperialism in East Asia, and the development of British commercial hegemony in Latin America in the nineteenth century.

Canvassing, Constituents And Cobblers: Richard Brinsley Sheridan As MP For Stafford 1780-1806 And Late Eighteenth-Century Electioneering

ABSTRACT This article explores Whig MP, playwright, theatre manager, press manager and orator Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s relationship with his constituency of Stafford and his role as a constituency MP. It addresses the web of patronage that was important for obtaining and maintaining a freeman borough seat such as Stafford in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. It considers a range of electoral behaviours throughout Sheridan’s time as MP for Stafford and how this fits into the unreformed electoral system, as well as the relationships, expectations, and obligations of a constituency MP in Stafford, at that time.

Emergency, Exception, and the Colonial Rule of Law: The Case of British India

ABSTRACT Giorgio Agamben’s now axiomatic formulation of the ‘state of exception’ is problematic when we consider the colonial world. As scholars have pointed out, Agamben’s framework is inherently Eurocentric and fails to consider how racial difference rendered colonial rule an inherently authoritarian and anti-democratic enterprise from the outset. The blurring of executive, legislative, and judicial powers that Agamben identifies with the state of exception were, in fact, integral, systemic features of colonial power. Using British India as a case study, this article seeks to re-orient our understanding of states of emergency or siege away from the framework of the exception to consider how they may be more usefully considered as general techniques of colonial power. In so doing, it argues that rather than representing a point of rupture or change, the First World War simply offered an opportunity for the British colonial state to draw upon and expand an already extensive repertoire of coercive executive and legal practices that had been central to colonial control since the early nineteenth century.

Publishing Respectability: Almira Spencer and the Young Ladies' Journal of Literature and Science

Almira Spencer’s Young Ladies’ Journal of Literature and Science (1830-31) was the rare magazine both published and edited by a woman in the early nineteenth century and illustrates how such publications were creative and capitalist ventures that allowed women to exercise an unusual amount of freedom in business and exert social influence. Spencer's magazine was an instrument for expressing her opinions, an occasion to be an arbiter of middle-class values, and a means to earning a living. Spencer harnessed her experience as a respectable woman, mother, and teacher to guide, inform, and educate the daughters of America's middle class through a magazine carefully crafted to consider their unique intellectual needs, moral responsibilities, and role in society. By launching her opinions and judgement into the public arena through a magazine, Spencer embodied both the possibilities of empowerment and obstacles of constraint in middle-class women’s lives in the 1820s and 1830s.

A short history of humour in travel writing

ABSTRACT Until comparatively recent times, travel writing has not been a genre renowned for its humorous qualities. Yet nothing demonstrates the cultural and historical relativity of humour as clearly as the evolution of travel writing from the early nineteenth century onwards. With a focus on three narratives of failed quests, this essay traces the broad developmental arc of humour in travel writing over two hundred years. The narrative of John Ross’s Arctic expedition exemplifies the way in which colonial-era writing invites readers to share a comic superiority over simple-minded indigenes. From the mid-twentieth century, Eric Newby’s work illustrates a trend towards self-irony and self-mockery whereby humour becomes a versatile expression of the rhetoric of anti-conquest. Finally, Bill Bryson’s books typify the increasing reliance in contemporary writing on incongruities of form and content and other strategies consistent with the development of a post-touristic travel stance.

Features of the Organisation of Illegal Book Printing of the Fedoseyevtsy Old Believers in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

This article attempts to analyse the book publishing activities of the Bespopovtsy Old Believers in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Old Believer book printing of this period is the least studied section in the history of Russian printed books. From its inception in the early eighteenth century until 1905, the book publishing of the Old Believers was illegal. If the period of the eighteenth — early nineteenth centuries is clear enough, there is only a certain general idea of the situation in the second half of the nineteenth — early twentieth centuries (before 1905). The reason for this is that all editions of the latter period are anonymous or have false imprints. The author of the article offers her own approach to the study of this stage of Old Believer printing. In her opinion, it is necessary to identify and describe publications with their subsequent grouping based on the commonality of some features, primarily fonts and ornamentation, with a further search for ways to link these book groups to printing houses known from archival documents. Following this approach, the article identifies a group of publications, which list Pochaev as their place of publication. An analysis of these publications and identified archival materials makes it possible to identify eight printing houses in which they were printed. The study results in the following hypothesis: all these printing houses belonged to the Old Believers of the Fedoseyevtsy denomination, they closely interacted with each other, forming a kind of network, whose activities were guided and inspired by the Preobrazhensky cemetery. A special role in the production of printed materials of the Fedoseyevtsy denomination was played by the printing house of the Ovchinnikov brothers, which functioned for about 35 years. It helped smaller printing houses, cast fonts for them, made decor clichйs, and received materials from closed establishments. After the Ovchinnikov printing house ceased operations, other printers took over from them, who probably studied with them and purchased their equipment.

An ordinary malaria? Intermittent fever in Denmark, 1826-1886.

Intermittent fever is a historical diagnosis with a contested meaning. Historians have associated it with both benign malaria and severe epidemics during the Early Modern Era and early nineteenth century. Where other older medical diagnoses perished under changing medical paradigms, intermittent fever 'survived' into the twentieth century. This article studies the development in how intermittent fever was framed in Denmark between 1826 and 1886 through terminology, clinical symptoms and aetiology. In the 1820s and 1830s, intermittent fever was a broad disease category, which the diagnosis 'koldfeber'. Danish physicians were inspired by Hippocratic teachings in the early nineteenth century, and patients were seen as having unique constitutions. For that reason, intermittent fevers presented itself as both benign and severe with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. As the Parisian school gradually replaced humoral pathology in the mid-nineteenth century, intermittent fever and koldfeber became synonymous for one disease condition with a nosography that resembles modern malaria. The nosography of intermittent fever remained consistent throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. Although intermittent fever was conceptualized as caused by miasmas throughout most of the nineteenth century, the discovery of the Plasmodium parasite in 1880 led to a change in the conceptualization of what miasmas were. The article concludes that the development of how intermittent fever was framed follows the changing scientific paradigms that shaped Danish medicine in the nineteenth century.

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel