Early Movement Research Articles

Modified tai chi movement training based on sEMG and movement analysis on improving upper extremities motor function: a protocol for a clinical randomised controlled trial

IntroductionStroke survivors often face motor dysfunction, increasing fall risk. Lower extremity muscle weakness is a key factor affecting walking ability. Tai chi (TC) has been shown to improve muscle strength...

The farmers’ revolt in the Netherlands: Causes and consequences

The Netherlands is blessed with abundant water, flat countryside and an openness to trade. This has helped to propel the agricultural sector to be one of the most productive in the world. Dutch farmers are savvy, well-educated and work within strict environmental regulations. What explains, then, the farmers’ revolt that started in 2019? It almost brought the country to its knees, led to the largest post-war electoral shift and started an international movement of farmers. How could such a ubiquitous chemical element, nitrogen, have such a significant effect on farmers, Dutch politics and eventually the biodiversity directive of the European Commission? The revolt led to the strong presence of farmers’ issues in parliament and a new dynamic in the debate about social change in the countryside, agricultural interests and nature protection. This article gives an overview of the events that led up to the farmers’ revolt, its connection with earlier movements and its longer-term ramifications.

The Predictive Role of visual attention bias in aggressive driving decisions among violation-involved drivers on attitudes of right-of-way

This study, based on dual-process theory, explores the aggressive driving decision-making characteristics and cognitive processing of violation-involved drivers in right-of-way infringement scenarios. It aims to identify an eye-movement indicator that can predict drivers’ prosocial behaviors. The study recruited 75 drivers aged 19–58 years, who completed a video-based aggressive driving decision-making test and the Driver Attitudes of Right-of-way Questionnaire (DARQ). The results indicate that age moderates the relationship between violation history and visual attentional bias. Younger drivers with a history of violations exhibit an attentional bias towards aggressive words, whereas older drivers do not. After controlling for age, violation-involved drivers demonstrated a higher rate of aggressive decision-making, especially in situations with very short lane-change time headway. Visual attentional bias towards aggressive words can effectively predict positive emotions in attitudes towards the right-of-way. This suggests that early eye movement indicators during the driving decision-making process represent a form of socioemotional characteristic. The more positive the driver’s right-of-way attitude, the stronger their prosocial behavior and the weaker their intuitive impulsiveness during the early cognitive processing stages of driving decision-making. This indicates that the driving decision-making eye-movement assessment paradigm is an objective and effective method for evaluating drivers’ pro-sociality.

The Charcoal Iron Industry and Pennsylvania Forestry

ABSTRACT Pennsylvania was a pioneer in the forestry conservation movement, as one of the earliest states to develop forestry legislation, a forestry commission, state forestry reservations, and a forestry association. There are well-known early forestry leaders, like Gifford Pinchot, first chief of the US Forest Service, and Joseph T. Rothrock, the father of Pennsylvania forestry. However, much of the early foundation of the forestry movement in the state is not readily recognized. Bernhard Fernow, third chief of the federal Division of Forestry, had Pennsylvania roots. John Birkinbine, a founder and president of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association (for nearly a quarter-century), quietly provided much of the leadership for the early forestry movement. Surprisingly, Pennsylvania’s charcoal iron industry had connections to all four of these forestry leaders. Charcoal production in the state is sometimes associated with forest devastation, but a deeper look shows it is more closely associated with forest conservation.

Disinformation and the Ghost of Margaret Sanger

This study sought to investigate the prominence of U.S. birth control pioneer and eugenicist Margaret Sanger in social media discourse through a critical disinformation studies lens. Using computational and qualitative analysis techniques, 60 months of public Facebook posts and Google search data were analyzed to explore the scope, reach, and engagement with messages that reference Sanger and examine how injustice frames utilizing Sanger’s historical ties to eugenics are being used today to misinform and disinform on abortion and other issues. Injustice frames featuring Sanger were deployed to portray abortion as a method for Black genocide; vilify feminism as racist, anti-woman, and anti-motherhood; and depict the Black Lives Matter social justice movement and cancel culture as hypocritical. This analysis also captured a moment in time when Sanger’s legacy was being reconsidered by Planned Parenthood, the organization she founded, indicating that a long-sought-after reckoning with the racist roots of the early birth control movement in the United States may be underway—with both predictable and unpredictable rippling effects in disinformative spaces.

RATING SCALES AND INDICATORS OF DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING IN PREDICTING MOTOR DEFICIT REGRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL STROKE

Stroke and subsequent movement disorders are a significant medical and social problem. In 2021, 500 thousand newly diagnosed strokes were registered in the Russian Federation. No more than 10 % of people return to work within the first year after a stroke, 30 % remain disabled for life. In this regard, it is the relevant to predict motor disease outcomes at different periods in patients with a cerebral stroke. The currently existing severity scales are mostly used to characterize early movement disorders, and long-term effects often remain unassessed. There are no methods for predicting the degree of movement disorders in patients with a cerebral stroke in the long term. Objectively, information on the ratio of the level of brain damage and the likelihood of subsequent motor deficit improvement in vivo can be obtained from neuroimaging images. Predicting the severity of movement disorders is potentially possible by analyzing the state of CNS conducting pathways, primarily the corticospinal tracts. This paper presents our vision on using a clinical neuroimaging method to predict the regression of motor consequences after a cerebral stroke using neurological rating scales and visual assessment of the corticospinal tracts during MRI based on the modern literature analysis. According to the literature, clinical scales used in the acute period of acute cerebrovascular accident correlate with the assessment of corticospinal tract profile. Therefore, the combination of these methods is promising while assessing motor deficit regression.

Investigating the link between temperamental and motor development: a longitudinal study of infants aged 6–42 months

BackgroundSince the 1920s, motor development has been a strong research theme, focusing on infants' acquisition of motor skills, such as turning over and crawling. In the 1980s, a dynamic systems approach began emphasizing children's own motivation, which helped explain individual differences in the emergence of motor skills. However, few studies have examined factors contributing to individual differences in early motor development. In response, we investigated directional associations between temperament and motor development in children aged 6 months to 3 years.MethodThe Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS-A) recruited mothers between January 2011 and March 2014. 2,639 mothers were sent a questionnaire at 6 months, and responses were received from 1,657 of them, with full data for children aged 6 months, 2 years, and 3 years, including from three mothers of twins, were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Question items regarding fine and gross motor activities at each age were selected by pediatric neurologists specializing in developmental disorders. The Japanese version of the Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire was administered at 42 months. Temperament was assessed through the parent-reported Behavior Questionnaire (short version) for infants, toddlers, and children. In all three measures, Surgency and Negative Affectivity were extracted, and Effortful Control, a major form of self-regulation, was found from toddlerhood onward, as in previous studies.ResultsA path diagram reveals that at 6 months, Surgency and Orienting/Regulation interacted positively with the motor function (respectively, r = .57; r = 40, ps < .001). Up to about 3 years, Effortful Control plays a role in facilitating the motor function, resulting in positive effects on Control During Movement (CDM), General Coordination (GC), and Fine Motor Movement (FMM) (β = 14; β = 30; β = 37, ps < .001). Surgency had a positive effect on CDM and GC (β = 18; β = 06, ps < .001), whereas Negative Affect had a negative influence on FMM and GC (β = -.08; β = -.08, ps < .001).ConclusionWhile Surgency may be a key reactive factor in early motor development, Effortful Control and Movement develop in an interactive manner.Trial registrationUMIN000030786.Scientific Title: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study.Date of disclosure of the study: 2018/01/15.Only questionnaires were administered in the study.

A ritualistic reading of Mark 7:1–23

This article examines the ritual dynamics and identity negotiation in Mark 7:1–23, aiming to unpack the complex interaction between ritual practices and social identity in early Christian communities. Drawing on ritual theory from anthropology and sociology, this research analyses the significance of ritual purity and its implications for group identity formation and maintenance. Mark 7:1–23 presents a confrontation between Jesus and the Pharisees about the observance of the handwashing ritual before meals, highlighting opposing understandings of purity and religious tradition between Jesus and the Pharisees. Jesus’s critique of an external ritual of handwashing as an identity marker emphasises the purity of the heart as a valid identity marker for all children of God. Through a ritualistic reading of Mark 7:1–23, this article seeks to explore the role played by rituals in identity formation in antiquity. By engaging with ritual theory as a lens to unpack the Pharisees’ perspective and that of Jesus on what identifies a true child of God, this article aims to offer insights into the complexities of identity as understood by both Jesus’s early movement and the Pharisees.Contribution: This interdisciplinary study of Mark 7:1–23 utilises ritual theory to expose the interaction between ritual practices and identity negotiation within early Christian communities, revealing how Jesus’s critique of external rituals facilitated the formation of a distinctively Christian identity centred on inner transformation and ethical conduct.

The Changing Character of the Torah

Abstract In this essay I suggest that the attitudes to Jewish law and the conflicting interpretations reflected by the early Jesus tradition are best understood within a landscape of change, in which the character of torah as instruction, guidance, and description gradually morphed into a more prescriptive and judicial nomos. Although the tensions described in the sources usually concern Jesus and the Pharisees, a comparison with the legal interpretation in some of the texts from Qumran sheds light on the principled differences between the early Jesus movement’s understanding of the law’s character and function and that of its opponents. It is suggested that Jesus and his early followers saw no conflict between the Torah’s guidance and its pragmatic application, but objected to some interpretations associated with its transformation.

Characteristics and effectiveness of deep and ultradeep tight sandstone fractures: Insights from geologic and geophysical data analysis

Effective natural fractures are those that contribute to reservoir storage and conductivity. In this study, the effectiveness of fractures in deep and ultradeep reservoirs (depths &gt; 6 km) is evaluated by using geophysical image logs, cores, microstructures, mechanical tests, and geologic evidence of the tectonic context (including current in situ stress) and sedimentary faces and diagenesis. Intraformational open-mode fractures are the most common fracture type in this tectonically active region, and their effectiveness is affected by the coupling between past tectonic activity, in situ stress, and chemical reactions such as mineral precipitation or dissolution (diagenesis). Our results show that the effectiveness of fractures is mainly related to the aperture and filling, and fractures formed by early tectonic movement are more likely to be filled by minerals, reducing their effectiveness. Strata near orogenic belts in strongly cemented, tight diagenetic facies exhibit a greater abundance of mineral-filled fractures, whereas dissolution increases the fracture apertures, produces secondary pores in host rocks, and roughens the fracture walls. The effective normal stress acting on the fracture surface decreases when the fracture is parallel to the maximum horizontal stress component, so the fracture has a large aperture and, therefore, is more effective. The results of our laboratory measurements reveal that the contribution of fractures to the reservoir space is limited, and the reservoir space provided by fractures accounts for only 13% of all types of reservoir space, whereas the presence of fractures increases reservoir permeability by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Fractures improve the effectiveness of the reservoir by connecting the dispersed pores in the reservoir matrix. Fractures with a low angle to the maximum horizontal stress component have greater apertures and permeabilities and are the main channels for fluid flow.

Subversive Liturgical Song: Jonas Manjengwa’s “Ndofamba Ndofamba” Song in the Methodist Episcopal Church and Colonial Regime in Southern Rhodesia

Abstract This article interrogates the work of Jonas Mandara Manjengwa, an African convert in the early movement of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) in Rhodesia. The article examines the ingenuity of Manjengwa, an MEC African pastor-teacher, in challenging the church’s ideological conceptions through his song “Ndofamba Ndofamba.” By prioritizing Manjengwa’s song, the article explores the appropriation of indigeneity in music writing as a challenge to the MEC’s theological and ideological conceptions. Utilizing James Scott’s “hidden transcript” theory, the article submits that “Ndofamba Ndofamba” is a subversive composition within the matrix of missionary liturgical hegemony. The subversion follows what Lamin Sanneh calls the “indigenous discovery of Christianity”—a prioritization of indigenous cultures in understanding Christianity. The article concludes that “Ndofamba Ndofamba” connotes subversion against the church’s ideology and the broader sociopolitical and economic realities in the Rhodesian colonial hegemony.

Exotic ceramics from the Murray Islands, Eastern Torres Strait

The discovery of Lapita-decorated ceramics in the Massim region and southern Papua New Guinea coast, along with finds of pottery on Jiigurru (Lizard Island) in the Great Barrier Reef and in the Torres Strait demonstrates the presence of seaborne movements in the Coral Sea as early as ∼ 2900–2500 cal. BP (Ulm et al. 2024). As an introduced Austronesian technology, ceramics are central to archaeological understandings of early maritime routes and cross-cultural relationships between Island Southeast Asians, Papuan peoples, and Indigenous Australians. In the Torres Strait only a small number of pot sherds have been reported. Those found in the western islands were probably made using local materials, while the ceramics from eastern islands have been sourced to southern Papua New Guinea (Carter 2004). In this paper, petrographic examination of sherd tempers recently recovered from the Eastern Torres Strait islands of Dauar and Waier indicate derivation from the Purari River basin in southern New Guinea. A distinct granitic temper sherd dated to ∼ 2600 cal. BP differs from known sherd tempers and likely originates from the Western Torres Strait. The provenance of this granitic sherd is consistent with the early movement of ceramic-making groups along the south New Guinea coast and into the Torres Strait, and with the ability of these groups to make long-distance passages in the Arafura and Coral Seas.

Anarchist tendencies in the early socialist movement in Korea, 1919–1924

Korean anarchism is in many ways a unique phenomenon, as is the history of this Far Eastern country. Anarchists played a prominent role in the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule, which dominated the country from 1910 to 1945. Along with Korean nationalists and communists, they became the “third force” in the anti-colonial struggle, which has attracted the interest of historians. A close connection with the issues of the struggle against the colonial power of Japan gave special features and direction to Korean anarchism, which was forced to oscillate between the demands for restoring the country’s independence and the anarchist tradition of denying any state as such. Unfortunately, the history of Korean anarchism remains virtually unexplored in Soviet and Russian academic literature. This article is intended to make the first steps in researching this topic. The article analyses the initial period in the development of the anarchist movement in the country, the time of its birth, drawing on original texts and publications by Korean socialists and anarchists of the early 1920s and taking into account the study of the issue in Korean and foreign historiography. The article shows that, as in other East Asian countries (Japan and China), anarchism in Korea was not initially identified as a special current in the socialist movement, and elements of anarchism, Bolshevism and social reformism were often mixed in the ideas of early Korean socialists. The separation of anarchism as a movement from this general socialist “conglomerate” occurred under the influence of disappointment in Russian Bolshevism and the results of the Great Russian Revolution.

U-Pb AGE OF ZIRCONS FROM PALEOPROTEROZOIC SECONDARY QUARTZITES OF THE BOLSHOI TYUTERS ISLAND AND FROM SANDY MATRIX OF EARLY RIPHEAN CONGLOMERATES OF THE GOGLAND ISLAND (GULF OF FINLAND): FEATURES OF THE PRE-RIPHEAN HIATUS IN SEDIMENTATION IN THE NORTHEAST OF THE EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM

The paper presents the results of U-Pb isotope dating of zircons extracted from rocks of the southern part of the Baltic Shield (Early Riphean conglomerates and Paleoproterozoic secondary quartzites) and makes a comparison of these results with the ages of crystalline complexes of the East European Platform (EEP). The paper presents the study results on composition of quartzites from the Bol. Tyuters and Gogland islands. There has been discussion about tectonic and paleogeographical features in the period prior to the beginning of Riphean sedimentation in the northeastern part of the EEP. It is concluded that the conglomerates are composed of erosional products of mainly Paleoproterozoic and less frequently Archean crystalline complexes. At the same time, the rocks at the base of the generalized section of Riphean deposits (Gogland group), did not contain any zircons with ages referring to 200 million years prior to the inferred time (1640–1660 Ma) of the beginning of the conglomerate sequence formation. The rocks that compose the Gogland group and their underlying Paleoproterozoic basement rocks have significant differences. We associate these differences with the existence of pre-Riphean sheet-like deposits, comprising rocks of essentially quartz composition, in the southern Baltic Shield, in the upper levels of the peneplenized Paleoproterozoic basement structure. The deposits relics are only found on the Bol. Tyuters Island; in all other places, these deposits were completely eroded or underwent significant structural and material transformations. The absence of detrital zircon grains with ages ranging from 1.87 to 1.65 Ga in the clastic rocks of the Riphean basal horizons implies no noticeable Pre-Riphean and Early Riphean orogenic movements in the northeastern part of the EEP. Tectono-magmatic reactivation in this region occurred only in the middle of the Early Riphean.

Segment test to investigate early age movement in grouted connections of offshore wind turbines

Cementitious grout materials are regularly used in structural – and especially in wind energy engineering – as filler material e.g. when joining metallic building members. During the hardening process, it is crucial to protect the grout material from any mechanical agitation, the so called ‘early age movement’, which is not always possible. Previous research showed indifferent results regarding the impact of early age movement on grouted connections. The occurring damage phenomena were not fully understood. To close this knowledge gap, a novel test setup is developed to investigate, how early age movement influences the material and interface properties of cementitious materials in composite connections using the example of grouted connections. A simplified mechanical model depicting the grout stiffness development during hydration is introduced to analyse load redistributions and realistic loading of the grout at different points in time. Comparing two loading protocols reveals a severe difference in the stress distribution experienced by the grout. Loading and transition boundaries play a decisive role for possible damage phenomena. The results of a test under axial and lateral early age movement are analysed according to load redistributions and hysteresis development, showing that the stiffening grout continuously reduced the movement until an intact bond is reached. However, analyses of samples subjected to early age movement indicate a slight reduction of their compressive strength.

Disrupting the estate: Katharine Pleydell-Bouverie at Coleshill

ABSTRACT This article explores some of the ways in which queer women living in country houses have used their economic privilege and class leverage for their own purposes, disrupting and reshaping country house living to make space for their own independent endeavours. It takes as its case study the life of Katharine Pleydell-Bouverie (1895–1985), an innovative woman potter in the early British studio ceramics movement who rejected aristocratic, familial and societal expectations of duty and lineage to self-fashion an identity as an artist. Pleydell-Bouverie created a separate household on her family estate of Coleshill where she prioritised pleasurable domesticity with her female partners alongside creative expression and productivity. This essay investigates Pleydell-Bouverie’s use of the estate – both the conditions it afforded her and its ecological materiality – as a resource in her experimental artistic practice and in her alternative, non-heteronormative mode of living.

General Movements Assessment in Infants with High Birth Weight

BackgroundHigh birth weight (HBW) describes fetal birth weight of more than 4000 g. Infants with HBW have a high risk of developing neurological and developmental problems. Until recently, there were no studies in the literature that investigated the quality of spontaneous movements and the integrity of the developing nervous system in infants with HBW. The aims of this study were (1) to describe age-specific detailed early spontaneous movements in infants with HBW and (2) to compare the detailed early spontaneous movements of infants with HBW and normal birth weight (NBW). MethodsTwenty-two infants with HBW (median birth weight = 4190 g) and 22 infants with NBW (median birth weight = 3255 g) were included at 10 to 19 weeks post-term age (median = 13 weeks). All infants were assessed according to General Movement Assessment using three- to five-minute video recordings. Video recordings of each infant were evaluated using Motor Optimality Score for three- to five-month-old infants-Revised score sheet. ResultsMotor Optimality Score-Revised (MOS-R) (P < 0.001), observed postural patterns (P < 0.001), and age-adequate movement repertoire (P = 0.005) were significantly lower in the infants with HBW. Infants with HBW had more aberrant (abnormal or absent) fidgety movements (18%) than those with NBW (0%). ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrated that the motor repertoire of infants with HBW tended to decrease more than that of those with NBW. To enable the follow-up of progression as a result of these assessments infants in need should be referred to age-adequate early intervention programs.

Impact of Range Bar and Ergodic Process on Early Price Trend Detection Using Evidence From USD/CNY Currency

In this paper, range bars and the ergodic theory are combined to investigate early price movements for the USD/CNY currency pair in China from 2015 till 2019. The main findings suggested that early price trend detection may be accomplished within two standard deviations of the mean. During the duration of trading that was restricted to a narrow range, the sample revealed that at least 68 percent of the frequency mean result indicated that range bars solved price trend creation. This paper is subjected to additional analysis in order to acquire a correlation coefficient sample of at least 0.8. This sample revealed that ergodic theory prevented overpriced hedge trends. The goal of this paper is to improve the detection of price trends at an earlier stage than the methodology of trend tracking. Because of this, the authorities need to seriously consider putting early price trend detection models into place in order to boost the liquidity of the local currency.

Towards a feminist praxis and pedagogy in higher education: knowledge-building and social action in Pakistan

ABSTRACT The fourth wave of feminism in Pakistan represents a significant departure from earlier movements, evolving into an intersectional force with widespread participation from younger women. Recent scholarship notes this shift, highlighting how activists are not only demanding equal rights but also critiquing the private/public dichotomy by centreing the intimate spaces where patriarchy is most entrenched. In light of this new phase in the feminist landscape, this article examines the overlooked narratives and experiences of women activists at the Feminist Students Collective (FSC), a student-led collective based in Lahore, Pakistan. It is argued that FSC activists employ a feminist praxis to analyse coloniality and neoliberalism’s entanglement with patriarchy in higher education and beyond. Through mediums such as writing, dance, poetry, theatre, and social media activism, they counter Eurocentrism in institutional spaces of learning and forge epistemic connections across class, religion, ethnicity, and social location in activist spaces.

THE FORMATION OF THE JADIDISM MOVEMENT

The Jadidist social-political movement, which emerged in Turkestan at the close of the 19th and the start of the 20th centuries, is covered in this article. The causes of the rise of Jadidism, the status of the early enlightenment movement within Jadidism, and recently established educational institutions are discussed. ‎