Early Maladaptive Schemas Research Articles

Effectiveness of Day Treatment Group Schema Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Multiple Baseline Single-Case Study.

Schema therapy is effective for most outpatients with personality disorders (PDs). However, a subgroup does not sufficiently benefit from outpatient programmes. Despite its common clinical use, a thorough evaluation of day treatment group schema therapy (GST) is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of day treatment GST for patients with PDs. Negative core beliefs were the primary outcome in a multiple baseline single-case design, measured weekly before and during 30 weeks of day treatment GST. Secondary outcomes included severity of primary PD, early maladaptive schemas (EMS), schema modes and general psychopathology measured before and after day treatment GST. Intervention effects were evaluated through visual inspection and randomization test analysis, with a reliable change index calculated for the secondary outcome measures. A total of 79% of treatment completers showed a significant positive effect of day treatment GST with large effect sizes (Cohen's d: 0.96-10.04). Secondary outcomes supported these findings: 56% had a significant decrease in the severity of primary PD and 53% in general psychopathology. In addition, 63% of EMS and 72% of schema modes (87.5% for functional schema modes) showed significant positive reliable changes. This is the first empirical study that demonstrated the effectiveness of day treatment GST in patients with severe PDs. Day treatment GST can serve as a stepped care treatment option for nonresponsive patients in outpatient programmes. Further randomized controlled (cost-)effectiveness research is necessary to substantiate these findings and investigate the specific patient populations for which day treatment is essential.

A bibliometric analysis of the quantitative schema therapy literature.

The evidence base for schema therapy has evolved significantly since it was first developed by Jeffrey Young in the 1990s. The aim of this bibliometric analysis was to summarize the trends and characteristics of the quantitative literature on schema therapy. PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL Complete databases were last searched on 1 June 2023 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement to identify peer-reviewed journal articles written in English that reported on original quantitative research on schema therapy or schema therapy constructs. NVivo was used to complete a descriptive analysis of the bibliographic, sample and study characteristics, and a coding framework was applied to capture the aspect of the schema therapy model that was the focus of each study, as well as the study context (e.g., the population or outcomes under investigation). SciVal was used to complete citations and authorship analyses. VOSviewer was used to examine co-authorship networks. A total of 704 quantitative studies on schema therapy were published by 483 unique first authors between 1994 and mid-2023. Studies predominantly used correlational designs with small samples (Mdn N = 153) of mostly females aged 18 years or older. The articles tended to focus on early maladaptive schemas, rather than schema domains or schema modes. Schema therapy and its concepts were most frequently studied in the context of depression and personality disorders. SciVal analyses indicated that, on average, articles were cited 27 times, with a Field Weighted Citation Impact of 1.02. Schema therapy research output appears to have slowed in recent years and several critical research gaps were evident. Areas of high priority for future research include schema modes and coping responses, and the use of developmental and longitudinal designs to evaluate several key causal assumptions in the theory underpinning schema therapy.

Relationship of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Emotional Cognitive Regulation with the Mental Health of Operating Room Technologists

Background: The mental health of individuals is an effective factor in having harmonious communication with others and changing and improving personal and social environments. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between primary incompatible patterns, cognitiveemotional regulation, and the mental health of operating room technologists in educational therapeutic centers in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study consisted of all operating room technologists working in educational centers in West Azerbaijan province. The inclusion criteria were technologists who had no history of mental illness diagnosed by a psychiatrist. The sample consisted of 123 people who were selected by simple random sampling. The data were collected using several demographic data forms, including the Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, the Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Mental Health Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman correlation in SPSS 20 software. Results: The results showed a direct relationship between early maladaptive schemas and mental health (r=0.37, P<0.05), as well as between emotional cognitive regulation and mental health (r=0.30, P<0.05). A significant difference was found between emotional cognitive adjustment with age (r=0.12, P<0.05) and work experience (r=0.14, P<0.05), as well as between mental health and employment status (r=0.07, P<0.05). There was a direct and significant relationship. Conclusion: Based on the results, a direct and significant relationship was observed between early maladaptive schemas, emotional cognitive regulation, and the mental health of operating room technologists.

Early maladaptive schema, attachment style, and parenting style in a clinical population with personality disorder and normal individuals: a discriminant analysis model

IntroductionResearchers have shown various variables’ role in forming personality disorders (PD). This study aimed to assess the role of early maladaptive schema (EMS), attachment style (AS), and parenting style (PS) in discriminating between personality disorders and normal individuals.MethodsIn this study, 78 personality disorder patients and 360 healthy volunteers aged 18–84 were selected using convenience sampling. They completed the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSI). Data were analyzed using discriminant analysis with IBM SPSS 25.ResultsThe results showed higher mean scores in all early maladaptive schema domains, insecure attachment styles, and authoritarian parenting in the personality disorder group than in the normal group. Also, discriminant analyses revealed that the function was statistically significant and could distinguish between the two groups and a compound of essential variables, disconnection, impaired autonomy, and secure attachment, respectively, discriminating two groups. Given that all components were able to distinguish between the two groups.ConclusionTherefore, intervention based on these factors early in life may help reduce the characteristics of personality disorders. Also, considering the role of these factors, treatment protocols can be prepared.

Early maladaptive schemas in female patients with migraine and tension-type headache

Chronic headache is a serious clinical problem in women which psychological factors play major role and requires an approach with bio-psycho-social integrity. Psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety disorder and major depression are frequent. Young described Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) as maladaptive and dysfunctional patterns that appear due to unpleasant situations occurred between patient and people who were important to him. EMS affect perception, emotions, thoughts and behaviors that makes a basis for many disorders. EMS are found to be related with depression, anxiety and somatization within recent literature. In literature, chronic pain and migraine’s relationship with EMS were studied before in a few separate articles. However, there is a lack of data that compares the relationship between EMS and clearly distinguished headache types: migraine (MH) and tension-type headache (TTH) especially in female patients who are more prone to somatic complaints/findings. Our study directly compared three groups, migraine and tension type headache and healthy controls. 150 female patients with chronic headache were enrolled for study in consecutive fashion. Exclusion criteria were as follows: age < 18 or > 60 years, male gender, existence of comorbidity affecting central nervous system, headache due to drug/substance abuse, previous diagnosis of migraine with aura, previous diagnosis of psychotic disease, mental retardation, cognitive disorders, being in delirium state. Patients were grouped into two categories according to type of headache and a third control group. All patients were evaluated with Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and their scores were noted and categorized in related schema domains. Sociodemographic data were comparable among groups. However, there were significant differences in terms of previous psychiatric diagnosis and psychiatric drug usage. When we compared YSQ scores, groups differed in many schema categories. MH group showed significantly higher scores in dependency/incompetency, unrelenting standards and punitiveness schemas when compared to remaining two groups. TTH group had significantly more points in emotional deprivation, vulnerability to harm or illness schemas among all groups. On the other hand, control group had significantly higher scores in insufficient self-discipline and entitlement/grandiosity schemas when compared to both MH and TTH groups. Presence of EMS in female patients with headache significantly differed from control group. Types of EMS were also significantly different between patients with MH and TTH among this whole headache group. We suggest that a comprehensive psychotherapeutic approach that targets to improve coping methods for distinct EMS in distinct headache types would provide critical aid to general treatment of headaches especially in resistant cases.

The relationship between spirituality and suicide in young adults: the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in Turkey

Suicide rates among young adults are high. There are many reasons for this. In this study, the effect of early maladaptive schemas on the relationship between spirituality and suicide among young adults was examined. The sample of 413 (326 females and 87 males) ranged in age from 18 to 30 (M = 20.8, SD = 2.02). Spiritual orientation, suicide probability (suicidal ideation) scale, and Young Schema Scale Short Form-3 (social isolation and defectiveness) were used in the study. Data were analysed with the SPSS 22.0 PROCESS program. As a result, social isolation and defectiveness have been found to mediate between spirituality and suicidal ideation.

The Contribution of Systemic Modelling and of Early Maladaptive Schema in Psychiatric Expertise

There are limits in international classifications like DSM 5, CIM 10, which are periodically updated in order to adapt to the constantly changing psychiatric field.&#x0D; Furthermore, the DSM 5 does not allow the mention of a personality disorder before 18 years of age.&#x0D; The modelling proposed by Jeffrey Young-American psychologist-, that of « early maladaptive schema » provide a way out of stagnation by bringing vulnerabilities to the forefront. These may, from an expertal viewpoint, explain some psychological processes that may lead to delinquent behaviours or become fertile ground for agression and development of psychological trauma.&#x0D; The modelling proposed by various systemic theory scientists allows for a more in depth explanation of progressive build-up of a pathology through repeat dysfunctional systemic interactions.&#x0D; This contribution is very useful in judicial but also familial expertise.&#x0D; I will illustrate my remarks through two clinical studies.

Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas, COVID-19 Anxiety, and Death Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant concerns and public panic. Due to the ambiguous and deadly nature of this virus, it triggers anxiety related to COVID-19 and a fear of death. On the other hand, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) can impact anxiety. Objectives: The current research aimed to determine the relationship between EMSs, COVID-19 anxiety, and death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZAUMS) students in Iran. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 ZAUMS students selected through a purposive and convenience sampling technique from May 2022 to December 2022. The data were collected using the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale, the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). The data were analyzed in SPSS 22 using various statistical methods, including frequency analysis, mean calculation, standard deviation calculation, descriptive indices, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The disconnection and rejection schema predicted COVID-19 anxiety without a moderator or with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient as a moderator (B = 0.10, t = 2.69, P &lt; 0.05, R2 = 0.09). Impaired autonomy and performance could predict death anxiety with the moderating role of a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient (B = 0.31 t = 2.14, P &lt; 0.05), history of contracting COVID-19 (B = 0.24; t = 2.12, P &lt; 0.05), discipline, and study period or without any moderator. Over-vigilance could predict death anxiety with the moderating role of discipline or without a moderator (B = 0.41, t = 2.93, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Disconnection and rejection with or without a moderator predict COVID-19 anxiety. Over-vigilance, impaired autonomy, and performance schema domain predict death anxiety. Effective moderators in predicting variables are contact with a COVID-19 patient, history of contracting COVID-19, discipline, and study period.

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Associations with Perceived Parental Bonding among Adolescents Entering Specialized Health Care

Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have scarcely been studied in adolescents. The present study investigates EMSs in two clinical samples of 12–22-year-olds recruited from patients entering a specialized adolescent psychiatry clinic [n = 190] or a pediatric clinic [n = 119] in Finland. The endorsement of EMSs was compared between these samples, and the association of EMSs with perceived parental bonding was assessed. EMSs were assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 2-Extended and particularly affectionless control parenting style with the Parental Bonding Instrument. The main analyses were conducted using general linear modeling. Significant differences existed between the two samples, with most EMSs and EMS domains being stronger in the adolescent psychiatry sample. The Disconnection and Rejection domain was associated with maternal affectionless control in the adolescent psychiatry sample and paternal affectionless control in the pediatric sample. The results provide novel findings of EMSs in adolescents and their links to parenting.

Early Maladaptive Schemas’ Associations with Big-Five Personality Traits in Two Non-Clinical Adult Samples from Different Cultural Backgrounds

Introduction: While personality traits and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) can affect an individual’s behavior and well-being, the links between these constructs are under-researched, especially in non-clinical samples. Aims: Two studies were conducted to address these links, intending to explore their specifics, as previous research evidenced various associations’ models. Methods: In Study 1, the sample consisted of 120 respondents (65.0% females) living in the UK and the USA. In Study 2, the sample consisted of 244 respondents (68.0% females) living in Lithuania. In both studies, most of the respondents were aged 18-25. The survey was administered online. Studies 1 and 2 applied the Big Five Inventory and Young Schema Questionnaire. Results: In Study 1, neuroticism was significantly positively associated with 17 EMSs. Extraversion stood significantly negatively related to 12 EMSs, conscientiousness was significantly negatively related to 15 EMSs, openmindedness stood significantly negatively related to 2 EMSs, but significantly positively related to admiration, and agreeableness appeared significantly negatively related to 9 EMSs. In Study 2, neuroticism was significantly positively associated with 16 EMSs. Extraversion stood significantly negatively related to 9 EMSs, conscientiousness was significantly negatively related to 12 EMSs, open-mindedness and agreeableness were significantly negatively related to 10 EMSs. Conclusions: Study 2 partly failed to replicate the results of Study 1, which implies that the model of links between EMSs and personality traits could be impacted by cultural factors, and needs further investigation.

PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT WITH EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE EPILEPTICS.

Abstract Background of study: Individuals with epilepsy face number of psychological and physical challenges in their daily life. One of the issues is the faulty thought processes, such as disturbed thinking, holding negative beliefs about their selves, lack of social support from their family. Objectives: To examine (a) Younger epileptics will exhibit more early maladaptive schemas, and perceived low social support as compare to older epileptics.(b) Female epileptics will have more early maladaptive schemas, and perceived more social support as compared to male epileptics. (c) Married epileptics will experience less early maladaptive schemas, and perceived more social support as compared to unmarried epileptics. Methodology: This Correlational study was conducted on epileptic patients from March 2021 to December 2021. Sample of the current study was comprised of 200 epileptic patients. The sample was purposefully selected from hospitals and clinics of Lahore Pakistan. The questionnaire, Urdu version of young schema questionnaire short form (YSQ-SF), Urdu version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), were used to analyze the effect of early maladaptive schemas on perceived social support and quality of life among epileptics. Result: Results of the current study concluded that old-aged epileptics have less early maladaptive schemas, and perceived more social support as compared to young-aged epileptic. It is also concluded that female epileptics exhibited more maladaptive schemas, and perceived social support, as compared to male epileptics. Unmarried epileptics suffering from generalized seizure scored higher on early maladaptive schema and perceived low social support. While married epileptics suffering from generalized epileptic seizure and have perceived low social support. Conclusion: The results of study confirm the hypothesis by establishing examine the effect of early maladaptive schemas with perceived social support. Early maladaptive schemas have negative affect with perceived social support. Generalize seizure have high scores on early maladaptive schema and low score on perceived social support as compared to focal seizure epileptics. Key Word: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life.

The Causal Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Attachment Styles with Attitudes Toward Marital Infidelity Among Married Men and Women

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a causal model of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles with attitudes toward marital infidelity among married men and women attending counseling centers in Tonekabon. Methods and Materials: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, conducted as a survey using the statistical method of structural equation modeling. A total of 75 individuals, both men and women attending counseling centers in Tonekabon, were selected using simple random sampling to test the hypotheses and model fit. Data were collected using the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (1998), the Hazan and Shaver Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1998), and the Mark Whitley Marital Infidelity Questionnaire (2009). Data were analyzed using SPSS22 and SmartPLS3 software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of data, confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the questions and identify key factors of each component, and structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the fit of the research model. Findings: Based on the results, the causal relationship model of the aforementioned variables exhibited an acceptable fit. The results indicated that all fitness indices showed the model's alignment with the data. Overall, in the proposed research model, all paths were significant, thus confirming the hypotheses related to these paths. Additionally, the findings revealed that early maladaptive schemas had a significant positive effect on attitudes toward marital infidelity (β = 3.338), secure attachment styles on attitudes toward marital infidelity (β = 4.048), avoidant attachment styles on attitudes toward marital infidelity (β = 2.946), and ambivalent attachment styles on attitudes toward marital infidelity (β = 3.925), all of which are greater than the value of 1.96, indicating a significant positive effect at a 95% confidence level. Attachment styles, through early maladaptive schemas, had a significant indirect effect on attitudes toward marital infidelity among married men and women attending counseling centers in Tonekabon. Conclusion: The findings suggest that as the level of early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles change in clients, their attitudes toward marital infidelity increase correspondingly.

Examining the Fit of the Psychological Well-Being Model of Adolescents Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas with the Mediation of Emotion Regulation

Objective: Adolescence brings about new changes in the psychological system, including thinking and planning for the future, evaluating alternatives, introspection, reasoning, abstract thinking, new levels of autonomy and assertiveness, and generally new cognitive abilities. Methods and Materials: This study aimed to examine the fit of the psychological well-being model of adolescents based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of emotion regulation. The research design was applied in nature, using a descriptive-correlational method with a structural modeling approach. The statistical population of this study included all adolescents studying in the second period of secondary schools in Tehran during the academic year 2020-2021. The sample consisted of 400 individuals selected from the research population using cluster sampling. The tools used in this study included the Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Ryff, 1989), the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1994), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz &amp; Roemer, 2004). For data analysis in descriptive statistics, SPSS-24 software was used, and for inferential statistical analysis to test hypotheses and confirm or reject them, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method with AMOS-22 software was employed. Findings: The findings indicated that, according to the chi-square and RMSEA criteria, the model provided a good fit for the data regarding the psychological well-being of adolescents based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of emotion regulation. Conclusion: Emotion regulation serves as a mediator between psychological well-being and early maladaptive schemas, meaning that early maladaptive schemas can indirectly enhance psychological well-being by reducing emotional dysregulation.

Early maladaptive schemas in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Current evidence suggests that early maladaptive schemas are affected in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most of the studies on the subject have been conducted with adults, but the number of studies conducted with adolescents with ADHD is quite limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate early maladaptive schemas in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. The study included 66 patients diagnosed with ADHD and 70 healthy adolescents who were similar to the case group in terms of age and gender. Clinical evaluation of the case and control groups were performed with "The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)". "Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale - Revised Short Form (CASS-RS)" and "Set of Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents between the ages of 10-16" were administered to all participants. It was determined that the schema scores of "dependence/incompetence", "vulnerability to harm or illness", "entitlement/grandiosity", "insufficient self-control", "subjugation" were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group. A negative, significant relationship was found between age and "enmeshment/undeveloped self", "entitlement/grandiosity" and "insufficient self-control" schema scores. There was no significant difference between schema scores in terms of gender in the ADHD group. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between the education level of the parents, family income levels and schema scores. A significant positive relationship was found between the CASS-RS scores and all schema scores. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that CASS-RS scores positively predicted all schema scores, while the age variable negatively predicted only the schema scores of "enmeshment/undeveloped self". Results of this study showed that there were significant differences in adolescents in the ADHD group compared to the control group in terms of early maladaptive schemas, and that ADHD symptom levels was associated with early maladaptive schemas.

Investigating the Mediating Role of Personality Functions in the Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Existential Anxiety in Individuals with Depression and Anxiety

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of personality functions in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and existential anxiety in individuals with depression and anxiety. Research Method: The research was cross-sectional, and the analysis was conducted using correlation methods, specifically structural equation modeling (SEM), and in particular, regression equations. The statistical population of this study consisted of all individuals referring to psychological counseling clinics in Mazandaran province (Sari and Babol) during the summer and autumn 2022. To determine the sample size, considering the number of observed variables and allocating a coefficient of 15 for each observed variable, 600 individuals were selected as the sample size, which were chosen through purposive sampling. For data collection, the Young Schema Questionnaire (2005), the Good and Good Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (1974), and the Costa and McCrae Personality Functioning Questionnaire (1992) were used. SPSS-22 and AMOS-23 software were utilized for data analysis, employing structural equation regression modeling. Findings: The results of the research indicated that there is a direct relationship between early maladaptive schema and existential anxiety. Additionally, there is an indirect relationship between early maladaptive schema and existential anxiety, mediated by personality functions. Conclusion: Given the findings of the current study, it seems that the psychological organization, along with health and treatment organizations as influential institutions, can provide the necessary conditions for increasing cognitive awareness of early maladaptive schemas and improving coping skills with them.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness Therapy and Schema Therapy on Early Maladaptive Schemas in Students

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two therapeutic approaches, schema therapy and mindfulness, on early maladaptive schemas in students. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of second-grade high school students in Tehran, from which 45 students were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 students each) and a control group (15 students). The experimental groups participated in either schema therapy (8 sessions of 120 minutes each over 8 weeks) or mindfulness therapy (7 sessions of 90 minutes each over 7 weeks). The research instrument used was the Young Schema Questionnaire (1998), administered in both the pretest and posttest phases. Findings: Analysis of covariance revealed that both therapeutic approaches led to a significant reduction in early maladaptive schemas compared to the control group. However, schema therapy was found to be more effective than mindfulness in improving these schemas, particularly in components such as emotional deprivation, abandonment, mistrust, social isolation, and defectiveness/shame. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that schema therapy, with its deeper focus on the cognitive and emotional roots of schemas, is more effective than mindfulness in improving and modifying early maladaptive schemas. Schema therapy can be considered a valuable approach for treating psychological disorders associated with early maladaptive schemas.

The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Explaining the Causal Relationships Between Childhood Maltreatment, Attachment Styles, and Forgiveness in Betrayal Victims

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to present a forgiveness model based on childhood maltreatment and attachment styles, with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in betrayal victims. Methods: This descriptive correlational study involved betrayal victims who had sought counseling in Tehran in 2022, with a sample of 653 individuals selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used included Bernstein et al.'s (2003) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver's (1987) Attachment Style Questionnaire, Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, and the Forgiveness Questionnaire by Ray et al. (2001). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24. Findings: The results indicated a negative relationship between childhood maltreatment, insecure attachment styles, and early maladaptive schemas with forgiveness, while secure attachment showed a positive relationship with forgiveness. Furthermore, the results suggested that early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment, attachment styles, and forgiveness in betrayal victims. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicated that the evaluated structural model was well-fitted, and the findings could assist therapists and counselors in better understanding the forgiveness process in betrayal victims.

Structural Model for Explaining Quality of Life Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Role of Treatment Adherence and Coping Strategies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: The objective of the present research was to explain the structural model for quality of life based on early maladaptive schemas and the role of treatment adherence and coping strategies in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: This study, in terms of research methodology, falls into the category of descriptive-correlational research using structural equation modeling. The research population consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran who visited medical centers during the year 2021. The sample of the current study included 350 patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran in 2021, selected through convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Data were collected using the short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Short Form Questionnaire, Treatment Adherence Questionnaire, and Young's Avoidance Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Pearson correlation statistical methods, employing SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 software. Findings: The results showed that the fit indices PCFI=0.655, PNFI=0.661, CMIN/DF=2.90, RMSEA=0.089, IFI=0.917, CFI=0.914, and GFI=0.903 indicate a good fit of the proposed model with the data. The highest coefficient (-0.47) was attributed to the path from autonomy and impaired performance to quality of life. The coefficient of determination for the quality variable of marital relationship in the proposed structural model is 0.889, indicating that the external variables can predict 89 percent of the variance in quality of life, which is considered strong. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the structural model for explaining quality of life based on early maladaptive schemas and the role of treatment adherence and coping strategies in patients with type 2 diabetes fits appropriately.

New Approach to Early Maladaptive Schemas and its Relationship with Alcohol use Disorder. Role of Psychopathology and Prognostic Variables.

Early maladaptive schemas (EMS), dysfunctional patterns of thought and emotions originated during childhood, latent in most mental disorders, might play a role in the onset of alcohol use disorder (AUD), although their impact on prognosis remains unknown. Our aim is to determine the presence of EMS in patients with AUD and their role in the psychopathology and course of addiction (relapse and withdrawal time). The sample included 104 patients and 100 controls. The diagnosis of AUD was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria, EMS were determined with the Young Schema Questionnaire in its Spanish version (YSQ-S3) and psychopathology with Symptom Checklist-27 (SCL-27). AUD group showed significantly higher scores in emotional deprivation, confused attachment, emotional inhibition and failure schemas. In addition, vulnerability schema correlated (> 0.500) with all subscales of SCL-27. Whereas social isolation, insufficient self-control and grandiosity schemas correlated with a higher number of relapses. But it was the grandiosity and punishment schemas that correlated with shorter abstinence time. These findings suggest that EMS are overrepresented in the AUD population and some correlate with psychopathology and worse AUD outcomes.

Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Among Adolescent Boys and Girls With and Without Marijuana Use

Objective: Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by significant biological, psychological, and social changes. Consequently, it is associated with increased challenges and negative life events, which heighten adolescents' distress. This study aimed to compare early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation among adolescent boys and girls with and without marijuana use. Methods and Materials: This applied research employed a causal-comparative design. The study population consisted of all adolescent boys and girls attending counseling centers in District 2 of Tehran in 2022. A total of 100 participants were selected for the study (50 with marijuana use and 50 without marijuana use). The sample of marijuana users was selected using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected using the standardized Young Schema Questionnaire (2005) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale by Gratz and Roemer (2004). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS.22 software. Findings: The results indicated a significant difference in early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation among adolescent boys and girls with and without marijuana use (P&lt;0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the mean components of early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation between boys and girls (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Given the impact of early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation on the tendency towards addiction among adolescents and young adults, it is possible to increase public awareness about the risk of addiction and develop appropriate skills to cope with these problems.