Early Morning Hours Research Articles

Can a eutrophic lake function as a carbon sink? Case study of a subtropical eutrophic lake in southern USA

Carbon dioxide (CO2) outgassing from inland eutrophic waters is a small but critical component of the global carbon cycle that is currently not well constrained. Eutrophic lake systems have been reported to be supersaturated with dissolved CO2 (pCO2), therefore considered a carbon source to the atmosphere. In this study, we aimed to test two hypotheses: 1) there is a substantial diurnal fluctuation inpCO2 in eutrophic lakes, making them both a source and a sink of carbon; and 2) the diurnal fluctuation is seasonally dependent, with a pronounced variability during the summer. As a case study, we used a hypereutrophic lake in a highly urbanized area in subtropical southern USA. We conducted in-situ measurements on pCO2, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and other ambient parameters at 3-hour intervals for two days each in the winter and summer of 2022. The study shows that there was a clear diurnal fluctuation of pCO2 with the peak in the early morning and the lowest in the later afternoon in both seasons. In the winter, the lake water was mainly CO2-unsaturated in reference to the atmospheric CO2 of 420 ppm, ranging from a low of 128 ppm in the mid-afternoon to a high of 557 ppm in the early morning hours. In the summer, the lake water was mostly CO2-oversaturated, withpCO2 increasing drastically from 309 ppm during the early afternoon to 3895 ppm in the early morning hours. In both winter and summer, CO2 outgassing was nearly three times greater at night than in the daytime, increasing from −9.98 to –3.75 mg C m-2h−1 in the winter and from 13.17 to 45.34 mg C m-2h−1 in the summer. Consequently, a clear diurnal trend of CO2 evasion rate (FCO2) was found, showing that the lake often acted as a carbon sink during the daylight hours but as a carbon source at night, strongly affected by PAR availability and colored dissolved organic matter (cDOM). These findings validate our initial hypotheses and suggest that the diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of CO2 evasion in eutrophic lakes should be considered in the global carbon accounting of lake systems to constrain uncertainties. Furthermore, we found that pCO2 measurements at 10:00o’clock in the morning have the least deviation to the diurnal average and, therefore, propose standardizing this time for future studies in field pCO2 measurements in order to make data comparable over seasons, geographical regions, and lake trophic levels.

Chmury piętra wysokiego, średniego i niskiego: analiza zachmurzenia w Polsce

The subject of the paper is an analysis of the type of clouds in Poland in 1996–2020 on the low, middle and high levels. Daily data on cloud types and the cloudiness of the low-level from 36 IMWM-NRI stations were used. In the analysed multi-year period, the highest share of low-level clouds was observed (56%), followed by mid-level clouds (23%), and the lowest share of high-level clouds (21%). There was a slight decrease in the share of low-level clouds, and an increase in the share of middle and high levels clouds in the analysed period. The share of low-level clouds was highest in the cool season and during the afternoon and night hours; it was lowest in the summer, and early morning and evening hours. The middle and high levels had the highest share in the summer and during the early evening and early morning hours. These levels were least frequent in the winter, and around noon for the mid-level, and at night for the high-level. The Cumulus humilis and Stratocumulus cugen clouds were most frequently observed on the low-level during low cloudiness. Stratus fractus and Cumulonimbus capillatus were most frequently observed during total and high cloudiness on the low-level. In the warm season and the daytime, clouds are more isolated; in the cool season, they form more dense cloud layers.

Anopheles funestus sensu stricto Giles (Diptera:Culicidae) bites after sunrise at two rural villages in northern Malawi and its implications for malaria vector control.

Malawi has scaled up distribution and use of LLINs but their effectiveness depends on vector behaviour. This study reports information on where and when peak biting takes place by Anopheles vectors at two study sites in northern Malawi. The study was carried out at a single village each in Nkhata Bay and Karonga districts, northern Malawi. Monthly, three teams of four people each sampled mosquitoes using Human Landing Collections (HLCs) from 6.00 pm to 6.00 am. Mosquitoes were counted and identified by PCR. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were detected by ELISA and an entomological inoculation rate was estimated. A total of 4,668 and 2,079 mosquitoes were sampled in Nkhata Bay and Karonga districts respectively. An. funestus s.s was common (91.3%; n = 2,611) in Nkhata Bay while An. arabiensis was common (96.9%; n = 706) in Karonga. Pf sporozoite rates varied from 0.8% (4/484) to 3.3% (51/1558). Individuals in Nkhata Bay received more bites (approx. 200 bites/ person/ night) compared to Karonga (approx. 50 bites/ person/ night). An. funestus was more likely to bite indoors (p=0.002) while An. arabiensis was (p=0.05) more likely to bite outdoors. Furthermore, An. funestus peak biting was in the early morning hours from 4:00 am (approx. 331 and 177 bites/ person/ night indoors and outdoors respectively) and remained high till 6:00 am. An. arabiensis peak biting (approx. 63 and 62 bites/ person/ night indoors and outdoors respectively) was around mid-night (12:00). An EIR of 108.4 infective bites/ person/ year was estimated for Nkhata Bay compared to 9.1 infective bites/ person/ year for Karonga. An. funestus s.s. had a considerable Pf sporozite infection rate and EIR. The shift in biting behaviour shown by this species poses a challenge to malaria control. Further studies are required to understand the biting behaviour of Anopheles vectors in Malawi.

Probabilistic Modeling of Maritime Accident Scenarios Leveraging Bayesian Network Techniques

This paper introduces a scenario evolution model for maritime accidents, wherein Bayesian networks (BNs) were employed to predict the most probable causes of distinct types of maritime incidents. The BN nodes encompass factors such as accident type, life loss contingency, accident severity, quarter and time period of the accident, and type and gross tonnage of the involved ships. An analysis of 5660 global maritime accidents spanning the years 2005 to 2020 was conducted. Using Netica software, a tree augmented network (TAN) model was constructed, thus accounting for interdependencies among risk-influencing factors. To confirm these results, a validation process involving sensitivity analysis and historical accident records was performed. Following this, both forward causal inference and reverse diagnostic inference were carried out on each node variable to scrutinize the accident development trend and evolution process under preset conditions. The findings suggest that the model was competent in effectively predicting the likelihood of various accident scenarios under specific conditions, as well as extrapolating accident consequences. Forward causal reasoning unveiled that general cargo ships with a gross tonnage of 1–18,500 t were most prone to experiencing collision and stranding/grounding accidents in the first quarter. Reverse diagnostic reasoning indicated that, in the early morning hours, container ships, general cargo ships, and chemical ships with a tonnage of 1–18,500 t were less likely to involve life loss in the event of collision accidents.

The sustained attention characteristics of flight crews on exempt and non-exempt flights

ABSTRACT We analyzed the characteristics of sustained attention changes in flight crews during exempt and non-exempt flights. Fourteen pilots (aged 30–43 y) participated in this study, with seven involved in each flight type, all of which were intercontinental (China to North America). Pilots completed continuous performance tests (CPT) at the required flight stages without compromising safety while on duty. No significant differences in sleep and sustained attention emerged between the exempt and non-exempt flight crews. Pilots’ fatigue was highest in the early morning hours. Their general stability of efficiency increased during the day and decreased at night. Non-exempt flight crews appeared to sacrifice reaction rate to improve accuracy. Exempt crews appeared to increase their test proficiency. The task stability time of the non-exempt flight crews was better than that of the exempt ones. Short-term stability was better for exempt inbound flights rather than for outbound ones. Pilots were more prone to error runs as their total time awake increased, especially on non-exempt flights. The addition of crew members to exempt flights, allowance for more in-flight rest shifts, and over-stop rest on non-exempt flights may alleviate pilot fatigue and preserve alertness.

Changes in the Oxygen Content in Urban Air under the Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors

The article analyzes the results of measuring the oxygen content in Moscow in 2017–2021 at three automatic stations for monitoring atmospheric pollution of the “Mosecomonitoring”. Seasonal variations of oxygen content in the city are considered, the issues of compliance of the obtained values with the scale of comfort level for human breathing developed by medical specialists are discussed, measurement data are compared with the results of calculating the oxygen concentration in the air by the magnitude of meteorological parameters. According to the measurements, diurnal variations of the O2 content in the surface urban air, more pronounced in the warm season, were revealed. The minimum O2 content is observed in summer in the early morning hours. The main natural and anthropogenic processes that determine the variability of oxygen content in the surface air of a megalopolis at different time scales are discussed.

Aircraft noise and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality near Heathrow Airport: A case-crossover study

Aircraft noise causes annoyance and sleep disturbance and there is some evidence of associations between long-term exposures and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated short-term associations between previous day aircraft noise and cardiovascular events in a population of 6.3 million residing near Heathrow Airport using a case-crossover design and exposure data for different times of day and night. We included all recorded hospitalisations (n = 442,442) and deaths (n = 49,443) in 2014–2018 due to CVD. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and adjusted for NO2 concentration, temperature, and holidays. We estimated an increase in risk for 10 dB increment in noise during the previous evening (Leve OR = 1.007, 95% CI 0.999–1.015), particularly from 22:00–23:00 h (OR = 1.007, 95% CI 1.000–1.013), and the early morning hours 04:30–06:00 h (OR = 1.012, 95% CI 1.002–1.021) for all CVD admissions, but no significant associations with day-time noise. There was effect modification by age-sex, ethnicity, deprivation, and season, and some suggestion that high noise variability at night was associated with higher risks. Our findings are consistent with proposed mechanisms for short-term impacts of aircraft noise at night on CVD from experimental studies, including sleep disturbance, increases in blood pressure and stress hormone levels and impaired endothelial function.

Prevalence of mixed features in patients with first-episode depression: An exploratory multicentric study.

There is limited literature on the prevalence of mixed features in patients with depression, especially from countries in Asia. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of "mixed features" in patients with first-episode depression. Patients with first-episode depression were evaluated for the presence of mixed features as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-5 criteria. They were additionally evaluated on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). About one-sixth (16%) of the patients fulfilled the DSM-5 criteria for the mixed features specifier. The most common manic/hypomanic clinical feature was increased talkativeness or pressure of speech, followed by elevated expansive mood (12.5%), and inflated self-esteem or grandiosity was the least common feature (8.7%). Those with mixed features had higher prevalence of comorbid tobacco dependence and psychotic symptoms. In terms of frequency of depressive symptoms as assessed on HDRS, compared to those without mixed features, those with mixed features had higher frequency of symptoms such as depressed mood, insomnia during early hours of morning, work and activities, agitation, gastrointestinal somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, and poorer insight. Mixed features specifier criteria were fulfilled by 16% patients with first-episode depression. This finding suggests that the extension of this specifier to depression can be considered as a useful step in understanding the symptom profile of patients with depression.

A Prospective, Randomized Open-Label Study for Assessment of Antihypertensive Effect of Telmisartan Versus Cilnidipine Using Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (START ABPM Study).

The antihypertensive agent telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker with a terminal elimination half-life of 24 h and has a high lipophilicity, thereby enhancing its bioavailability. Another antihypertensive agent, cilnidipine is a calcium antagonist and has dual mode of action on the calcium channels. This study aimed at determining effect of these drugs on ambulatory blood pressure (BP) levels. A randomized, open-label, single-center study was conducted during 2021 - 2022 on newly diagnosed adult patients with stage-I hypertension, in a mega city of India. Forty eligible patients were randomized to telmisartan (40 mg) and cilnidipine (10 mg) groups, with once daily dose administered for 56 consecutive days. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (24 h) was performed pre- and post-treatment, and the ABPM-derived parameters were compared statistically. Statistically significant mean reductions were observed in all BP endpoints in telmisartan group but only in 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP), daytime and nighttime SBP, and manual SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in cilnidipine group. The mean change from baseline to day 56 between two treatment groups showed statistical significance in last 6-h SBP (P = 0.01) and DBP (P = 0.014), and morning SBP (P = 0.019) and DBP (P = 0.028). The percent nocturnal drop within and between groups was statistically nonsignificant. Also, the between group mean SBP and DBP smoothness index differed nonsignificantly. Telmisartan and cilnidipine once daily were effective and well tolerated in the treatment of newly diagnosed stage-I hypertension. Telmisartan provided sustained 24-h BP control and may offer advantages over cilnidipine in terms of BP reductions, particularly over the 18- to 24-h post-dose period or critical early morning hours.

Modeling the Motorcycle Crash Severity on Nonintersection Urban Roadways in the Australian State of Victoria Using a Random Parameters Logit Model

Due to a lack of physical protection and balance, motorcycle riders are one of the most vulnerable road users and are more likely to suffer severe injuries than motorists. Between 2009 and 2020, about 60% of motorcycle crashes occurred on nonintersection urban roadways in Victoria, Australia. While considerable research on intersections and their influence on the severity of motorcycle crashes has been conducted, there are limited studies on motorcycle crashes on nonintersection roadways. Since gathering all information from every motorcycle crash may not be possible, heterogeneity can arise from unobserved factors and cause problems in developing reliable crash severity models. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors contributing to motorcycle crash severity on Victorian nonintersection urban roadways while considering the heterogeneity of factors. A total of 10,897 nonintersection motorcycles crash data from the beginning of 2009 to November 2020 in the State of Victoria, Australia, were analyzed. A random parameters (mixed) logit model (RPL) was used for evaluating motorcycle crashes. The severity of motorcycle crashes was divided into three categories: fatal injury, serious injury, and minor injury. Also, marginal effects were calculated to see how each parameter estimate affects crash severity outcomes. The RPL model results showed that some factors increased the likelihood of fatal injuries. These factors included not wearing a helmet, being in the older rider age group, riding during the early morning or midnight hours, weekend motorcycle use, riding in the early morning or midnight hours (00:00–6:29 A.M), and insufficient lighting (dark and dusk/dawn). Also, the following factors enhanced the probability of serious injuries: having a pillion passenger, having a motorcycle age of more than 7 years, riding at higher speed limits (more than 50 km/h) or during peak hours in the morning (6:30−8:59 A.M), and being in the younger age group (less than 26 years old). The findings from this study are valuable resources for road safety policy managers to develop effective strategies for improving motorcyclists’ safety at nonintersections. This may include improving the light conditions at nonintersection, encouraging the motorcyclist to maintain motorcycles regularly, and educating the motorcyclist to wear a helmet, avoid distractions, and ride responsibly on the weekends.

Pest management practices impact Helicoverpa armigera infestation and foraging behaviour of pollinators in sunflower

Field experiments for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) were conducted to record population dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and foraging behaviour of pollinators in sunflower before and after undertaking pest management practices. The study disclosed that H. armigera (larvae) crossed ETL (Economic Threshold Level) from 10th SW (Standard Week), warranting application of pest management measures. Many pollinator species were observed foraging on sunflowers during the same time. The least foraging by pollinators was recorded in early morning and late evening hours, depicting avoidance of insecticide application when pollinator foraging activity is maximum. A combination of synthetic and bio-insecticides (Chlorantraniliprole, Bt-kurstaki, Emamectin-benzoate, Spinosad, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Novaluron, and Neem-oil) were tested for their efficacy against H. armigera and impact on foraging behaviour of pollinators. Bio-insecticide-treated plots recorded significantly higher number of foraging pollinators as compared to synthetic-insecticide-treated plots. Of the insecticides used, Chlorantraniliprole showed highest efficacy against H. armigera but recorded lowest foraging activity of pollinators in both the years of study. In contrast, neem-oil and Bt-kurstaki treated plots showed maximum foraging by pollinators while successfully managing H. armigera.

Features of steroidogenesis and arterial hypertension in men in different types of "physiological" male hyperandrogenism

To reveal the peculiarities of steroidogenesis and arterial hypertension in «physiological» hyperandrogenism in men. One-stage simultaneous study. The groups of men with hyperandrogenism caused by increased total testosterone (n=34) and those with hyperandrogenism caused by increased dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (n=66) were compared. In determining the type of hyperandrogenism and allocating patients to groups, DHT and total testosterone levels were determined by enhanced chemiluminescence. Subgroups of men with and without arterial hypertension were compared in the group of patients with hyperandrogenism due to an increase in total testosterone. Body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, and LH, SBHG, estradiol, blood multisteroid levels by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, glucose, blood lipid spectrum, uric acid, creatinine, renin, potassium, sodium, and blood chloride were assessed in all patients. Patients with arterial hypertension additionally underwent daily BP monitoring, albuminuria assessment, electrocardiography, ocular fundus examination. The baseline threshold level of significance was p<0.05. For multiple comparisons, the p significance level was calculated using the Bonferroni correction. Statistically significant differences were found in the levels of 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione, which were higher in men with elevated levels of total testosterone. No statistically significant differences in other laboratory parameters were found. No cases of increased blood pressure were detected in the group of men with elevated DHT. In the group of men with elevated total testosterone, 23,5% of men with arterial hypertension without targetorgan lesions were identified, while hyperandrogenism was associated with 17,6% of cases. Arterial hypertension associated with hyperandrogenism was characterized by a rise in blood pressure in the early morning hours. Estradiol levels, while remaining within normal limits, were statistically significantly lower in patients with arterial hypertension compared with men with elevated testosterone but without hypertension. No cases of arterial hypertension were observed in «physiological» hyperandrogenism due to elevated DHT levels, whereas its incidence in «physiological» hyperandrogenism due to elevated total testosterone was 23,5%. The features of steroidogenesis were increased production of 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione in men with testosterone hyperandrogenism and decreased estradiol production in patients with arterial hypertension compared with patients without testosterone hyperandrogenism.

Incubation behaviour of the Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula at different latitudes

In biparental Charadriinae plovers, male and female incubation duties often resemble daily routines, with males typically incubating at night and females incubating during the day. By analysing incubation behaviour in three Arctic populations of Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula, we show that these diel routines are lost in the 24-h sunlight of the Arctic. In contrast, a non-Arctic population in East Scotland exhibited significant daily routines, with males dominating incubation during the late afternoon and night, and females dominating incubation during the early morning and midday hours. These patterns suggest that clear light/dark cycles are necessary for daily incubation routines to form in the Common Ringed Plover, although further research is needed to understand the specific drivers of this behaviour.

Dew benefits on alpine grasslands are cancelled out by combined heatwave and drought stress.

Increasing frequencies of heatwaves combined with simultaneous drought stress in Europe threaten the ecosystem water and carbon budgets of alpine grasslands. Dew as an additional water source can promote ecosystem carbon assimilation. It is known that grassland ecosystems keep high evapotranspiration as long as soil water is available. However, it is rarely being investigated whether dew can mitigate the impact of such extreme climatic events on grassland ecosystem carbon and water exchange. Here we use stable isotopes in meteoric waters and leaf sugars, eddy covariance fluxes for H2O vapor and CO2, in combination with meteorological and plant physiological measurements, to investigate the combined effect of dew and heat-drought stress on plant water status and net ecosystem production (NEP) in an alpine grassland (2000m elevation) during the June 2019 European heatwave. Before the heatwave, enhanced NEP in the early morning hours can be attributed to leaf wetting by dew. However, dew benefits on NEP were cancelled out by the heatwave, due to the minor contribution of dew in leaf water. Heat-induced reduction in NEP was intensified by the combined effect of drought stress. The recovery of NEP after the peak of the heatwave could be linked to the refilling of plant tissues during nighttime. Among-genera differences of plant water status affected by dew and heat-drought stress can be attributed to differences in their foliar dew water uptake, and their reliance on soil moisture or the impact of the atmospheric evaporative demand. Our results indicate that dew influence on alpine grassland ecosystems varies according to the environmental stress and plant physiology.

EFFECT OF NOZZLE ORIENTATION ON DISPERSION OF TRUCK MOUNTED ULTRA LOW VOLUME SPRAY AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES

A field evaluation study was conducted to understand the dispersion of spray from a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprayer when released with the nozzle oriented at the conventional angle of 45° in addition to 22° and 0° with respect to ground surface. The study was conducted in an open grassy field at the Anastasia Mosquito Control District by applying Aqualuer™ 20-20 at the highest label application rate. Mortality of caged female Aedes aegypti was tested at 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 8.5 m heights at 0, 30, 60, and 90 m from the spray line. Spray trials were conducted during early morning hours and all test groups were replicated three times over different days. During these evaluations higher mortality was recorded from the 22° and 0° nozzle orientations up to 30 m from the spray line and at heights up to 3 m. The conventional nozzle orientation of 45° provided the greatest mortality 30 m from application source at heights of 6.0 and 8.5 m.

PO-04-053 OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY REPOLARIZATION

Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) is characterized by J-point elevation presenting as slurring or notching of the terminal part of the QRS complex. Of the several congenital and acquired disorders that encompass J-wave syndromes, ERS has been linked to increased risk of developing polymorphic VT and idiopathic VF that can lead to sudden cardiac death. To describe a patient who presented after a cardiac arrest with initial ECG criteria consistent with Type III ERS who recieved a dual-chamber ICD. n/a We present a case of a 42-year-old man without any prior history that presented to the emergency room after successful resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to VF. After noticing agonal respiration during early morning hours, his wife called emergency medical services (EMS) and promptly performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Upon arrival, EMS found the patient to be in VF. He was shocked once by an automatic external defibrillation leading to ROSC with restoration of sinus rhythm. In the ED, his initial vitals were 122/93 mmHg, 104 bpm, 95% oxygen saturation on room air, and temperature of 36.4 °C. He denied any family history of sudden cardiac death. Wife reported prior history of nocturnal agonal respirations. Initial diagnostic work-up was significant for a leukocytosis of 19,000 and serial high-sensitivity cardiac troponins of 130, 305, and 364 with a 0/3-hour delta change of 234. A12-lead ECG upon presentation is shown in Figure 1 without previous ECGs available for comparison. An emergent coronary angiography was performed which revealed no significant coronary obstruction or anomaly. With both his ECG findings and a Shanghai Score of 7, a diagnosis of Type III ERS was highly suspected. Further diagnostic testing included a TTE showing left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 40-45%. CMR showed no delayed gadolinium enhancement. Ultimately, a dual-chamber ICD was implanted during the admission. Follow-up ECGs revealed resolution of slurred terminal QRS complexes. He was discharged on beta blocker and low-dose losartan with close outpatient follow-up with electrophysiology. ECG changes of ERS can be dynamic and may sometimes be concealed, particularly in the setting of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It is important to identify early repolarization patterns due to the adverse prognostic significance especially of Type III ERS which is associated with the highest level of risk for development of malignant arrhythmia.

Violence Risk Assessment in the Emergency Department

IntroductionWorkplace violence is a prevalent problem in health care, with mental health and emergency departments being the most at-risk settings. The aim of this evidence-based practice project was to pilot use of a violence risk assessment tool, the Broset Violence Checklist, to assess for risk of type II violence and record the interventions that nurses chose to implement to mitigate the situation. Additionally, reports made to the hospital reporting system were tracked and compared to previous reporting frequency. MethodsFollowing staff education, nurses were instructed to complete checklists for all patients who have a score of 1 or higher, which indicates the presence of at least 1 high-risk behavior, and continue hourly scoring until the score returned to 0 or the patient was dispositioned. The number of incidents recorded, time of day, scores, interventions applied to mitigate violence, and change in scores after interventions were evaluated. The number of Broset Violence Checklist scoring sheets submitted and reports made via the hospital reporting system were compared. ResultsIncidents were most frequent from 11 am until 3 am. The highest scores occurred in the late evening and early morning hours. There were significantly more incidents captured with the use of the Broset Violence Checklist as compared to the hospital reporting system. Incidents significantly associated with higher scores included providing comfort measures, addressing concerns, and applying restraints. DiscussionThe Broset Violence Checklist was used successfully in the emergency department setting to identify behaviors associated with violence. Under-reporting to the hospital report system was identified in this project, consistent with reports in the literature. Specific interventions were not associated with a decrease in Broset Violence Checklist scores.

Clinical Experience of ‘My Sleep’ Sleep Digital Recording Application with Web-based Physician Program for Sleep Disorders (P7-4.007)

<h3>Objective:</h3> The sleep log is subjective sleep pattern report of a subject, but the engagement can not be monitored by written sleep log. However, not all patients provide good report for analysis. We developed ‘My Sleep’ application and a physician web-based program to track sleep in real-time, and automated calculated sleep parameters. <h3>Background:</h3> Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the primary treatment for chronic insomnia. The intervention should be implemented based on the patient’s typical sleeping habits. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> NA <h3>Results:</h3> A 26-year-old female was having trouble sleeping for seven years: in bedtime 22:00~23:00, sleep latency of 1~2hours, awake during sleep was 2/night. She was taking daily lorazepam. She used ‘My sleep’ to record subjective sleep parameters(Fig 1A). The automated calculation revealed: The automatic computation, total sleep time was-270 min, WASO was 660min, and sleep efficiency was -56.25%. The unrealistic results were seen. The overestimation of wake during sleep time was seen. During her CBT-I, the graph was used to discuss her sleep misperception. She experienced sleep improvement(Fig 1B). A 20-year-old male patient complained of difficulty falling asleep a year ago. He complained sleep symptoms got worse following the COVID-19 pandemic when his college switched to live or recorded online lectures. He toss and turn the whole night, and finally went to sleep early morning hours and slept until noon. His ‘My Sleep’ recording revealed a very irregular sleep pattern(Fig 2A). He knew his sleep is irregular, but the graph helped him to realize how irregular it was. He was advised to maintain regular sleep time. He regained a regular sleep pattern rapidly, with a sleep efficiency of &gt; 90%(Fig 2B). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The ‘My Sleep’ program provides a real-time daily sleep log that helps visual assessment of an individual’s sleep pattern and provides computed sleep metrics, which can assist CBT-I for chronic insomnia patients. <b>Disclosure:</b> Prof. Song has nothing to disclose. Hea Ree Park has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Joo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose.

실버세대의 카페 이용행태와 이용동기 연구

With the silver generation emerging as a major consumer group with economic power and purchasing power along with a growing population share, this study conducted an online survey targeting consumers in their 50s and 60s, the silver generation using cafes, to find out their cafe usage behavior and motivations. Regarding stay time by gender, women showed a tendency to stay longer than men. In terms of usage time by occupational group, the frequency of office workers was high in the early morning, lunchtime, and evening hours, and the frequency of use by housewives was high in the morning and afternoon before and after lunchtime. As a result of analyzing the cafe use motivation factors, a total of four factors were derived: emotional satisfaction, value acquisition, social relationship, and gastronomic pursuit. As a result of the usage motivation factors for cafes according to demographic characteristics, women showed higher emotional satisfaction and social relationships, while men showed higher value acquisition. In terms of occupational groups, housewives showed the highest emotional satisfaction and social relationships. As a result of analyzing cafe use motivation factors according to usage behavior, value acquisition was highest between 7 and 9 am, and emotional satisfaction was highest during the rest of the time period. In terms of emotional satisfaction, it was higher in the group staying for a relatively long time than 1 hour, and overall, the social relationship factor score was the highest compared to other factors. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as important basic data for research and marketing of the ‘silver economy’ of the foodservice industry including the cafe industry, which will be in the limelight in the future.

Performance enhancement of photovoltaic module using a sun tracker with side reflectors (STSR system)

ABSTRACT We sought to make the design and function of PV systems such that the panel power loss in the early morning hours and last hours of the afternoon is compensated and power is increased during peak hours. In this tracking system, the module is completely fixed, but the two side reflectors track the sun and keep the sunrays’ reflection on the module. The use of sun tracker side reflector system has a positive effect on increasing the power production of the photovoltaic module and compensating for power loss in the early and last hours of the day. The relative enhancement in electrical efficiency reached 3.4%; moreover, as compared to a conventional PV module, there was a 65% increase in the early morning buildup in power generation.