Early Horizon Research Articles

The Salvage Archeology of the Bear Creek Site (SJo-112), a, Terminal Central California Early Horizon Site. William H. Olsen and Norman L. Wilson. Sacramento Anthropological Society Paper No. 1, Sacramento State College, 1964. iv + 57 pp., 8 figs., 3 pls., 2 maps, 7 tables, appendix. No price given.

The Salvage Archeology of the Bear Creek Site (SJo-112), a, Terminal Central California Early Horizon Site. William H. Olsen and Norman L. Wilson. Sacramento Anthropological Society Paper No. 1, Sacramento State College, 1964. iv + 57 pp., 8 figs., 3 pls., 2 maps, 7 tables, appendix. No price given. - Volume 33 Issue 3

Assertions, Assumptions, and Early Horizon (Oak Grove) Settlement Patterns in Southern California: A Rejoinder

AbstractC. N. Warren makes six criticisms of a paper by Owen (Owen 1964), each of which can easily be rejected. The six comments, accompanied briefly by the grounds for their rebuttal, are: 1) that “Early horizon” cannot be used to label the period, when in reality “Early horizon” is as appropriate as any other term, and more so than many that are in use; 2) that a negligent comment is directed at a paper by W. J. Wallace, which though unimportant, is temperate and accurate in the estimation of the author; 3) that a reference to a paper by Warren and True is groundless and misleading when it indeed is pertinent and direct; 4) that an analogy used is weak, although the argument does not proceed by analogy; 5) that suggestions regarding the utility of radiocarbon are optimistic when in fact insight in the use of radiocarbon dates can provide information on duration of habitation on any site; 6) that comparisons between the probable settlement pattern of Early horizon California coastal populations and some of the Fuegian Canoe Indians are inappropriate, an opinion which indicates that Warren’s knowledge of the basis of the comparison is faulty. It is suggested that despite Warren’s criticism, the Glen Annie Canyon site report and the associated paper may stand unamended and lead to a better understanding of the settlement patterns of early Southern California coastal populations during the so-called Milling Stone horizon.

The Southern California Milling Stone Horizon: Some Comments

AbstractOwen’s (1964) brief comments on the Glen Annie Canyon site include some comments and criticisms that are in error, and the validity of his interpretation of the archaeology and archaeologists of the Southern California Coast may be challenged. Owen uses the term “Early horizon” where he should use “Milling Stone horizon”; his criticisms of Wallace’s 1955 paper are unjustified; what he claims to be the archaeologists’ description of the Oak Grove culture is inaccurate. His argument for a nomadic population during the Milling Stone horizon is based on a weak analogy, and his notion that the interpretation of a “more or less sedentary” settlement pattern for the Milling Stone horizon is a “convenient fiction agreed upon by some southern California archaeologists to facilitate the construction of artifact typologies” is in error. Data are presented to support the interpretation that the population of the Milling Stone horizon was a Central-Based Wandering people.

Hollywood Riviera: An Early Milling Stone Horizon Site in Los Angeles County, California

AbstractConstruction activities at Torrance County Beach in Los Angeles County, California, recently removed the last remnant of Hollywood Riviera, a once important archaeological site. Among the artifacts recovered during earth-moving operations and from earlier surface hunts are numerous handstones, milling stones, and cobble hammers. Also included in the collection are two mortars, a pestle, and a few rude choppers. Smaller stone-work consists of large, coarsely flaked projectile points, broken knife blades, simple flake scrapers, and an unusual chipped "crescent." The plentiful seed-grinding implements testify to a seed-collecting mode of subsistence for Hollywood Riviera's former inhabitants, whereas a near absence of molluscan remains in the archaeological deposit suggests that they were an inland people, recently moved to the seashore, who had not yet acquired a taste for shellfish. Occupation at the site appears to have occurred entirely within the Early Milling Stone horizon of the southern California coast, dated roughly between 5000 and 2000 B.C., and presumably during an early phase of it.

Early Horizons of Justice in the West*

Early Horizons of Justice in the West*

Early Milling Stone Horizon (Oak Grove), Santa Barbara County, California: Radiocarbon Dates

AbstractRadiocarbon dates of 6880, 6980, 7270, and 6380 B.P. have been obtained for an Early Horizon site (Oak Grove) in the region of Santa Barbara, California. These dates permit the definite association of many cultural features which have previously been denied for the Oak Grove complex: a partial maritime economy, a core-and-flake industry, bone and shell technology, the use of asphaltum, and flexed burials. It is unlikely that the Early Horizon in Santa Barbara was sedentary to any degree.

Archaeology in the Arctic, 1935-60

AbstractArchaeological activities in the North American Arctic are reviewed in terms of the sequences and cultures which have been identified in three major culture areas: the coastal zone from St. Lawrence Island to eastern Greenland, the central area around Hudson Bay with extensions to northern Greenland and Newfoundland, and southwestern Alaska including the Aleutian Islands. Three broad culture horizons are suggested for organizing the data for the first two of these areas. The earliest horizon which cannot be surely identified as either Pre-Eskimo or Proto-Eskimo is tentatively called the Denbigh Flint horizon. It is characterized by fine chipping, micro-cores, micro-blades, burins, and the absence of pottery. These traits occur in the Denbigh Flint and New Mountain complexes and in other assemblages perhaps as far east as the Sarqaq of Greenland. The second or Paleo-Eskimo horizon which also emphasized fine chipping is found in two forms, one with pottery, such as the Choris, Norton, Near Ipiutak, and related cultures in northwestern Canada, and the other without pottery represented by Ipiutak and Dorset. The latest or Neo-Eskimo horizon is the northern maritime tradition of the Okvik to Inugsuk range of cultures. Other approaches to the interpretation of northern archaeology are summarized.

Swadesh's Macro-Mixtecan Hypothesis

0. In a recent article' Swadesh has suggested that the Oto-Manguean grouping of Mexican Indian languages (embracing Otomian, Mixtecan, Popolocan, Zapotecan, Chinantecan, and Manguean) be revised in favor of an 'Oto-Huavean' or 'MacroMixtecan' grouping (excluding Manguean and including Huave with some reshuffling of the line-up of the various languages and language families).2 Swadesh suggests that 'Macro-Mixtecan' might thus be used more profitably than as suggested by Millon and myself in 1957 when we considered applying this term to a grouping consisting of Mixtecan proper (Mixtec, Cuicatec, and Trique) along with Amuzgo which was considered to be related to Mixtecan on an earlier horizon of reconstruction.3 The purpose of

Ceremonial Bird Burials in San Francisco Bay Shellmounds

AbstractBurials of condors at two central California coastal sites extend the area of this trait, previously known from burials further south and inland. It was probably a ritual practice from Early horizon times (about 2000 B.C.) onward. Possible connections with bird burial in the Southwest deserve study.

A “Graver” Site in Wisconsin

The subject of this report is a group of 70 gravers collected in 1954 and 1955 from the surface of a village site about 12 miles southeast of Madison, Wisconsin. The finding of this number of gravers at a single site is unusual and is also of special interest since gravers have usually been associated with Archaic and earlier horizons. A separate report (Nero 1955) has been published on the total assemblage of artifacts from the site, material which represents a conglomeration of several cultures, though an Archaic-like complex predominates.

人胎児脳神経の発生学的研究

When the cranial part of the neural tube is closed to the brain there are three pairs of ganglions; that is trigeminal, acousticofacial and vago-glossopharyngeal. The trigeminal ganglion is the largest, the vago-glossopharyngeal the smallest.In the earliest author's embryos which belong to the Streeter's horizon XIV, the three nerves of the trigeminus are protruding thick and straight from the ganglion toward respective regions. The portio minor of the mandibular nerve is becoming eminent in this period. Asregarding the facial nerve the chorda tympani is earlier developing than the stem in the same horizon, the N. petrosus superficialis major a little later in the next horizon XV, when the stem is almost the same as in the earlier stage.In the horizon XIV the vagus is also already well developed, its root and trunk ganglions are completely separated by nerve fiber bundle, from the trunk ganglion the upper laryngeal nerve is protruding while the stem is not yet elongating, as in the case of the chorda tympani to the facial nerve stem. The glossopharyneal nerve is a little later developing than the vagus, its root and trunk ganglions are not completely separated in the early stage, the tympanic nerve from the trunk ganglion is only in the horizon XVI to be observed.The peripheral nerve bundles which come from the epithelium of the otic vesicle and reach the statoacoustic ganglion are developing from the horizon XV to XVI and in the horizon XVII all nerves already discernible.Among the motor nerves the hypoglossal is the first developing, it reaches to the level of the trunk ganglion of the vagus in the early horizon XIV, while the others for the optic bulb muscles : the oculomotorius, trochlearis and abducens are not yet protruding from the brain wall. Among these three nerves the oculomotor is the earliest developing, the trochleal the latest. The former is in the horizon XV, the latter in the next horizon XVI protruding from the brain wall.

VI / Mogollon Pottery

The Mogollon Culture begins with the addition of pottery to the last phase of the Cochise Culture. Pottery was the last distinctive element to be added, for architecture and agriculture had been a functioning part of the culture for perhaps a thousand years or more. There can be little doubt that pottery was introduced from outside the area, for the earliest ceramic complex appears as a thriving industry with well established techniques. Technically this pottery is well made, and although only a limited number of shapes occur, it is by no means primitive.The main outline of Mogollon pottery development can be summarized briefly. The earliest horizon yet known contains polished brown and polished red wares. These wares, or variations of them, continue as basic wares of the ceramic complex throughout Mogollon history.

Early Man in the Maya Area

The Maya area has yielded little in the way of Early Man, although certain discoveries, like that at Santa Isabel Iztapan (Aveleyra and Maldonado 1953), have unquestionably established hunters of now extinct fauna in the Valley of Mexico. In Guatemala only a peculiarly cut sloth bone suggests human co-existence with Upper Pleistocene fauna (Shook 1951: 93, 96). But, apart from these, one can only note two other finds, both made some years ago, one at Concepcion, Campeche, Mexico, the other in the Peten, Guatemala. These latter ‘discoveries have been treated in a few important studies as containing either sure or probable remnants of a fundamental, early Mesoamerican horizon. I strongly feel that before these particular finds achieve widespread acceptance, in print or otherwise, as except tionally ancient, they should be re-examined especially from the comparative standpoint.The Concepción artifacts and those from the Peten were, for the most part, percussion-flaked flint implements, bifaced, usually with one end rounded, the other relatively pointed, and with unretouched edges, not unlike the Acheulian hand ax of Europe.

Anthropological Records, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Volume 12, Nos. 1-4, 1949-1950. Comprising 12:1 The archaeology of central California, 1: The early horizon, by Robert F. Heizer ; 12:2 The archaeology of central California: A comparative analysis of human hone from nine sites by R. F. Heizer and S. F. Cook; 12:3 An archaeological survey of the

Anthropological Records, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Volume 12, Nos. 1-4, 1949-1950. Comprising 12:1 The archaeology of central California, 1: The early horizon, by Robert F. Heizer ; 12:2 The archaeology of central California: A comparative analysis of human hone from nine sites by R. F. Heizer and S. F. Cook; 12:3 An archaeological survey of the Yuki area by A. E. Treganza, C. E. Smith, and W. D. Weymouth; 12:4 The Topanga culture, first season's excavation of the Tank Site, 1947, by A. E. Treganza and C. G. Malamud. - Volume 17 Issue 3

Dales Ware: a distinctive Romano-British Cooking-pot

The type of cooking-pot considered here is common in northern England, is precisely datable, appears to have been fashionable only for a short period, and has an unmistakable profile. It is thus especially valuable as an index of chronology.Though there are exceptions, most examples of the type are made in the same kind of fabric. This fabric is hard and coarse, with a smooth but unpolished surface; it is grey, black, or brown in colour. The body of the clay is charged with small fragments of white shell; these have often been dissolved by acids in the soil, leaving the surface pitted with shallow cavities, in the same way that pieces of mineral calcite are dissolved out of similar wares. The fabric thus belongs to the same family of calcite-gritted wares as Knapton ware and as the Huntcliff type of cooking-pot, without being identical with them. Wares of this character, differing from each other markedly in form, but only slightly in fabric, are found in early Iron Age, Roman, and Dark Age horizons, and are widely distributed; they were especially common in the Roman period in what is now Yorkshire, and in the north-east midlands. They did not appear in large numbers on Hadrian's Wall before the fourth century.

Radiocarbon Dates and Early Man

The results of carbon 14 tests on materials falling within the early man category are in some respects as surprising as a few of those in other fields, but on the whole they are reasonably satisfactory. Because of the regional distribution of the samples and the number of people who sent them in, several nominally belonging in this group are discussed elsewhere. The latter include Gypsum cave, Leonard rockshelter, the early horizons in California and Oregon and the material from South America.The age of the well-known Folsom complex caused considerable comment when the figure pertaining to the type site was released. The average of 4283 ± 250 years obtained from sample 377 was entirely too low in the opinion of many archaeologists and geologists and was completely out of line with dates for other materials known to be later stratigraphically. Because of this, Harold J. Cook, who provided the charcoal used in the test, returned to and carefully reexamined the Folsom quarry in 1950.

History of Ancient Geography

List of illustrations Preface Introduction 1. Early horizons 2. The Greek horizon to Herodotus 3. Greek theory to Aristotle 4. From Alexander to Eratosthenes 5. Theory in the same period 6. The Roman republic 7. Theory in the same period 8. The great days of the Roman Empire 9. The same: Africa 10. The same: Asia 11. Theory in the same period 12. The decline Note on books and abbreviations Addenda Index.

Early Cultural Horizons in the Southeastern United States

Since Haag's article “Early Horizons in the Southeast” appeared some time ago, considerable data have accumulated which further delimit the southeastern archaeological area. Instead of covering the area south of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, as noted by Haag, it more nearly approximates that region covered by the eastern half of the state of Tennessee; the southern half of North Carolina; all of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida; and the eastern portion of Louisiana—most of which lie in the Coastal Plain and in the northern portion of the Piedmont section. Climatic as well as physiographic and cultural conditions were determinants of the type and kind of aboriginal sites found in this geographical section of the United States.

Early Central Californian and Anasazi Shell Artifact Types

In his recently published paper on “The Archaeology of Central California I: The Early Horizon” Robert F. Heizer writes “it is possible to anticipate at least in the later Southwestern horizons, for which we have dendrochronologic dates, a direct cross-chronology between the Southwest and California in terms of actual year dates.“Fourteen Californian shell types from Anasazi sites, ranging from Basketmaker II to Pueblo IV, have been listed. Nine of these fourteen types come from Basketmaker III sites, one also from Basketmaker II, indicating that they were already being made in California contemporaneously and probably considerably earlier. These Basketmaker examples thus establish a minimum dating for the types in California.

Archaeological Observations on the Problem of Post-Glacial Extinction

In a recent paper notable for its lucid presentation of certain of the wider problems confronting the American anthropologist in his attempt to unravel New World prehistory, Dr. A. L. Kroeber has touched, doubtless with justified trepidation, upon the problem of Folsom man in America. That subject has indeed suffered but little illumination in so far as its relation to the rest of the American archaeological record is concerned, and Dr. Kroeber, with sturdy honesty, minces no words in pointing out the hiatus which intervenes between this early horizon and later cultures. It is, he warns, dangerous to produce “speculative bridges that quickly tend to run into fantasy.” He notes that “the earlier date, the longer time span, have an inherent attractiveness to most human minds.” “So long,” he says, “as there is a real possibility that some of the associations of human artifacts with extinct animals may be no more than three thousand years old, it is certainly not wise to build interpretations on the contrary possibility that some of them may be twenty-five thousand years old.”