Early History Research Articles

Late Triassic Intracontinental Deformation of South Tianshan, Central Asia: Evidence from Syn‐tectonic Sedimentation and Detrital Zircon Provenances of the Kuqa Depression

AbstractThe Tianshan range, a Paleozoic orogenic belt in Central Asia, has undergone multiple phases of tectonic activities characterized by the N‐S compression after the early Mesozoic, including the far‐field effects of the Cenozoic Indian‐Asian collision. However, there are limited reports on the tectonic deformation and initiation of Triassic intracontinental deformation in the Tianshan range. Understanding this structural context is crucial for interpreting the early intracontinental deformation history of the Eurasian continent during the early Mesozoic. Growth strata and syn‐tectonic sediments provide a rich source of information on tectonic activities and have been extensively used in the studies of orogenic belts. Based on detail fieldwork conducted in this study, the middle‐late Triassic Kelamayi Formation of the northern Kuqa Depression in the southern Tianshan fold‐thrust belt has been identified as the typical syn‐tectonic growth strata. The youngest detrital zircon component in two lithic sandstone samples from the bottom and top of the Kelamayi growth strata yielded U‐Pb ages of 223.4 ± 3.1 and 215.5 ± 2.9 Ma, respectively, indicating that the maximum depositional age of the bottom and top of the Kelamayi growth strata is 226‐220 and 218‐212 Ma. The geochronological distribution of detrital samples from the Early‐Middle Triassic and Late Triassic revealed abrupt changes, suggesting a new source supply resulting from tectonic activation in the Tianshan range. The coupling relationship between the syn‐tectonic sedimentation of the Kelamayi Formation and the South Tianshan fold‐thrust system provides robust evidence that the Triassic intracontinental deformation of the South Tianshan range began at approximately 226‐220 Ma (during the Late Triassic) and ended at approximately 218‐212 Ma. These findings provide crucial constraints for understanding the intraplate deformation in the Tianshan range during the Triassic.

To Learn but Not Live Together? The Early History of the University of British Columbia’s International House

Abstract The University of British Columbia (UBC) opened Canada’s first International House (I-House) in 1959 after a decade of activism from students and faculty. Students had demanded an I-House to help them find housing, and to ensure that “brotherhood may prevail,” as the I-House motto promised. The I-House campaign received support from community groups that raised the funds to build the UBC I-House. UBC’s administration wanted I-House as a social center that could coordinate fledgling international student services and resisted the residential I-House model. Ultimately, UBC’s administrators won out and the residential component was never built. This paper examines the conflict about building a residence to house international and domestic students together, chronicling the competing visions of international student policy and services that were circulating at one of Canada’s largest universities in the early days of the Cold War.

The development and challenges of public health nursing education in China from 1912 to 1949: A historical study.

To examine the development and challenges of public health nursing education in China during the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949). This study utilized a historical research design that combined a social framework and a policy framework to explore the early history of public health nursing education in China. Historical data were collected from periodicals, newspapers, archives, books and other sources. Public health was integrated into the nursing school curriculum for the first time during the period of the Republic of China, and health facilities and nursing schools conducted early explorations of public health nurse training. However, public health nursing education faced difficulties in terms of the curriculum, personnel training, and the localization of education. The achievements and difficulties associated with public health nursing education in China during the period of the Republic of China provide a historical reference for the integration of public health into current basic nursing education and the compatibility between the training of public health nurses and practical needs. Comparative studies of early public health nursing education across countries are expected to offer a better understanding of current public health nursing education.

Update on the Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation : Disease Concept and Genetics.

Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation is one of important pediatric arteriovenous shunt diseases, especially among neonates and infants. Here, early history of the disease identification, basic pathoanatomy with a focus on the embryonic median prosencephalic vein, classification and differential diagnoses, and recent genetic studies are reviewed.

Early Transport Patterns and Influencing Factors of Different Stocks of Uroteuthis edulis in the East China Sea.

Uroteuthis edulis (U. edulis) is an important economic loliginid resource in the East China Sea (ECS). Its flexible life history traits enable the population to quickly adapt to changes in habitat. Understanding the early transport process helps us to grasp the habitat requirements of populations at key life history stages. In this study, particle tracing was used to simulate the early transport trajectories (within 120 days). The gradient forest method (GFM) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to analyze the key environmental variables that affect the early transport trajectories and the impact of environmental factors on the transport process, respectively. The results showed that spring stock tracers were transported to the northeast of the release area (Pengjiayu water) and the Pacific side of Japan. Summer stock tracers were transported to the north and northeast of the release area (Zhoushan island). Current velocity, salinity, and temperature were key environmental variables that affected the trace element ratios of spring stock at early life history stages. Mixed-layer depth (MLD), velocity, and chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) were key environmental variables for summer stock. Zonal velocity was positively correlated with the trace element ratio for spring and summer stock (0.14-0.16 m/s), while the meridional velocity showed an opposite correlation. The physical driving mechanisms of the Kuroshio warm current (or the Taiwan warm current) and the Yangtze River determine the paralarva retention location during early transportation. The differences in the dominant factors of the water environment in the retention area may affect the paralarva physiological functions and food availability. This study provides a scientific basis for a comprehensive understanding of the migration characteristics of U. edulis with different stocks.

A dog's life: Early life histories influence methylation of glucocorticoid (NR3C1) and oxytocin (OXTR) receptor genes, cortisol levels, and attachment styles.

Early life deprivation and stress can contribute to life-long, problematic consequences, including epigenetic variations related to behavior and health. Domestic dogs share human environments and social-cognitive traits, making them a promising comparative model to examine developmental plasticity. We examined 47 owner-dog dyads, including dogs rescued from abusive or neglectful environments, and matched control dogs for changes in DNA methylation of glucocorticoid (NR3C1) and oxytocin (OXTR) receptor genes previously shown to be affected by early life stress in other species including humans. We used an attachment paradigm, which included a separation event to examine cortisol levels and owner-dog attachment styles. Overall, dogs with adverse histories had different NR3C1 methylation patterns as a function of age and less OXTR methylation than comparison dogs. Dogs with adverse histories did not differ in their cortisol change from baseline to poststressor from comparison dogs, but the change in cortisol was associated with NR3C1 methylation. In addition, dogs with a history of early life stress had more insecure attachment styles; for every unit increase of OXTR methylation, the odds increased for insecure attachment style. This study demonstrates that adverse life histories lead to methylation differences, resulting in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis's dysregulation and differences in behavioral phenotypes.

Contribuții privitoare la relațiile mănăstirii Sfântul Pavel de la Muntele Athos cu mănăstirile Jitianu și Todireni din Țările Române

The present article investigates the beginnings of the Jitianu monastery, proposing some corrections to the more recent interpretations with regard to the role played by the Archimandrite Isaia of the Athonite monastery of Saint Paul. Both Romanian and Russian scholars had discussed Isaia’s pilgrimages, in-between Mount Athos, Bucharest, Moscow and Vienna. The reassessment of the beginnings and of the early history of the Jitianu monastery is largely based on a new corpus of documents found in the archive of Saint Paul monastery. These documents are edited in the appendix of this article. The Wallachian monastery of Jitianu was dependant of the Athonite monastery of Saint Paul, as the Moldavian monastery of Todireni was. The Athonite archive of Saint Paul also comprises some documents that significantly improve our historical knowledge of the Todireni monastery. This study is a preliminary work of a new edition of the Wallachian and Moldavian documents preserved in the archive of Saint Paul. This forthcoming volume will be a completely different one from the Greek edition published in 2002.

‘God-professor’: recovering the meanings of a contested concept in Australasian university history

ABSTRACT This article seeks to recover the contested early history of the term and concept ‘god-professor’. Scholars of the histories of Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand universities and their disciplines have often used ‘god-professor’ descriptively, referring to nineteenth and twentieth-century professors said to have held absolute scholarly authority within and beyond the academy. It has been less commonly noticed that when the term ‘god-professor’ emerged in Australian academia in the early 1960s, it was not a historical and descriptive term but one used polemically in contemporary contests over academic authority. The rapid expansion of postwar Australian higher education made tractable the problems then debated. The article examines the emergence of the ‘god-professor’ concept within these debates, not to suggest the primacy of originary meanings but to foreground questions of academic authority and autonomy lost in many later descriptive uses, which are resonant for debates over academic collegiality and managerial governance today.

East Barents Basin and Admiralty High Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Elements, Barents Sea

Abstract The East Barents Sea (E Barents Sea) includes two major tectonic elements, the East Barents Basin (EB Basin) and the Admiralty High, which are, in the context of the volume, characterized as composite tectono-sedimentary elements. Whereas they share some stratigraphy, their early history may differ. The EB Basin is a dominant structural feature of the Barents Shelf, and one of the largest and deepest sedimentary basins in the Arctic. Admiralty High rims the EB Basin in the east. The advance in understanding the E Barents Sea geology was achieved during 1980s and 1990s mainly due to a significant amount of multichannel reflection seismic data and a number of drilled deep exploration wells. These wells tested many large anticlinal structures and made several large gas discoveries including a giant Shtokman gas and gas condensate accumulation. In the following decades, many important geological results were published in the international and Russian literature. In this chapter we provide a summary of the geology and petroleum geology of the E Barents Sea based on published results and public-domain geological reports.

RNA-catalyzed evolution of catalytic RNA

An RNA polymerase ribozyme that was obtained by directed evolution can propagate a functional RNA through repeated rounds of replication and selection, thereby enabling Darwinian evolution. Earlier versions of the polymerase did not have sufficient copying fidelity to propagate functional information, but a new variant with improved fidelity can replicate the hammerhead ribozyme through reciprocal synthesis of both the hammerhead and its complement, with the products then being selected for RNA-cleavage activity. Two evolutionary lineages were carried out in parallel, using either the prior low-fidelity or the newer high-fidelity polymerase. The former lineage quickly lost hammerhead functionality as the population diverged toward random sequences, whereas the latter evolved new hammerhead variants with improved fitness compared to the starting RNA. The increase in fitness was attributable to specific mutations that improved the replicability of the hammerhead, counterbalanced by a small decrease in hammerhead activity. Deep sequencing analysis was used to follow the course of evolution, revealing the emergence of a succession of variants that progressively diverged from the starting hammerhead as fitness increased. This study demonstrates the critical importance of replication fidelity for maintaining heritable information in an RNA-based evolving system, such as is thought to have existed during the early history of life on Earth. Attempts to recreate RNA-based life in the laboratory must achieve further improvements in replication fidelity to enable the fully autonomous Darwinian evolution of RNA enzymes as complex as the polymerase itself.

Tectonic Evolution of the Condrey Mountain Schist: An Intact Record of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Franciscan Subduction and Underplating

AbstractThe Klamath Mountains in northern California and southern Oregon are thought to record 200+ m.y. of subduction and terrane accretion, whereas the outboard Franciscan Complex records ocean‐continent subduction along the North American margin. Unraveling the Klamath Mountains' Late Jurassic history could help constrain this transition in subduction style. Key is the Mesozoic Condrey Mountain Schist (CMS), comprising, in part, a subduction complex that occupies a structural window through older, overlying central Klamath thrust sheets but with otherwise uncertain relationships to more outboard Klamath or Franciscan terranes. The CMS consists of two units (upper and lower), which could be correlated with (a) other Klamath terranes, (b) the Franciscan, or (c) neither based on regional structures and limited extant age data. Upper CMS protolith and metamorphic dates overlap with other Klamath terranes, but the lower CMS remains enigmatic. We used multiple geochronometers to constrain the timing of lower CMS deposition and metamorphism. Maximum depositional ages (MDAs) derived from detrital zircon geochronology of metasedimentary rocks are 153–135 Ma. Metamorphic ages from white mica K‐Ar and Rb‐Sr multi‐mineral isochrons from intercalated and coherently deformed metamafic lenses are 133–116 Ma. Lower CMS MDAs (<153 Ma) predominantly postdate other Klamath terrane ages, but subduction metamorphism appears to start before the earliest coherent Franciscan underplating (ca. 123 Ma). The lower CMS thus occupies a spatial and temporal position between the Klamath Mountains and Franciscan and preserves a non‐retrogressed record of the Franciscan Complex's early history (>123 Ma), otherwise only partially preserved in retrogressed Franciscan high grade blocks.

Before the Last Car

This article explores the early queer history of the Mexico City Metro (from its planning stages in the late 1960s—and especially the subway’s embeddedness in the political and sexual repression emblematized by the student massacres of 1968 and 1971—through its first decade of operation). Drawing evidence from a variety of sources—literary works, essays and chronicles, newspaper accounts, and popular music, as well as from biographies of the planners of the Metro—the article argues that, from its inception, the Metro was understood by the state and by sexual-political dissidents as a mechanism for political and sexual control. But as the Metro more efficiently connected upper-class neighborhoods with of barrios populares, the Metro gradually became a zone of queer rebellion.

The early history of dengue in Australia.

Although reports of outbreaks of dengue-like diseases in the Asia Pacific region were frequent from about 1870, the disease probably did not become endemic in Australia until about 1885. Several seminal discoveries about this disease were made in Queensland and later in Sydney. These included a refined case definition for dengue, identification of the mosquito vector, demonstration of a viraemia and its duration, quantification of the incubation time, demonstration of immunity after experimental infection and recognition that the virus could cause a fatal haemorrhagic fever, and this was more frequent in second or subsequent infections. Australian research was foundational to the modern understanding of dengue.

An Island in the City: Ancona’s New Lazaretto as a Medical, Political, and Religious Borderland

Abstract: This essay explores the role of quarantine stations as sites of creation and disruption of Mediterranean borderlands. It considers the early history of the “new lazaretto,” the maritime quarantine station created in Ancona, a city in the Papal States, after Pope Clement XII declared the city a free port in 1732. Big and beautiful, the new lazaretto was built on an artificial island and marked Ancona’s cityscape. This essay reconstructs how it functioned as a dynamic border space where concerns about disease transmission were addressed through the deployment of practices of environmental and sensory control. It argues that the new lazaretto embodied a liminal environment that was established at the crossroads of medical, economic, religious, and political entanglements and reflected the geopolitical dynamics of the eastern Mediterranean world.

Paradise lost and found: The story of an Irish manuscript in Illinois

abstract: This article draws attention to a nineteenth-century Irish-language manuscript, thought until now by scholars to have been irretrievably lost. The early history of the manuscript is set out and, by careful interrogation of an extant microfilm copy in the National Library of Ireland, the current whereabouts and identity of the manuscript are traced to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, POST-1650 MS 0115, where it has been since 1958. A description of the manuscript is appended to this article.

The genesis and early history of the International Society for Education through Art: Idealism and optimism after the destruction of two World Wars

This article provides an account of developments which led to what became the International Society for Education through Art (InSEA) under the auspices of the United Nations and later the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the period from 1941 to the Society’s first general assembly in 1954.

Introduction: Graphemic classifiers in complex script systems

This article explores the role of unpronounced semantic classifiers, also known as graphemic classifiers or determinatives, in three ancient complex scripts: Egyptian, Chinese and Sumerian. These classifiers are silent hieroglyphs, Chinese characters or cuneiform signs that are combined with other signs that carry phonetic information to form a complete written representation of a word. While these classifiers are written and visible, they are not pronounced. They add silent, motivated semantic information related to the meaning of the word. These classifiers can be found in various positions within words, reflecting cultural and referential information. Classifier studies, in general, have gained significant interest at the intersection of linguistic typology, cognitive linguistics, semiotics of scripts and neuroscience. The research field examines classifiers in oral languages, signed languages and complex scripts, emphasizing that regardless of modality they reflect a shared cognitive effort to organize knowledge. It is our hope that the scholarly contributions in this issue will open up a new chapter in classifier studies and in comparative script analysis. Theoretical and analytical work undertaken in the last few decades has been done primarily by individual researchers specializing in one language or script. Our approach combines large-scale corpus data with comparative script analysis carried out by teams of collaborators who can contribute specialized expertise in different ancient writing systems. The research possibilities opened by our newly developed digital tool iClassifier are presented in detail in the other contributions in this issue. This work has laid a strong comparative foundation that we can now build on, to develop new insights into the early history of script development and the commonalities and differences among ancient cultural conceptualizations of the world.

The history of the spread of islam in india and its relationship with islam in the archipelago: a critical review

This study describes the history of the spread of Islam in India and its relationship with the Archipelago. This study uses historical methods and a sociological approach. This research is a library research with a research focus, namely how is the history of the arrival of Islam in the Indian region? and How is the relationship between Indian Islam and Nusantara Islam? The results of this research are that the early history of the entry of Indian Islam is divided into two, namely formal and non-formal. The formal spread of Islam, namely the spread during the time of the Prophet, at that time many Jat (Indian) tribes lived in Arabia and some became physicians who healed the illness of Aisha, the wife of the Prophet, who was eventually appointed as his khadimah. The spread in the Rashidun khulafaur era at the time of Umar bin Khatab who carried out the expansion which was then continued by the next government until the Umayyads and the dynasties after it such as the Ghazni dynasty, Ghuri, the Delhi sultanate, the Khalji dynasty, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and finally the Mughal dynasty. non-formal, namely by trade, figures of Alim Ulama and marriage. Meanwhile, the relationship between India and the Archipelago occurred because of trade routes which later led to the entry of Islam. The strongest theory of Islamization in the archipelago was carried out by traders from Gujarat. This theory is believed from the many historical evidences, one of which is the legacy of Malik al Saleh who came from Bangala

Environmental Effects during Early Life-History Stages and Seed Development on Seed Functional Traits of an Australian Native Legume Species.

Understanding how seed functional traits interact with environmental factors to determine seedling recruitment is critical to assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem restoration. This study focused on the effects of environmental factors on the mother plant during early plant life history stages and during seed development. Desmodium brachypodum A. Gray (large tick trefoil, Fabaceae) was used as a model species. Firstly, this study analyzed seed germination traits in response to temperature and moisture stress. Secondly, it investigated how seed burial depth interacts with temperature and soil moisture to influence seedling emergence traits. Finally, it determined if contrasting levels of post-anthesis soil moisture could result in changes in D. brachypodum reproductive biology and seed and seedling functional traits. The results showed that elevated temperature and moisture stress interacted to significantly reduce the seed germination and seedling emergence (each by >50%), while the seed burial improved the seedling emergence. Post-anthesis soil moisture stress negatively impacted the plant traits, reducing the duration of the reproductive phenology stage (by 9 days) and seed production (by almost 50%). Unexpectedly, soil moisture stress did not affect most seed or seedling traits. In conclusion, elevated temperatures combined with low soil moisture caused significant declines in seed germination and seedling emergence. On the other hand, the reproductive output of D. brachypodum had low seed variability under soil moisture stress, which might be useful when sourcing seeds from climates with high variability. Even so, a reduction in seed quantity under maternal moisture stress can impact the long-term survival of restored plant populations.

In a Class of Its Own? The Origins and Early History of Tennis in the 19th-Century Cape Colony

This article endeavours to awaken a scholarly interest in the origins and early history of tennis in the city of Cape Town and the Cape Colony more broadly. By drawing on newspaper accounts and other supplementary materials, the article maps out a social, political and cultural landscape that shaped this particular history prior to 1892, the year that tennis was established on a national basis in the region that would become the Union of South Africa in 1910. Much of this history has disappeared or has been erased from public consciousness and therefore events are called up that may appear insignificant to the modern reader. In recovering this history, this article seeks to demonstrate that the history of this sport matters because of its place in the social and political unfolding of 19th-century Cape colonial society. It then unpacks this history as it evolved predominantly among the English-speaking colonial middle class, in elite private residences, hotels, schools and clubs within the culture associated with these institutions.