Early Goal-directed Therapy In Patients Research Articles

Systematic review of ultrasound-guided fluid resuscitation vs. early goal-directed therapy in patients with septic shock

To systematically review the efficacy of ultrasound-guided fluid resuscitation and early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) in patients with septic shock. Multiple databases including Wanfang, CNKI, SinoMed, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched from initial to August 2019 for randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies about the comparison of ultrasound-guided fluid resuscitation and EGDT on resuscitation effect in patients with septic shock. Language, country and region were unlimited. Data extraction and quality evaluation were carried out by means of independent review and cross check results by two researchers. Finally, only two English RCT studies were enrolled. In the two RCT studies, the ultrasound groups used inferior vena cava collapse index (VCCI) and ultrasound score to guide fluid resuscitation, which resulted in clinical heterogeneity. Because the results could not be pooled, only systematic review, not meta-analysis, could be done. There were measurement bias and selection bias in the two RCT studies, and the literature quality level was B and C respectively. System review results showed that using ultrasound would reduce 7-day mortality (15.0% vs. 35.0%, P = 0.039) and prescribe less of 24-hour intravenous fluids (mL: 900 vs. 1 850, P < 0.01) for patients with septic shock as compared with EGDT. Ultrasound was easy to assess the reactive capacity and cardiac function of patients with septic shock, so as to decrease the incidence of pulmonary edema, which was significantly lower than EGDT (15.0% vs. 37.5%, P = 0.022). However, there was no statistically significant difference in 28-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation or length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay between the two groups. The ultrasound-guided fluid resuscitation may be useful and practical for septic shock patients within 7 days after admission as compared with EGDT, but it cannot reduce the 28-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation or length of ICU stay.

Evaluation of the effect of early goal-directed therapy in patients with paraquat poisoning

目的： 回顾分析将尿液百草枯浓度通过血液净化治疗降低至1 mg/L作为百草枯中毒患者的早期目标治疗的治疗效果。 方法： 收集中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科重症监护室收治的187名百草枯中毒患者的临床资料，根据经过数次血液灌流将患者尿中百草枯浓度降至1 mg/L而停止血液灌流治疗的患者设为目标治疗组，将其他符合纳入标准的患者设为对照组，比较两组患者的72 h内早期病死率、28 d病死率、服毒剂量、灌流次数、灌流前后尿液百草枯浓度等指标；按结束灌流后尿液百草枯浓度是否小于1 mg/L分组，比较两组患者的灌流次数、28 d病死率、72 h病死率； 结果： 目标治疗组60人，72 h早期死亡14人，病死率23.3%，对照组127人，72 h早期死亡31人，病死率24.4%；目标治疗组28 d死亡28人，病死率46.7%，对照组28 d死亡77人，病死率60.6%，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；按结束灌流后尿液百草枯浓度是否小于1 mg/L分组比较，尿百草枯浓度<1 mg/L组灌流为（2.67±0.752）次，28 d病死率为50.4%，小于尿百草枯浓度≥1 mg/L组灌流[（3.81±0.753）次，病死率为69.6%]，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论： 将百草枯中毒患者的尿百草枯浓度小于1 mg/L，设定为百草枯中毒患者血液灌流治疗早期目标，有降低患者28 d病死率，改善患者预后的趋势。.

Early, Goal-Directed Therapy for Septic Shock — A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis

BackgroundAfter a single-center trial and observational studies suggesting that early, goal-directed therapy (EGDT) reduced mortality from septic shock, three multicenter trials (ProCESS, ARISE, and ProMISe) showed no benefit. This meta-analysis of individual patient data from the three recent trials was designed prospectively to improve statistical power and explore heterogeneity of treatment effect of EGDT.MethodsWe harmonized entry criteria, intervention protocols, outcomes, resource-use measures, and data collection across the trials and specified all analyses before unblinding. After completion of the trials, we pooled data, excluding the protocol-based standard-therapy group from the ProCESS trial, and resolved residual differences. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included 1-year survival, organ support, and hospitalization costs. We tested for treatment-by-subgroup interactions for 16 patient characteristics and 6 care-delivery characteristics.ResultsWe studied 3723 patients at 138 hospitals in seven countries. Mortality at 90 days was similar for EGDT (462 of 1852 patients [24.9%]) and usual care (475 of 1871 patients [25.4%]); the adjusted odds ratio was 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.14; P=0.68). EGDT was associated with greater mean (±SD) use of intensive care (5.3±7.1 vs. 4.9±7.0 days, P=0.04) and cardiovascular support (1.9±3.7 vs. 1.6±2.9 days, P=0.01) than was usual care; other outcomes did not differ significantly, although average costs were higher with EGDT. Subgroup analyses showed no benefit from EGDT for patients with worse shock (higher serum lactate level, combined hypotension and hyperlactatemia, or higher predicted risk of death) or for hospitals with a lower propensity to use vasopressors or fluids during usual resuscitation.ConclusionsIn this meta-analysis of individual patient data, EGDT did not result in better outcomes than usual care and was associated with higher hospitalization costs across a broad range of patient and hospital characteristics. (Funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and others; PRISM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02030158.)

Early outcome of early-goal directed therapy for patients with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Various trials and meta-analyses have reported conflicting results concerning the application of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for sepsis and septic shock. The aim of this study was to update the evidence by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple databases were searched from initial through August, 2016 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which investigated the associations between the use of EGDT and mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects model and heterogeneity was examined through subgroup analyses. The primary outcome of interest was patient all-cause mortality including hospital or ICU mortality. Seventeen RCTs including 6207 participants with 3234 in the EGDT group and 2973 in the control group were eligible for this study. Meta-analysis showed that EGDT did not significantly reduce hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (relative risk [RR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.02) compared with control group for patients with sepsis or septic shock. The findings of subgroup analyses stratified by study region, number of research center, year of enrollment, clinical setting, sample size, timing of EGDT almost remained constant with that of the primary analysis. Our findings provide evidence that EGDT offers neutral survival effects for patients with sepsis or septic shock. Further meta-analyses based on larger well-designed RCTs or individual patient data meta-analysis are required to explore the survival benefits of EDGT in patients with sepsis or septic shock.

Fluid resuscitation for acute kidney injury: an empty promise.

The past decade has seen more advances in our understanding of fluid therapy than the preceding decades combined. What was once thought to be a relatively benign panacea is increasingly being recognized as a potent pharmacological and physiological intervention that may pose as much harm as benefit. Recent studies have clearly indicated that the amount, type, and timing of fluid administration have profound effects on patient morbidity and outcomes. The practice of aggressive volume resuscitation for 'renal protection' and 'hemodynamic support' may in fact be contributing to end organ dysfunction. The practice of early goal-directed therapy for patients suffering from critical illness or undergoing surgery appears to offer no benefit over conventional therapy and may in fact be harmful. A new conceptual model for fluid resuscitation of critically ill patients has recently been developed and is explored here. The practice of giving more fluid early and often is being replaced with new conceptual models of fluid resuscitation that suggest fluid therapy be 'personalized' to individual patient pathophysiology.

Early goal-directed resuscitation for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore whether early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) was associated with a lower mortality rate in comparison to usual care in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and a Chinese database (SinoMed) were searched systematically to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing standard EGDT with usual care in resuscitation of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock and the search time could date back to the publication of the study by Rivers in 2001. The study selection, data extraction and methodological evaluation were performed by two investigators independently. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The present meta-analysis had been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42015017667).ResultsOur meta-analysis identified 6 studies and enrolling 4336 patients. There was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups, and the pooled odds ratio (OR) was 0.83 (95 % confident interval, CI, 0.64–1.08) with significant heterogeneity (p = 0.02, I2 = 64 %). However, the pooled OR of 3 multicenter RCTs was 1.03 (95 % CI, 0.89–1.21) with no heterogeneity (p = 0.78, I2 = 0 %). The effects of EGDT on length of stay in the emergency department and intensive care unit were uncertain, and there was no effect of EGDT on hospital length of stay. There were no differences of mechanical ventilation rate and renal replacement therapy rate between the two groups, and patients in the EGDT group were more admitted in ICU than patients in the control group. During the early 6-h intervention period, patients in the EGDT group received more intravenous fluids, had a higher vasopressor usage rate, higher dobutamine usage rate and higher blood transfusion rate, than patients in the control group. Finally, there was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups, and the pooled OR was 1.06 (95%CI 0.80–1.39) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 62 %, p = 0.07).DiscussionOur meta-analysis showed that the application of EGDT was not associated with lower mortality rate currently. However it does not mean that it is useless of EGDT in patients with sever sepsis and septic shock. On the contrary, there was no difference in mortality rate between the two groups may be due to the improvement of therapeutic strategies in these patients. And the results may be related to the different compliance rate of EGDT resuscitation bundle.ConclusionsThe current evidence does not support the significant advantage of Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) in the resuscitation of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13049-016-0214-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of early goal-directed therapy on mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

ObjectiveTo determine whether patients with severe sepsis or septic shock could benefit from a strict and early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) protocol recommended by Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) Guidelines.MethodsMEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/OVID and...

Early goal-directed therapy reduces mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction:Survival sepsis campaign guidelines have promoted early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) as a means for reduction of mortality. On the other hand, there were conflicting results coming out of recently published meta-analyses on mortality benefits of EGDT in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. On top of that, the findings of three recently done randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showed no survival benefit by employing EGDT compared to usual care. Therefore, we aimed to do a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of EGDT on mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock patients.Methodology:We included RCTs that compared EGDT with usual care in our meta-analysis. We searched in Hinari, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials electronic databases and other articles manually from lists of references of extracted articles. Our primary end point was overall mortality.Results:A total of nine trails comprising 4783 patients included in our analysis. We found that EGDT significantly reduced mortality in a random-effect model (RR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72–0.94; P = 0.008; I2 =50%). We also did subgroup analysis stratifying the studies by the socioeconomic status of the country where studies were conducted, risk of bias, the number of sites where the trials were conducted, setting of trials, publication year, and sample size. Accordingly, trials carried out in low to middle economic income countries (RR, 0.078; 95% CI, 0.67–0.91; P = 0.002; I2 = 34%) significantly reduced mortality compared to those in higher income countries (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.33–1.06; P = 0.28; I2 = 29%). On the other hand, patients receiving EGDT had longer length of hospital stay compared to the usual care (mean difference, 0.49; 95% CI, –0.04–1.02; P = 0.07; I2 = 0%).Conclusion:The result of our study showed that EGDT significantly reduced mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Paradoxically, EGDT increased the length of hospital stay compared to usual routine care.

Effect of EGDT on tissue perfusion in patients with septic shock

Objective To observe the effect of early goal directed therapy (EGDT) on tissue perfusion,microcirculation and tissue oxygenation in patients with septic shock.Methods A prospective observational study was carried out in 20 patients with early septic shock admitted to ICU within 24 hours after onset.Patients with one of following conditions,including stroke,brain injury,other types of shock,severe heart failure,acute myocardium infarction,ages below 18,pregnancy,terminal stage of disease,cardiac arrest,extensive bums,mouth bleeding,oromandiblular dyetonia (difficult to open the mouth),and the time elapsed over 24 hours after onset of septic shock,were excluded.The eligible patients were treated with the standard procedure of EGDT.The partial pressure of transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide (PtcO2,PtcCO2) was monitored and hemodynamic data were recorded.Sidestream dark field imaging device was applied to detect the sublingual microcirculation.Hemodynamics,tissue oxygen,and sublingual microcirculation were compared before treatment and after EGDT.When the variables met the normal distribution,t test was applied.Otherwise,Wilcoxon test was used.Correlation between variables was analyzed with Pearson Correlation Analysis.Results Of 20 patients,19 met all 4 elements in criteria of EGDT after treatment and were eligible for study.PtcO2 and PtcCO2 were monitored in 19 patients.Sublingual microcirculation was obtained in four of them.(1) After the criteria of EGDT were entirely met,PtcO2 increased from (62.7 ± 24.0) mm Hg to (78.0 ± 30.9) mm Hg (P ＜ 0.05) ; tissue oxygenation index (PtcO2/FiO2) was (110.7 ± 60.4) mm Hg before treatment and (141.6 ± 78.2) mm Hg after EGDT (P ＜ 0.05).PtcCO2 and PaCO2 gap (difference between PtcCO2 and PaCO2) decreased significantly after EGDT (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Both proportion of small vessels with perfusion (PVP) and microcirculatory flow index of small vessels (MFI) showed a trend of increase after EGDT,but there were no significant differences between pre-and post-EGDT (P was 0.051 and 0.074 respectively).(3) PtcO2,PtcO2/FiO2,and PtcCO2 were not linearly related to central venous saturation,lactate,oxygen delivery,and oxygen consumption (All P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Peripheral perfusion improved after EGDT in patients with septic shock but those hemodynamic variables might not exactly reflect the authenticity of global perfusion. Key words: Transcutaneous pressure of oxygen; Transcutaneous pressure of carbon dioxide; Microcirculation; Septic shock; Early goal directed therapy; Tissue perfusion; Tissue oxygenation; Sidestream dark field imaging

Effect of early goal directed therapy on tissue perfusion in patients with septic shock.

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to observe the effect of early goal directed therapy (EGDT) on tissue perfusion, microcirculation and tissue oxygenation in patients with septic shock.METHODS:Patients with early septic shock (<24 hours) who had been admitted to the ICU of Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from September 2009 through May 2011 were enrolled (research time: 12 months), and they didn’t meet the criteria of EGDT. Patients who had one of the following were excluded: stroke, brain injury, other types of shock, severe heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, age below 18 years, pregnancy, end-stage disease, cardiac arrest, extensive burns, oral bleeding, difficulty in opening the mouth, and the onset of septic shock beyond 24 hours. Patients treated with the standard protocol of EGDT were included. Transcutaneous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PtcO2, PtcCO2) were monitored and hemodynamic measurements were obtained. Side-stream dark field (SDF) imaging device was applied to obtain sublingual microcirculation. Hemodynamics, tissue oxygen, and sublingual microcirculation were compared before and after EGDT. If the variable meets the normal distribution, Student's t test was applied. Otherwise, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used. Correlation between variables was analyzed with Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient method.RESULTS:Twenty patients were involved, but one patient wasn’t analyzed because he didn’t meet the EGDT criteria. PtcO2 and PtcCO2 were monitored in 19 patients, of whom sublingual microcirculation was obtained. After EGDT, PtcO2 increased from 62.7±24.0 mmHg to 78.0±30.9 mmHg (P<0.05) and tissue oxygenation index (PtcO2/FiO2) was 110.7±60.4 mmHg before EGDT and 141.6±78.2 mmHg after EGDT (P<0.05). The difference between PtcCO2 and PCO2 decreased significantly after EGDT (P<0.05). The density of perfused small vessels (PPV) and microcirculatory flow index of small vessels (MFI) tended to increase, but there were no significant differences between them (P>0.05). PtcO2, PtcO2/FiO2, and PtcCO2 were not linearly related to central venous saturation, lactate, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption (P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Peripheral perfusion was improved after EGDT in patients with septic shock, and it was not exactly reflected by the index of systemic perfusion.

Effect of ICU interventions on gastrointestinal motility

Early detection of gastrointestinal motility disturbances is a major goal to reduce the incidence of this potentially disastrous event by prophylactic managements and early goal-directed therapy in patients at risk. Gastroparesis frequently results in the inability to feed critically ill patients, aggravating problems such as bacterial translocation and stress-induced intestinal damage. Recently published data have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiologic background of gastroparesis, intestinal stress damage and the effect of early enteral nutrition on gastrointestinal function. New techniques, such as ultrasound and the capsule techniques, might help to assess intestinal function beyond the aspiration of gastric residual volumes and the passage of stool. Therapeutic options such as opioid antagonists and the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonist prucalopride might help to restore intestinal function. Gastrointestinal motility disturbances are caused by a myriad of pathological processes. Moreover, bowel integrity is governed by comorbidity, impaired metabolic function and pharmacological interventions in critically ill patients. Restoring gastrointestinal function, therefore, requires a multimodal approach including prophylactic management strategies and the sensible use of substances with inhibitory effects on intestinal motility.

Early Hemoperfusion With a Polymyxin B Column Improves Gastric Intramucosal pH in Sepsis

This study had two purposes. One was to assess gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) after early goal-directed therapy in patients with sepsis and septic shock. The other was to determine whether direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B fiber column (DHP-PMX) could improve the pHi if it remained low after early goal-directed therapy. The subjects were 32 patients who underwent early goal-directed therapy within 6 h of a diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock, and who achieved the following conditions: (i) central venous pressure of 8-12 mm Hg; (ii) mean arterial blood pressure >or=65 mm Hg; (iii) urine output >or=0.5 mL/kg/h; and (iv) mixed venous oxygen saturation >or=70%. A gastric tonometer was inserted in each patient and the pHi was measured before DHP-PMX, and at 24, 48, and 72 h after the start of treatment. The pHi was 7.22 +/- 0.04 immediately before DHP-PMX, 7.28 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.05) at 24 h, 7.32 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.01) at 48 h, and 7.34 +/- 0.02 (P < 0.01) at 72 h, showing a significant increase from 24 h onward compared with the pretreatment value. In patients with sepsis and septic shock, the pHi remained low after early goal-directed therapy; however, it was significantly improved from 24 h after the start of DHP-PMX and was normalized from 48 h onwards. These findings suggest that DHP-PMX improves pHi. Because this was a prospective uncontrolled observational study on a limited number of patients, larger multicenter clinical trials are required to more accurately assess the benefits of DHP-PMX.

Venous oximetry

Mixed venous and central venous oxygen saturations reflect the balance between oxygen requirement and oxygen delivery, and thus may be used to assess the adequacy of tissue oxygenation. This review discusses recent data on the impact of using venous oximetry by obtaining mixed venous oxygen saturation or central venous oxygen saturation as useful monitoring parameters in critically ill patients. Monitoring of changes in the central venous oxygen saturation after major surgery has been shown to be associated with outcome. Furthermore, early goal-directed therapy for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, which includes treatment goals for mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and central venous oxygen saturation, was able to increase survival in these patients. In contrast, pulmonary artery catheter usage does not affect outcome in critically ill patients. Early goal-directed therapy should be implemented in the initial resuscitation of septic patients. Central venous saturation may have prognostic significance following major surgery. Further evaluation of peri-operative trends in central venous saturation is required. Measurement of central venous oxygen saturation can easily be applied in intensive care unit patients and offers a useful, indirect indicator for the adequacy of tissue oxygenation.

Early goal-directed therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis are at increased risk for infection, yet few studies in sepsis focus on this population. The current study evaluates early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for ESRD patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Utilisation de la SvO 2

Monitoring of O 2 venous saturation (SvO 2) is easily performed with fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheters and is used in circulatory shock to assess global balance between tissue O 2 supply and O 2 demand (VO 2). Simultaneous measurement of SvO 2 and continuous Cardiac Output (CO), as recently allowed by modified artery catheters, improve SvO 2 interpretation. Indeed, a decrease in SvO 2 may result from a decrease in arterial O 2 saturation, a decrease in hemoglobin or CO or from an increase in VO 2. SvO 2 is a surrogate marker of tissue O 2 extraction (EO 2) with SvO 2 = 1 – EO 2. When EO 2 is altered, as observed in septic shock, SvO 2 does not anymore guarantee correct interpretation of tissue oxygenation. Central venous O 2 saturation (ScvO 2) can be monitored with more easiness and a lower risk than mixed venous O 2 saturation with a good correlation between SvO 2 and ScvO 2. ScvO 2 has been recently used for early goal-directed therapy in patients with severe sepsis in order to improve hemodynamics at the emergency room; this was associated with a 16% reduction ( p = 0.009) in in-hospital mortality.