Early Generation Research Articles

Experimental Study on the Influence of Stearic Acid Additive on the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Mineral Oil 2137

Using an optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) test rig, oil film thickness and the coefficient of friction (COF) were measured, and the influence of stearic acid additive on the EHL performance of mineral oil 2137 was investigated. The results showed that 2137 with 0.3 wt% stearic acid (denoted to as 2137s) achieved the same film thickness as 2137, while the COF of 2137s was significantly lower than that of 2137 when the contact was under conditions of a fully lubricant supply. Under conditions of limited lubricant supply, 2137 base oil was prone to oil starvation with the increase of entrainment velocity. On the other hand, 2137s significantly mitigated the oil starvation. This was attributed to the fact that lower surface energy by the adsorption of stearic acid results in discontinuous oil-droplet distribution on the lubrication track and, therefore, early pressure generation. Moreover, it is interesting to find that less 2137s supply quantity can produce higher film thickness when the contact is at high speeds, which is attributed to the fact that a smaller quantity of 2137s gives smaller droplets on the lubrication track, and the resultant small surface area–volume ratio presents oil more resistance to the centrifugal force and results in less oil escaping from the lubrication track. The addition of stearic acid reduced the average COF of 2137 mineral oil by about 13.3%

The Formation and Consequences of Political Generations in Social Movements: Cases of Feminist Activism in Ecuador and Peru1,2

Anchored in Mannheim's theory, the concept of political generations captures how new movement recruits respond to shifting political contexts and become agents of change within a social movement. A key challenge when using this concept in generational analyses is to link context with agency. In this article, I make this link by focusing on the interactions between political contexts and movement agency. My study among two generations of feminist activism in Ecuador and Peru found that both cohorts interacted with two sociopolitical conditions—prevailing gender relations and notions of political action—when they were initially mobilized. These interactions took different forms for each cohort, thereby shaping their distinct understandings and practices of feminist activism, and continuing to have consequences for movement goals, strategies, and relationships overtime. For the earlier generation, which became active between the late 1970s and early 1990s, consequences meant practicing militancy to achieve goals, deploying vanguardism to execute a comprehensive strategy, and exerting autonomy to manage the actions of the powerful. I theorize the interactions between movement agency and political contexts as a mesostructure, where process and structure meet, thereby providing a more comprehensive account of the mechanism of change bringing about political generations.

Millennials and organisational commitment: current and future perspectives

ABSTRACT Considerable research in recent decades has been devoted to investigating the nature of organisational commitment, as well as the factors influencing it, and the effects that it has on decisions and actions. In the current paper we contribute to this research by investigating the question as to whether millennials (i.e. people born in the years between 1980 and 2000) might differ from earlier generations in terms of their organisational commitment. We report the results of a literature review of recent theoretical and empirical research on organisational commitment. While some studies provide reason to suspect that millennials might exhibit less organisational commitment than previous generations, the overall body of existing evidence points towards a more nuanced conclusion. Specifically, existing evidence suggests that millennials are not less committed in the workplace than previous generations, but that some factors may be increasing in importance for them compared to previous generations.

A Method of Constructing p-rep Designs

Background: Early generation breeding trials (EGBTs) are very important in plant breeding programmes. In most cases, a large number of breeding lines are to be tested, often with very few available resources and it is also required to repeat these trials in a number of environments. For such trials, an alternative is to use partially replicated designs, where a proportion of the test lines are replicated at each environment. Methods: Here, a general method of constructing a series of efficient partially replicated designs for EGBTs in equal block sizes, through initial blocks is developed. Result: Taking all environments together, the designs obtained are equi-replicate and are partially balanced. They are cost effective in terms of resources as they require lesser replications.

Open to Evolve Embodied Intelligence

For the goal of automatically evolving Embodied Intelligence (EI), we investigate an open software architecture inspired by the high surface area to volume ratio of animal lungs, which aims to avoid information theoretic limits on long term evolution experiments (LTEE) encountered with monolithic genetic programming trees. Instead individuals are teams composed of 1023 trees whose inputs and outputs are linked by a low entropy loss branching data (air) pathway. Most trees are shallow and software engineering’s failed disruption propagation (FDP) is observed in the small fraction of deep trees. After initial search, most improvements are at intermediate depths and performance is still rising even after 100 000 generations.Despite the use of double precision for the bifurcating data interconnect, some information loss is seen, particularly in early generations. The static optimisation benchmark, appears to encourage early convergence, which locks the population into possibly sub-optimal phenotypes. Later thousands of small improvements, sometimes in large bloated ensemble members, appear to compensate for early overfitting.Using tournament fitness selection and subtree crossover, we target pure nested side-effect free floating point functions, which are known to have low FDP, and high fidelity data paths, in the hope of generating code which is not too robust so as to prevent on going improvement. However, we again find genetic changes deep within trees are silent. For single precision, we find a maximum evolvability sweet spot with trees of depth 10 to 100. Accordingly, we suggest to evolve very large very complex programs needed for Embodied Intelligence, an open structure with a high surface area permitting most mutation sites to be within 10-100 levels of the organism’s environment, and many better placed test oracles to monitor the impact of mutated code, will be needed.

Imam AlAloosi's Approach regarding Isra’iliyyat in his tafsir

The Isra’iliyyat or narrations and traditions from sources of Banu Israel, in tafasir is very famous from early generations. All the great tafasirs reported them with its unique approach. This study deals with the approach and stance of imam Mahmood al_ Aloosi an Iraqian nineteenth century famous mufasir in reporting the Isra’iliyyat in his famous tafsir namely “Rooh al-Maa’ni fi Tafsiri-l-Qurani-l-Azim wasab’u-l-Mathani”. This study presents primarily the meaning and concept of Isra’iliyyat and approach of mufasireen towards it, then it also sheds light on his life and methodology of tafsir briefly. At last, it highlights his analytical and critical approach towards Isra’iliyyat with some examples.

Statistical Characteristics of Droplets Formed due to the “Bag Breakup” Fragmentation Event at the Interface between Water and High-Speed Air Flow

Abstract Recent studies indicate that the dominant mechanism for generating sprays in hurricane winds is a “bag breakup” fragmentation. This fragmentation process is typically characterized by inflation and consequent bursting of short-lived objects, referred to as “bags” (sail-like pieces of water film surrounded by a rim). Both the number of spray droplets and their size distribution substantially affect the air–sea heat and momentum exchange. Due to a lack of experimental data, the early spray generation function (SGF) for the bag breakup mechanism was based on the assumed similarity with resembling processes. Here we present experimental results for the case with a single isolated bag breakup fragmentation event. These experiments revealed several differences from similar fragmentation events that control the droplet sizes, such as secondary disintegration of droplets in gaseous flows and bursting of bubbles. In contrast to the bubble bursting, the film thickness of the bag canopy is not constant but is random with lognormal distribution. Additionally, its average value does not depend on the canopy radius but is determined by the wind speed. The lognormal size distribution of the canopy droplets is observed in conjunction with the established mechanism of liquid film fragmentation. The rim fragmentation results in two types of droplets, and their size distribution has been found to be lognormal distribution. The constructed SGF is verified by comparing it with experimental data from the literature. The perspectives of transferring the results from laboratory to field environment have also been discussed. Significance Statement The “bag breakup” fragmentation is the dominant mechanism for generating spray in hurricane winds. The number and the sizes of the spray droplets substantially affect the heat transport from the ocean to the atmosphere and, thereby, the development of hurricanes. This paper presents experimental data and analysis that demonstrate how droplet formation occurs during bag breakup fragmentation. It also shows analysis of the quantity and size of droplets formed during a single fragmentation event. This work demonstrates how obtained experimental results can be applied to real field conditions in the context of hurricane prediction models.

The mineralogy and alteration history of the Yamato-type (CY) carbonaceous chondrites

The CY chondrites are a group of thermally metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites. Although they share similarities with the CM and CI chondrites, their primary properties argue for a distinct classification. Previous studies have highlighted their isotopically heavy bulk compositions (δ17O = 10 ‰, δ18O = 21 ‰, Δ17O = 0 ‰) and exceptionally high sulphide abundances (10–30 vol%). In this work we explore their petrography and alteration history. The CYs accreted low abundances of chondrules (15–20 area%) with average apparent diameters slightly larger (∼320–340 µm) than the CM chondrites. In contrast to the CMs, the CYs record an early episode of brecciation prior to the main window of aqueous alteration. Subsequent fluid activity produced a range of alteration extents with both CY2 and CY1 chondrites documented. Phyllosilicate minerals in the CYs were a mix of serpentine and saponite (including occurrences of Na-saponite) with minor quantities of chlorite (within chondrules). An initial generation of Fe-sulphides formed by sulfidation of metal, and by precipitation from S-rich fluids. Three generations of carbonates are recognized, an early generation that infilled voids left by brecciation and co-precipitated with sulphide, a later generation that co-precipitated with magnetite and a final Fe-Mg-bearing generation which formed large (>100 µm) clasts. Only the first-generation carbonates are found in the CY2s, while the CY1s preserve all three generations. Phosphates occur as Ca-apatite or rarely as Mg-bearing apatite and have hydroxylapatite compositions, indicating low halogen activities in the alteration fluids. Refractory oxides (ilmenite and Cr-spinel) occur as precipitates adhering to the margins of phyllosilicates. They formed late in the alteration sequence and attest to oxidizing conditions. During the late-stages of aqueous alteration Fe-sulphides were replaced by magnetite. Thermal metamorphism (Stage II-IV: ∼300–750 °C) overprinted aqueous alteration leading to dehydration and recrystallization of the phyllosilicate matrix and the decomposition of some carbonate phases. Most Fe-sulphide grains survived heating without decomposition as initial partial decomposition from pyrrhotite to troilite under closed system conditions led to elevated ƒS2 gas and resulted in a stabilizing effect. Retrograde reactions between trapped S2 gas and metal/magnetite formed a final generation of Fe-sulphides. The survival of Fe-sulphides and their stochiometric troilite compositions are evidence for near-closed system heating. Analysis of organic matter by Raman spectroscopy supports an interpretation of short-duration heating (on the scale of minutes to days), at peak temperatures between 750 and 900 °C. Thus, an impact event was the most likely cause of metamorphic heating.

Using Longitudinal MRI to Manage Proton Range Uncertainty for Pediatric Proton Craniospinal Irradiation

Clinical evidence has shown that proton therapy can effectively reduce side effects for pediatric patients undergoing vertebral body-sparing craniospinal irradiation (VBS CSI), compared to conventional photon treatment modalities. However, radiation-induced growth impairment remains challenging for VBS CSI due to proton range uncertainty, compromising vertebral body sparing for growing children. Previous studies have shown that fatty marrow replacement can be observed in vertebral bodies 4-48 weeks after treatment is complete. This study aims to detect and quantify the fatty marrow replacement in vertebral bodies using longitudinal magnetic resonance (MR) to manage proton range uncertainty. A prospective clinical trial of proton VBS CSI was designed, and ten pediatric patients were enrolled with prescribed doses of 15-36 Gy. The thecal sac and neural foramina were the clinical target volumes, and a Monte Carlo planning system was used to robustly optimize treatment plans with a 3.5% range margin. We analyzed patients' T1/T2 MR images acquired before, during, and after proton treatment to investigate the hematopoietic marrow transformation induced by irradiation. A metric was defined to calculate the ratio of fatty and hematopoietic marrow based on relative MR intensity histograms. We proposed a machine learning method via Gaussian fitting process (ML-GFP) to explore hidden correlations between marrow transition and radiation dose to 2 cm3 of the bone marrow (D2cc). We also leveraged this method to embed uncertainty to support potential proton range management for VBS enhancement. The results indicated that fatty marrow replacement could be observed during inter-fractional treatment. For instance, an individual patient showed that the fatty marrow generation ratios were 0.54, 0.74, and 0.45, corresponding to 11, 18, and 65 days after the treatment started. Using ML-GFP, the fatty marrow transition was found to be quadratically correlated to treatment fractions, and the maximum transformation ranged from 40 to 50 days. Then marrow regeneration was observed due to the decrease in fatty marrow ratios. The fatty marrow ratios were also positively correlated to the D2cc doses ranging from 10 Gy to 36 Gy. Limited by insufficient low-dose data, the ML-GFP model extrapolated the data to predict the marrow transformation below 10 Gy. We demonstrated the feasibility of using non-invasive longitudinal MR to quantify the fatty marrow transition from inter-fractional treatment. Based on this prospective study, the method can detect early fatty marrow generation in vertebrae caused by proton irradiation due to the conservative range margin used for robust optimization. The proposed method could be used to validate the actual proton range, allowing an accurate range margin to be defined to preserve bone marrow. Future investigation will likely focus on clinical implementation to improve life quality for pediatric CSI patients.

Room-Temperature Eutectic Synthesis for Upcycling of Cathode Materials

Ni-rich LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 (NMC) materials have been adopted in a range of applications, including electric vehicles. The recycled NMC material from a spent cell would be much more valuable if it could be upgraded to a Ni-rich, more energy-dense version of the material. This work demonstrates a simple, inexpensive, and facile method to upcycle LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111, 160 mAh∙g−1), a cathode used in early generations of electric vehicle batteries, to LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811, 190 mAh∙g−1), a more energy-dense cathode material. In this study, a preliminary investigation into a room-temperature eutectic synthesis of NMC811 is performed using NMC111, LiOH, and nickel nitrate as precursors. The synthesized material showed the desired crystal structure and stoichiometry, though the cycle life and Li diffusion coefficient need improvement when compared to commercially available NMC811. This study demonstrates an interesting proof of concept of the room-temperature eutectic synthesis process for LIB cathodes and could be improved by tuning the synthesis conditions.

Winter Wonderlands: Outdoor Adventure and the Reinvention of Christmas, 1870–1900

ABSTRACT For many Americans, Christmas became inextricably linked to a celebration of the outdoor life in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Earlier generations of genteel folk in New York had taken the festival indoors, setting a fashion for many of the customs recognised to this day, and shaping a celebration of family and piety, home and consumption. But Christmas did not stay indoors forever. Appealing to a growing, broad middle-class interest in outdoor sports during the Gilded Age of the 1870s-1890s, a proliferating range of magazines shaped new ideas about leisure and recreation, and in festive special issues, about Christmas too. Sitting by the fire in dark and chilly December, readers of magazines like Forest and Stream or Outing could find encouragement to enjoy an active, outdoor Christmas Day, to venture into the winter landscape on skate or sled perhaps, or equally to lose themselves in stories of sport and adventure that could take them on imagined escapes, to the icy forests and mountains of the North, to sunny Florida and California, or to faraway lands, overseas. In these ways outdoor-sports magazines brought to mind wonderlands of thrill and enchantment. In the process, they reimagined Christmas for the twentieth century and the age of individualism and play, leisure and consumption.

Analysis of the Meaning of Apem in Java: Semiotics Analysis

This research aims to analyze how language is closely related to culture and cannot be separated. It is the same in the Java region that uses traditional apem to make the early generations to the present generation continue to use the tradition (apem which is used as main food in several events). Method that already used in analyzing this research is descriptive and the writer trying to describe the subject or object being studied in more depth and then interpret it. Result of the research that the writer has done is getting deeper into the meaning of apem in Javanese society and the knowledge of this tradition will always be given to new generations who in the future will continue to recognize the meaning contained in the apem.

5G is not Just Another G: A Review of the Managerial Literature

Due to the higher range of markets and applications opportunities it brings, the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) cannot be considered just a technological transition, as it was for earlier generations of cellular technology, rather it represents a revolutionary phenomenon which could deeply change the competitive landscape for wireless services. According to the literature, it is “one of the most complex technologies seen over the past decade both in terms of technical development and business implications”. However, on one hand, the 5G is a hotly discussed topic from a technical perspective, on the other the managerial literature appears ambiguous and fragmented in the way it is presented. Such absence recalls for a paper whose purpose is to position the 5G search thread also in the managerial literature. For this reason, the work aims to systematize previous knowledge and identify potential research directions related to the strategic adoption of 5G technology. To answer the underlying research question regarding the state of the art of the 5G in the strategy domain, a systematic search has been done, then, on the selected papers, a conceptual review has been carried out to identify (i) the “business reconfigurations” of 5G technology, (ii) the boundary conditions, intended as the conditions of existence of a 5G business case, (iii) the barriers, which instead hinder the development of cases. The research provides useful implications to both the theory and practice: from a theoretical perspective, it represents one of the first studies concerning 5G which is not strictly related to a specific industry or scenario. Secondly, the challenges and gaps identified generate research questions which can be traceable also to a general and more theoretical context, such as the business model innovation literature, where the strategic adoption of new technological paradigms entails further investigations. From a practitioner’s perspective, it provides useful insights regarding 5G adoption for increasing actors’ awareness of such technological innovation, especially concerning their attitude change which is needed to seize the business opportunities it embraces.

Multi-Criteria Risk Analysis of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Application in Structures

In developing countries, ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has not garnered sufficient attention, and its potential industrial applications remain largely unexplored and underdeveloped. The purpose of this paper is to assess the risk associated with integrating UHPC technology into the construction industry, focusing on economic, technical, and environmental facets, as highlighted by global research endeavors in this domain. In this study, a risk model is validated by analyzing diverse UHPC mix proportions from various studies and assessing the associated risk indices concerning constituent materials. The findings demonstrate that incorporating UHPC as a more robust alternative to earlier generations is plausible when considering multiple perspectives within the concrete industry. The preeminence of compressive strength and the significance of service life as a pivotal cost factor during the maintenance period, coupled with comprehensive risk indices, underscore the excellence of UHPC. Comparing UHPC with high-performance concrete (HPC) and normal concrete (NC), it becomes evident that UHPC exerts a notably lower adverse impact on the ecosystem. Additionally, UHPC proves to be a more economically viable option, warranting the replacement of existing technologies.

High throughput microfluidic nanobubble generation by microporous membrane integration and controlled bubble shrinkage

Microfluidics has recently been proposed as a viable method for producing bulk nanobubbles for use in various applications. The portability, compact size, and capacity to precisely control fluids on a small scale are a few of the benefits of microfluidics that may be exploited to create customized bulk nanobubbles. However, despite the potential of microfluidic nanobubble generation, low throughput and limited nanobubble concentration remain challenging for microfluidics. Here, we integrate a microporous silicon membrane into a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip to generate bulk nanobubbles in the 100–140 nm diameter range with a concentration of up to 108 mL−1. We investigate the nanobubble size and morphology using several characterisation techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, resonance mass measurement, dynamic light scattering, and the Tyndall effect. This new nanobubble generation technique can increase nanobubble concentration by ∼ 23 times compared to earlier microfluidic nanobubble generation platforms, which should increase the feasibility of translation to medical applications.

Toward an integrated framework for developing European 6G innovation

This article contributes to the discussion on 6G and European policy development, outlining an integrated framework for Europe to benefit from 6G innovation in the future, both as a developer and user of 6G technologies. As 6G is envisioned as a general-purpose technology that can transform the whole of society, there is a need to adopt a broader perspective to innovation compared to earlier technology generations. This proposed framework comprises five elements: national and European sovereignty, triple bottom line sustainability, a competitive transformational innovation policy, European values-based anticipatory regulation, and trustworthy networks that addresses the privacy, security, and safety of users and resilience of 6G at the systems level. It is argued that Europe needs both ex ante and ex post actions to competitively develop and deploy future 6G technologies.

Quantitative effect of kerogen type on the hydrocarbon generation potential of Paleogene lacustrine source rocks, Liaohe Western Depression, China

Kerogen types exert a decisive effect on the onset and capacity of hydrocarbon generation of source rocks. Lacustrine source rocks in the Liaohe Western Depression are characterized by thick deposition, high total organic carbon (TOC) content, various kerogen types, and a wide range of thermal maturity. Consequently, their hydrocarbon generation potential and resource estimation can be misinterpreted. In this study, geochemical tests, numerical analysis, hydrocarbon generation kinetics, and basin modeling were integrated to investigate the differential effects of kerogen types on the hydrocarbon generation potential of lacustrine source rocks. Optimized hydrocarbon generation and expulsion (HGE) models of different kerogen types were established quantitatively upon abundant Rock-Eval/TOC/vitrinite reflectance (Ro) datasets. Three sets of good–excellent source rocks deposited in the fourth (Es4), third (Es3), and first (Es1) members of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, are predominantly types I–II1, II1–II2, and II–III, respectively. The activation energy of types I–II2 kerogen is concentrated (180–230 kcal/mol), whereas that of type III kerogen is widely distributed (150–280 kcal/mol). The original hydrocarbon generation potentials of types I, II1, II2, and III kerogens are 790, 510, 270, and 85 mg/g TOC, respectively. The Ro values of the hydrocarbon generation threshold for type I–III source rocks gradually increase from 0.42% to 0.74%, and Ro values of the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold increase from 0.49% to 0.87%. Types I and II1 source rocks are characterized by earlier hydrocarbon generation, more rapid hydrocarbon expulsion, and narrower hydrocarbon generation windows than types II2 and III source rocks. The kerogen types also affect the HGE history and resource potential. Three types (conventional, tight, and shale oil/gas) and three levels (realistic, expected, and prospective) of hydrocarbon resources of different members in the Liaohe Western Depression are evaluated. Findings suggest that the Es3 member has considerable conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources. This study can quantitatively characterize the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks with different kerogen types, and facilitate a quick and accurate assessment of hydrocarbon resources, providing strategies for future oil and gas exploration.

Genetic Analysis of F2 Populations for Quantitative Traits in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Background: Blackgram is an important pulse crop grown in India. The creation of new variability through hybridization or mutation breeding will produce novel segregants for important yield attributing traits. The selection from the population will be effective if the traits have good genetic variability estimates. Methods: The present investigation was conducted on analysing genetic variability parameters in F2 populations of the blackgram crosses CO 5 × VBN 9 and CO 6 × VBN 11 which were evaluated during rabi, 2022. Results: Based on the coefficient of variations, it was found that sufficient amount of genetic variability and high to moderate heritability with high genetic advance were present in the populations for the traits viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant indicates the presence of additive gene action which can be improved by simple selection in the earlier generations. The positive skewness was observed for the traits viz., number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant in F2 population of CO 5 × VBN 9 and number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant in the F2 population of CO 6 × VBN 11. The above traits could be improved by intensive selection for rapid improvement. The leptokurtic nature of the distribution for the trait hundred seed weight in CO 5 × VBN 9 population and the traits viz., number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant in CO 6 × VBN 11 population indicates these traits are controlled by few minor genes. Hence, the good segregants could be selected from these two populations for yield improvement.

Mineralization processes at the Daliangzi Zn-Pb deposit, Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou metallogenic province, SW China: Insights from sphalerite geochemistry and zoning textures

The Daliangzi deposit is the second largest Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn-Pb deposit in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou metallogenic province (SYG), SW China. However, detailed mineralization processes that occurred at different ore-forming stages and spatial locations are poorly understood. In this contribution, we report LA-ICP-MS trace element spot analysis and elemental mapping of sphalerite to reconstruct the mineralization processes. Three stages of sphalerite (SpI–SpIII) with different colours and crystallographic morphology have been identified in Daliangzi. Generally, the colloform SpI is enriched in Cd, Pb, Ag, Sb, As, and Tl. The crystalline SpII is relatively concentrated in Fe, Cu, Ga, Ge, and Mn. The colourless SpIII is depleted in most of the analysed trace elements. Trace elements were incorporated into sphalerite in various ways. For instance, Ge may be incorporated in the SpI by direct substitution of Ge4+ + □ ↔ 2Zn2+ but via coupled substitution of Ge4+ + 2Cu+↔ 3Zn2+ in the SpII and SpIII, and also can enter the SpIII as Ge-bearing mineral micro-inclusions. The temperature and sulfur fugacity estimations based on the sphalerite trace element contents show that the SpI was precipitated in a high-temperature condition with fluctuating sulfur fugacity. The SpII was crystallized during a dramatic decrease in temperature and sulfur fugacity, while the SpIII was formed in a low-temperature environment at the end of the mineralization. Combined with the growth histories of the typical zoning textures, we inferred that (i) the Cd-rich SpI with colloform texture precipitated from a rapid fluid mixing process triggered by the pulsed ingress of metal-rich fluid in open spaces with abundant organic matter; (ii) the SpII with high Ge content crystallized from a slow fluid mixing process associated with the temperature decrease and low organic matter abundance. Especially, the Ga-rich subtype with typical rhythmic bands formed from a self-organizing process that occurred in a closed environment under the stratigraphic unconformity; (iii) the pure SpIII probably formed by the replacement and recrystallization as late fluids flowed through the early sphalerite generations along fissures.

Estimation of Association among the Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in the Segregating Population of Rice

Indirect selection, using correlation coefficients, linear regression coefficients and path analysis, uses a variety of yield determinants that are more heritable than yield itself and less influenced by environmental factors and therefore are stable. Therefore, indirect selection based on the characters makes the selection process more efficient, especially in the early generations. Correlation coefficient analysis and the use of path coefficients are particularly important for economical and complex traits such as yield, where direct selection is less effective. Thus the present experiment was undertaken to decipher the character association between the characters in a segregating population (F2) obtained from a cross between Naveen x IR 64 Drt1rom the study, it was evident that the characters like leaf breadth, leaf area, plant height, panicle length, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of filled grains, grain length and test weight had the maximum association with yield among the characters under the study. Correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis, revealed that the characters viz., number of filled grains per plant followed bygrain breadth, total number of grains, number of secondary branches, plant height, number of panicles, leaf breadth, flag leaf area, 1000 seed weight, panicle lengthand number of primary branches had a highly significant and positive correlation with yield and positive direct effect on yield. Thus, emphasis may be given to these traits for the effective selection of promising lines under study.