Early Diagnosis Of Prostate Cancer Research Articles

Optical coding of fusion genes using multicolor quantum dots for prostate cancer diagnosis.

Recent studies have found that prostate cancer expresses abnormal genetic markers including multiple types of TMPRSS2–ERG fusion genes. The expression level of different TMPRSS2–ERG fusion genes is correlated to pathologic variables of aggressive prostate cancer and disease progression. State-of-the-art methods for detection of TMPRSS2–ERG fusion genes include reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with a detection limit of 1 fmol at urinary condition. RT-PCR is time consuming, costly, and inapplicable for multiplexing. Ability to identify multiple fusion genes in a single sample has become important for diagnostic and clinical purposes. There is a need for a sensitive diagnostic test to detect multiple TMPRSS2–ERG fusion genes for an early diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Here, we propose to develop an assay for prostate cancer diagnosis using oligonucleotide-functionalized quantum dot and magnetic microparticle for optical detection of rearranged TMPRSS2–ERG fusion genes at a low concentration in urine. We found that our assay was able to identify three different types of fusion gene with a wide detection range and detection limit of 1 fmol (almost the same level of the RT-PCR result reported). Here, we show detection of multiple TMPRSS2–ERG fusion genes using color-coded oligonucleotides in cell lysate and urine.

Clinical implications of the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) PSA screening recommendation in prostate cancer diagnoses and 5-year survival at a Minnesota safety net health care system.

5051 Background: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer has declined following the USPSTF 2012 recommendation. How screening rates and prostate cancer diagnoses have subsequently changed in a racially diverse patient population is not well defined. In this study, we aim to determine the impact of the USPSTF screening recommendation in the Hennepin Healthcare System (HHS) in the state of Minnesota. Methods: A single-institution retrospective analysis of data from our electronic health record, to identify the characteristics of PSA screening and new prostate cancer diagnoses for men ≥50 years between 2008 and 2015. Data before and after May 2012 were compared. P-values were calculated using binominal and generalized linear models. Results: Nearly 22,000 patients underwent PSA screening from 2008 to 2015. PSA screening rates decreased after May 2012 for the four largest demographics represented (p < 0.001). Hispanics and Blacks were more likely to be screened when compared to Whites and Asians (p < 0.05). 319 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed from 2008 to 2015 with 87 cases (27.3%) diagnosed by PSA-screening. The number needed to screen to diagnose one patient with prostate cancer at HHS was 137.5, and 9.5% of patients (1146 patients) had a false positive PSA that led to further testing or a biopsy. $56,090 was spent in screening costs per diagnosis of early stage prostate cancer via screening. Patients diagnosed from screening were less likely to present with high Gleason scores (8-10) compared to non-screening diagnosis (8% vs 23.3%, p < 0.01). The 5-year survival percentage (prostate cancer mortality) was improved for those patients diagnosed by PSA screening vs the non-screened group (100% vs 89.3%, p < 0.05). Conclusions: PSA screening has declined at HHS since the USPSTF recommendation against prostate cancer screening. Implementation of PSA screening in our healthcare system is expensive and leads to a high number of false positives. Despite this, the 5-year survival from prostate cancer is significantly higher when patients are diagnosed by PSA screening.

Evaluation of theranostic nanocarriers for near-infrared imaging and photodynamic therapy on human prostate cancer cells

This paper evaluates how effectively chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) entrapped in colloidal nanocarriers, such as nanocapsule (NC) and nanoemulsion (NE), induces photodamage in human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) during photodynamic therapy (PDT). The MTT cell viability assay showed that both ClAlPc-NC and ClAlPc-NE induced phototoxicity and efficiently killed LNCaP cells at low ClAlPc-NC and ClAlPc-NE concentrations (0.3μgmL−1) as well as under low light doses of 4Jcm−2 and 7Jcm−2, respectively, upon PDT with a 670-nm diode laser line.Confocal imaging studies indicated that ClAlPc-NC and ClAlPc-NE were preferentially localized in the perinuclear region of LNCaP cells both in the dark and upon irradiation with laser light. After PDT treatment, ClAlPc-NC-treated LNCaP cells exhibited a higher green fluorescence signal, possibly due to the larger shrinkage of the actin cytoskeleton, compared to ClAlPc-NE-treated LNCaP cells. Additionally, ClAlPc-NC or ClAlPc-NE and mitochondria showed a relatively high co-localization level. The cellular morphology did not change in the dark, but confocal micrographs recorded after PDT revealed that LNCaP cells treated with ClAlPc-NC or ClAlPc-NE underwent morphological alterations.Our preliminary in vitro studies reinforced the hypothesis that biocompatible theranostic ClAlPc-loaded nanocarriers could act as an attractive photosensitizer system in PDT and could serve as an interesting molecular probe for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer and other carcinomas.

629 - Absence of learning curve impact may let MRI-TRUS fusion guided biopsy up for early diagnosis of prostate cancer

629 - Absence of learning curve impact may let MRI-TRUS fusion guided biopsy up for early diagnosis of prostate cancer

Sweet Strategies in Prostate Cancer Biomarker Research: Focus on a Prostate Specific Antigen

A clarion call for early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) can be addressed using new strategies such as aberrant protein glycosylation. Proteins are naturally affected by numerous post-translational modifications, mainly by glycosylation which is associated with physiological and pathological transformation participating in the development of diseases such as various types of cancer, but also neurodegenerative disorders, endocrine abnormalities, AIDS, etc. Therefore, glycoproteins play crucial role in cancer biomarker research and determination of glycosylation is nowadays one of the key analytical tasks. Predominantly used approach based on affinity assays using lectins as glycorecognition elements has become an essential part in the biomedical research with great prospects in the clinical diagnostics. Owing to their ability to specifically recognize saccharide structures, lectins can be applied for binding to different molecules and substrates such as proteins, lipids, cell walls as well as in biological materials, including stem cells and microorganisms. In order to improve the diagnostic potential of well-known cancer biomarkers, lectin-based biosensors and biochips are already being widely used for the detection of glycoproteins. In this review, we will focus on various bioassay strategies for glycoprofiling of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with emphasis to modern and prospective techniques suitable for analysis of PSA glycan motifs as biosensors, biochips and mass spectrometry methods. All mentioned methods are suitable for applications in research, diagnosis and therapy of PCa.

Risk factors for metastatic prostate cancer: A sentinel event case series.

235 Background: After 25 years of declines in late stage prostate cancer (PCa), evidence is mounting that an increasing fraction of men may present with metastatic disease, well after they might have been treated with local therapy. Identification of modifiable risk factors may allow for systems-level interventions to reduce delayed diagnoses. Methods: We performed an in-depth case series analysis of 15 patients who presented with metastatic disease at Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center using root cause analysis, a tool commonly employed to understand the root cause of dangerous adverse events. Results: Key factors in late diagnosis include lack of insurance, lack of routine PSA testing, comorbidities, reluctance of patients to follow up actionable PSA as well as aggressive disease. Three patients had aggressive disease that would likely not have been discovered at an early stage regardless screening. However, analysis of the remaining 12 patients illuminated how health system factors led to missing important diagnostic information might have led to diagnosis of PCa at an earlier stage. Conclusions: These cases emphasize the need for systems-based approaches to early diagnosis of prostate cancer, which may prevent men from missing the opportunity to cure prostate cancer at an early stage. These results show how one might target PCa screening recommendations to more fully reflect key risk factors such as race and family history.

Silica nanostructured platform for affinity capture of tumor-derived exosomes

Early diagnosis of prostate cancer and evaluation of appropriate treatment options requires development of effective and high-throughput selective capture technology for exosomes that are positive for the expression of enzyme-biomarker, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Exosomes are small secreted vesicles that play a key role in intercellular communication and cancer progression. PSMA is highly enriched in exosomes excreted by PSMA+ prostate cancer cells. Using PSMA+ cells from the well-established prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP), the secreted exosomes were collected and isolated from the culture medium. The tumor-derived exosomes were selectively captured using a novel silica nanostructure support that had been functionalized with the small-molecule ligand TG97, a known inhibitor of PSMA enzymatic activity that binds irreversibly in the active site of PSMA. The concept was demonstrated using a single cancer type (i.e., prostate cancer), but based on the data obtained the approach may be applicable to a broad panel of biomarker ligands for selective capture of biomarker-positive exosomes from an array of cell types. The approach demonstrated herein overcomes many of the limitations of alternative methods that are often ineffective in isolating tumor-derived exosomes from those derived from normal tissue because of the low yield recovery and the time required for the process. A further advantage is the ability to isolate a specific subpopulation of exosomes relying on the expression of a specific surface marker as well as improved exosome recovery rate.

Stage-specific mortality and survival trends of prostate cancer patients in Finland before and after introduction of PSA

Background: The early diagnosis and right treatment strategy of localized prostate cancer (PCa) remains problematic. In order to characterize the survival of PCa patients, we compared patients’ all-cause and cancer-specific mortalities between pre- and post-PSA periods by stage in Finland.Material and methods: All PCa cases diagnosed in Finland between 1985 and 2013 (N = 91,329) were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR). PCa stage at diagnosis was defined as localized, local node positive or metastasized. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and relative and cause-specific survival were assessed by stage and introduction of PSA testing. The main limitation was the high proportion of men with unknown stage (28%).Results: A clear decreasing trend in the SMR of PCa patients was evident when pre- and post-PSA eras were compared: for localized PCa, the SMR was 1.43 (95%CI 1.38–1.48) in 1985–1989 and 0.98 (95%CI 0.95–1.01) in 2000–2004, and for metastasized PCa, the SMRs were 4.51 (95%CI 4.30–4.72) and 3.01 (95%CI 2.89–3.12), respectively. Difference between cause-specific and relative survival was pronounced in localized PCa in post-PSA period: 10-year relative survival was 94.6% (95%CI 91.4–97.8) and cause-specific 84.2% (95%CI 82.9–85.5%). In metastasized PCa the difference was not that significant.Conclusions: From 1985 to 2009, the SMR among men diagnosed with PCa decreased significantly in Finland. Among men with localized PCa, the SMR decreased even below that of the Finnish male population. This and the increased difference between relative and cause-specific survival reflects most likely selection of men to opportunistic PSA testing. The results highlight the importance of caution in the use of PSA testing in healthy men.

DNA aptamer selected for specific recognition of prostate cancer cells and clinical tissues

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men lack of efficient early diagnosis and therapeutics, calling for effective molecular probes. Herein, we performed cell-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell-SELEX) to obtain specific recognition of human prostate cancer cells PC–3M. Four aptamers were successfully obtained that can bind to target cells with high affinity and specificity. A 51-nt truncated sequence named Xq-2-C1 was identified after further elaborative analysis on the secondary structure. More importantly, the achieved aptamer Xq-2-C1 not only demonstrated excellent specific to target cells, but also revealed specific recognition to clinical prostate cancer tissue. The tissue imaging results showed that Xq-2-C1 had better recognition ratio for clinical prostate cancer tissue samples (85%) compared to the random sequence (9%). These results demonstrate that these newly generated aptamers would furnish potential applications in the early diagnosis and clinical treatment of prostate cancer.

Single component image guided ‘On-demand’ drug delivery system for early stage prostate cancer

The early stage detection, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer are life-saving events in patients housing potentially invasive disease. The healthy human prostate accumulates the maximum amount of zinc compared to any soft tissue in the body. But in the contrary, an inability of cancer cells to accumulate zinc has been found with the development of malignancy resulting in a dramatic reduction in the zinc content of prostate tissue. In this current study, we designed and developed a dipicolylamine-coumarin-chlorambucil (Dpa-Cm-Cmbl) based system which can act as a sensor (for the prostatic zinc i.e. diagnosis) as well as photoresponsive drug delivery system (treatment). We demonstrated that Dpa-Cm-Cmbl being a single component system, first guided us to locate the diseased area by using cellular zinc concentration as a biomarker and in the next there was on-demand release of anticancer drug chlorambucil by employing the external stimulus light. In-vitro studies showed that Dpa-Cm-Cmbl presents excellent properties like detection of cancerous regions in the prostate, photoregulated drug delivery in controlled manner, biocompatibility and all together an efficient chemotherapy.

Label-Free Biochips for Accurate Detection of Prostate Cancer in the Clinic: Dual Biomarkers and Circulating Tumor Cells

Purpose: Early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is essential for the prevention of metastasis and for early treatment; therefore, we aimed to develop a simple, accurate, and multi-analyte assay system for early PCa diagnosis in this study. Experimental design: We fabricated three kinds of biochips then integrated into microfluidic device for simultaneous detection of vascularendothelial growth factor (VEGF), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and PCa circulating tumor cells (CTC) in human serum for accurate diagnosis of PCa. Then the integrated device can be put in the ELISA reader for signal analysis after sample incubation, no necessary of further fluorescence staining or microscopy counting. Result: The integrated device has wide liner detection ranges (0.05-25 ng/mL for both PSA and VEGF, and 5-300 cells/mL for PCa CTC), as well as high levels of sensitivity and selectivity, and demonstrated a high correlation with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sample detection in patients. Also, the presented biochips could maintain their stability when stored at 37°C for 49 days without significant differences in the red-shift (<5%). Conclusions: We have successfully developed a multi-analyte sensing system for rapid and easy detection of PSA, VEGF, and PC3 cells in PCa samples using label-free glass-based chips. This method presents the advantages of a broad working range, high specificity, label-free, high-speed, stability, and low cost detection method for point-of-care testing of PCa.

Modern Principles of Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Among the main methods of prostate cancer diagnosing, such as finger rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen test, ultrasound examination of prostate, none of them possesses enough specificity and sensitivity. In our research, we used special statistic and mathematic processing (multifactor analysis and binary logic regression) of main prostate cancer symptoms, which allows to suspect prostate cancer with 97% accuracy and also to reduce the frequency of unnecessary biopsies of prostate.

Rapid Detection of Prostate Specific Antigen Biomarker Using Magnetic-Nanoparticles

Prostate carcinoma is the most common leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men, aside from lung cancer. To date, proteolytically-active prostate specific antigen (PSA) serine protease is a useful diagnostic serological marker for the early diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. In the past years, researchers executed a lot of research to increase the utility and applicability of PSA detection methods. However, these methods were usually frustrated by limitation in sensitivity, specificity, times constrains and ease of on-site application. Thus, there is a need for novel direct and highly sensitive PSA detection methods. This work showed the ability of the developed electrochemical and optical (Surface Plasmin Resonance (SPR) and colorimetric) biosensors to detect PSA with high sensitivity and specificity and within a short timing. Moreover, these novel approaches can be implemented in other miniaturized configurations such as screen printed electrode and paper-based low-cost point-of-care biosensor due to the elimination of washing and blocking steps as well as the amplification and labelling procedure.

Anisotropic In Situ-Coated AuNPs on Screen-Printed Carbon Surface for Enhanced Prostate-Specific Antigen Impedimetric Aptasensor

An impedimetric aptasensor has been used to study the effect of charge transfer on the binding of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to its aptamer. Full understanding of this mechanism will be beneficial to further improve its sensitivity for PSA detection in human semen at physiologically relevant concentrations. Bare gold electrodes (SPAuEs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-coated screen-printed carbon ink electrodes (AuNPs/SPCEs) were coated with aptamer solution at various concentrations and the sensor response to increasing PSA concentration in buffer solution examined. AuNPs were deposited onto carbon electrodes in 10 cycles. AuNPs/SPCEs were then coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid prior to aptamer immobilization at dose of 5 μg mL−1. The results indicate that anisotropic AuNPs/SPCEs outperform bare gold electrodes in terms of decreased amount of aptamer bunches as well as the number of intermediate PSA-aptamer complexes formed on the electrode surface. The key finding is that the fabricated aptasensor is sensitive enough [limit of detection (LoD) 1.95 ng mL−1] for early diagnosis of prostate cancer and displays linear response in the physiologically relevant concentration range (0 ng mL−1 to 10 ng mL−1), as shown by the calibration curve of the relative change in electron transfer resistance (ΔRCT) versus PSA concentration when aptamer/SAM/AuNPs/SPCEs were exposed to buffer containing PSA at different concentrations.

Una mirada general a los biomarcadores para la tamización y el diagnóstico temprano del cáncer de próstata

Prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination are diagnostic tools that currently fall short when differentiating between malignant processes, such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. New biomarkers with high sensitivity in the diagnosis of prostate malignancies have come to play a significant role in the early identification of prostate cancer (PC). Prostate cancer gene 3 is involved in cancer cell survival. It can be identified in urine and used to differentiate between cancer and chronic prostatitis/. Furthermore, b2-microglobulin is a protein that complexes with major histocompatibility complex type 1 prostate cancer cell, and through this interaction is part of the molecular processes that end up generating bone metastases. Serum levels can be determined by laboratory tests and as such can be used to differentiate between benign processes and cancer. Kallikreins (4K score test), mucins, the leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein, circulating tumour DNA, the alpha methyl acyl coenzyme A racemase, and Stem Cells are promising molecules, both for the early diagnosis of PC, as well as for the prognosis and response to treatment. The importance of the discovery of new biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis of PC not only can reduce mortality from this disease, but will also foster new fields of research for more effective treatment in the same therapeutic targets.

Diagnostic value of microRNAs in prostate cancer patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels between 2, and 10 ng/mL.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA), used for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), is one of the best tumour markers known so far. However, in situations when PSA is between 2-10 ng/mL, which is named as grey zone, PSA falls short of distinguishing benign prostate diseases from PCa. On the other hand, it was demonstrated in many previous studies that microRNA (miRNA) could be a marker for cancer. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to enhance the diagnostic power of PSA, especially with grey zone patients, by the use of miRNA. Ninety-four patients included in the study were divided into three groups as "control group" (n=44, PSA=2-10 ng/mL and benign), "PCa 1 group" (n=37, PSA=2-10 ng/mL), and "PCa 2 group" (n=13, PSA >10 ng/mL), according to their pathological results and PSA levels. Free PSA (fPSA) and total PSA (T-PSA) levels were measured with chemiluminometric sandwich immunoassay method. Expressions of miRNAs were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The most appropriate specificity, sensitivity and prediction values were found by drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of total PSA, free/total PSA (f/T PSA) ratio, and miRNAs, and the diagnostic powers were compared with each other. Diagnostic powers of the f/T PSA ratio and miRNA were compared in PCa 1 and the control groups to determine the marker with higher area under the curve (AUC). It was shown that the diagnostic power of the combination of miR-16-5p and f/T PSA was higher than that obtained when they were used separately. As a result, while making the the discrimination between benign and malignant prostate in patients with grey zone, it was determined that the combination of miR-16-5p and f/T PSA was more valuable than T-PSA or f/T PSA alone. It was thought that diagnostic role of miRNAs in the early diagnosis of the different stages of PCa needed to be examined in further studies with larger groups.

Application evaluation of multi-parametric MRI in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of early prostate cancer and prostatitis

Objective: To evaluate the value of multi-parametric MRI (Mp-MRI) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of early prostate cancer(PCa) in the peripheral zone(PZ) and low T2WI signal intensity of prostatitis. Methods: A total of 40 patients with PZ early PCa and 37 with prostatitis of hypointense T2WI signal in PZ were retrospectively analyzed, which were collected from the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from Janurary 2009 to June 2015, who underwent T2WI, DWI, and DCE-MRI examination and all patients were confirmed by pathology. All the data was transferred to GE Advanced Workstation AW4.3, the indexes divided into cancerous and prostatitis regions were calculated by Functool2 of signal intensity-time(SI-T) curve and ADC value, to calcuate the time to minimum(Tmax), the whole enhancment degree (SImax). ROC cure was used to determine the cutoff value for PCa detection with the ADC value. Result: On T2WI, 57.5% of PCa (23/40) showed focal nodular homogeneous low signal intensity, 70.3% of prostatitis(26/37) showed diffuse inhomogeneous low signal intensity. DCE-MRI, the distribution of curve types for malignant tumors was type Ⅰ 2.5%(1/40), typeⅡ32.5%(13/40) and type Ⅲ 65.0% (26/40). While the numbers for prostatitis was type Ⅰ 16.2%(6/37) , type Ⅱ 56.8% (21/37) and type Ⅲ 27.0% (10/37)respectively.The patterns of curve types in malignant lesions were different from benign lesions significantly(χ2 =12.32, P<0.01). The mean values of Tmax, SImax in cancerous and prostatitis regions were (17.96±2.91)s, 1.76%±0.23% and (21.19±3.59)s, 1.53%±0.18%, respectively (t=5.37, 6.10; P<0.01). On DWI, The mean ADC values in cancerous and prostatitis regions were (0.95±0.13)×10-3 mm2/s and (1.12±0.13)×10-3 mm2/s, respectively (t=7.10, P<0.01). According to the ROC analysis, when the cutoff value was 1.01×10-3 mm2/s, the early PCa of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was 79.1%, 72.7% and 76.1% respectively. Conclusion: Combined with morphology and signal characteristics of conventional T2WI, DWI and DCE-MRI improve the power of MR imaging in discriminating prostatitis from early PCa.

EPCA2.22: A Silver Lining for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.

To investigate whether EPCA-2 (a prostate matrix nuclear protein) can be a more helpful marker in prostate cancer diagnosis. 176 patients enrolled in this study had abnormal prostate specific antigen (PSA) or digital rectal examination and were candidates for prostate needle biopsy. Blood samples were obtained from each patient prior to biopsy and the samples were frozen for EPCA-2 measurement. Patients diagnosed with cancer were assigned to the case group and those with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were included in the control group. Univariate and multivariable analyses were done to assess the relationship between different independent variables with cancer diagnosis. The diagnostic power of EPCA-2 for cancer was estimated at different levels of PSA according to the ROC curve. The mean(&plusmn; SD) age of cancer cases was 70.33(&plusmn; 9.02) years while it was 63.34(&plusmn; 9.47) years for BPH cases (P &lt; .01). EPCA-2 and PSA were also significantly different between cancer and BPH cases (P &lt; .001). The multivariable logistic regression showed that EPCA-2 has a significant relationship with cancer diagnosis (OR=1.009, P = .021). After controlling other variables following stratification for PSA, it was shown that EPCA-2 and cancer were correlated just when PSA was &gt;10 (P &lt; .001). AUC was 0.694 for cancer prediction by EPCA-2 when PSA was &gt;10 ng/mL. EPCA-2 has the power of differentiating BPH from cancer in prostate cancer suspects. This suggests that EPCA-2 can be helpful in diagnosing prostate cancer and can be a preventive test to avoid unnecessary biopsies considering PSA and age of the patient.&nbsp.

In the search of novel urine biomarkers for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Intracellular or secreted proteins as the target group? Where and how to search for possible biomarkers useful in the everyday clinical practice.

To search which category of proteins can be detected in urine in order to examine subsequently its ability to improve our accuracy for the diagnosis of Prostate Cancer (PCa) as biomarkers in clinical useful fluids like urine and serum. Material and method(s): Urine samples of 127 patients were obtained after a vigorous transrectal prostatic massage to both lobes. The patients were considered to have a high risk for PCa according to their PSA (&gt; 4 ng/ml), their digital rectal examination (DRE) (positive for suspicious prostatic lesions) or to their abnormal PSA kinetics (PSA velocity (PSAV &gt; 0.75 ng/mL). All patients subsequently were subjected to an extended 10-core per prostatic lobe TRUS-b (total 20 prostatic samples). The proteins that were chosen to be detected in the urine samples with Western-blot, as possible biomarkers, were Glutathione peroxidase 3 precursor (GPx3), Cofilin-1 (CFL1), Heat shock protein-90β (HSP 90β), Zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein (ZAG) and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC).These proteins have been detected previously in the prostatic tissue by proteomics proving their discriminative ability between patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. From the five proteins, only the secreted Zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein was detected in urine showing a promising ability in the improvement of our diagnostic accuracy for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. From various categories of proteins that have already been detected in the tissue of prostate by proteomics, only secreted protein Zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein showed a clear signal in the urine, proving its discriminative potential for the early diagnosis of PCa.

Early Detection and Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer using Artificial Intelligence Concept

Contemporary research has shown that prostate cancer is the most common cancer amongst older men which can lead to death. However, it has been proven that early detection for most cancers is known to help in making therapeutic decisions in urologic medicine and oncology. Current methods of screening for prostate cancer carried out through blood PSA tests (presence of high Prostate Specific Antigen in the blood) and digital rectal examinations due to their morphological nature lead to a high percentage of False Positive Test Results (FPTR). The occurrence of this FPTR can be reduced by employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in evaluating the need for a patient to undergo biopsy. The goal of this research entails the proposition of a model for the early detection of prostate cancer to enhance early detection so as to enable early commencement of intervention to increase the chances of successful treatment and reduction in mortality rates. This research was predicated on the review and analysis of current AI paradigms tailored towards effective detection of prostate cancer. Research findings showed that the PSA test and Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) are not adequate enough to detect prostate cancer but the deployment of assay specific ANN model, which is a machine learning technique reduces the amount of unnecessary biopsies.