Early Diagnosis Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Developing a risk model for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults aged 40 years and above based on BMI/HDL-C: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThis study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of four indicators, including waist-to-height ratio (WHTR), vascular adiposity index (VAI), TG/HDL-C, and BMI/HDL-C for metabolic syndrome (MS) in Chinese adults aged 40 years and above. Additionally, the study aimed to develop an efficient diagnostic model displayed by a nomogram based on individual’s BMI and circulating HDL-C level.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 699 participants aged 40 years and above. Quartiles of BMI/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, VAI, and WHTR were used as independent variables, and metabolic syndrome was used as the dependent variable. Logistic regression was conducted to explore the impact of each parameter on the risk of MS. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics were compared to determine the accuracy of the indicators in diagnosing MS in the participants. Logistic regression was run to construct the nomograms, and the performance of the nomogram was assessed by a calibration curve.ResultsMS subjects had higher levels of BMI, BFM, PBF, VFA, AMC, WC, SCR, TG, and insulin, but lower LDH and HDL-C levels than the subjects without MS. The BMI/HDL-C ratio was positively correlated with the prevalence of MS and its components. The final diagnostic model included five variables: gender, BFM, WC, TG, and BMI/HDL-C. The model showed good calibration and discrimination power with an AUC of 0.780. The cut-off value for the nomogram was 0.623 for diagnosing MS.ConclusionsBMI/HDL-C ratio was an independent risk factor for MS in Chinese adults. BMI/HDL-C was significantly correlated with MS and its components. BMI/HDL-C was the most powerful diagnostic indicator compared to other indicators, including TG/HDL-C, VAI and WHTR for diagnosing MS. The nomogram drawn based on the diagnostic model provided a practical tool for diagnosing MS in Chinese adults.

The impact of metabolic syndrome on the cerebral cortex: a Mendelian randomization study.

Metabolic syndrome exhibits associations with diverse neurological disorders, and its potential influence on the cerebral cortex may be one of the many potential factors contributing to these adverse outcomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the causal relationship between metabolic syndrome and changes in cerebral cortex structure using Mendelian randomization analysis. Genome-wide association study data for the 5 components of metabolic syndrome were obtained from individuals of European descent in the UK Biobank. Genome-wide association study data for 34 known cortical functional regions were sourced from the ENIGMA Consortium. Data on Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder were obtained from the IEU Open genome-wide association study database. The causal links between metabolic syndrome elements and cerebral cortex architecture were evaluated using inverse variance weighting, Mendelian randomization-Egger, and weighted median techniques, with inverse variance weighting as the primary method. Inverse variance weighting, Mendelian randomization Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were employed to assess the relationships between metabolic syndrome and neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder). Outliers, heterogeneity, and pleiotropy were assessed using Cochran's Q test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots. Globally, no causal link was found between metabolic syndrome and overall cortical thickness or surface area. However, regionally, metabolic syndrome may influence the surface area of specific regions, including the caudal anterior cingulate, postcentral, posterior cingulate, rostral anterior cingulate, isthmus cingulate, superior parietal, rostral middle frontal, middle temporal, insula, pars opercularis, cuneus, and inferior temporal. It may also affect the thickness of the medial orbitofrontal, caudal middle frontal, paracentral, superior frontal, superior parietal, and supramarginal regions. These findings were nominally significant and withstood sensitivity analyses, showing no substantial heterogeneity or pleiotropy. Furthermore, we found an association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder. This study suggests a potential association between metabolic syndrome and changes in cerebral cortex structure, which may underlie certain neurological disorders. Furthermore, we found an association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder. Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome holds significance in preventing these neurological disorders.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Vitiligo Patients and its Relation to Vitiligo Severity - A Cross-Sectional Study.

In vitiligo, there is a significant decrease in melanocytes and melanin. The decrease in melanin causes oxidative stress, with a chance of causing metabolic syndrome. Hence, there is a need to look for metabolic syndrome in vitiligo. To estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in vitiligo patients and to evaluate the relationship between the severity and progression of vitiligo and metabolic syndrome. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 178 vitiligo cases and 178 controls who were age- and sex-matched. The type of vitiligo, stability by vitiligo disease activity score (VIDA), and severity by vitiligo area severity index (VASI) were noted. The waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar were measured for cases and controls. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on Harmonization Asian criteria. The mean age in cases was 34.38 years, and in controls, it was 35.67 years. The majority were females in both cases (52.2%) and controls (55.6%). Most have a VIDA score of 2+ (41.6%). The mean VASI score was 2.54. The percentage of metabolic syndrome was higher in cases (36%) compared to controls (24.2%) (P = 0.015). The mean age was lower in vitiligo cases with metabolic syndrome (38.83 years) compared to controls with metabolic syndrome (43.14 years). Metabolic syndrome was more frequent in the vitiligo vulgaris type (48.9%) than in acral and segmental vitiligo. Metabolic syndrome was more common in patients with high VIDA (45%) and VASI (52.3%) scores compared to patients with low VIDA (25%) and VASI (27.3%) scores. It is a hospital-based study, so controls were not from the general population. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in vitiligo patients compared to controls, and it was higher in patients with active and severe disease. Screening and close monitoring of vitiligo patients help in the early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Employing broad learning and non-invasive risk factor to improve the early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a multifactorial disease is highly prevalent in countries and individuals. Monitoring the conventional risk factors (CRFs) would be a cost-effective strategy to target the increasing prevalence of MetS and the potential of noninvasive CRF for precisely detection of MetS in the early stage remains to be explored. From large-scale multicenter MetS clinical dataset, we discover 15 non-invasive CRFs which have strong relevance with MetS and first propose a broad learning-based approach named Genetic Programming Collaborative-competitive Broad Learning System (GP-CCBLS) with noninvasive CRF for early detection of MetS. The proposed GP-CCBLS model can significantly boost the detection performance and achieve the accuracy of 80.54%. This study supports the potential clinical validity of noninvasive CRF to complement general diagnostic criteria for early detecting the MetS and also illustrates possible strength of broad learning in disease diagnosis comparing with other machine learning approaches.

Comparison of Novel Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance With Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, Its Correlation to Metabolic Syndrome in South Indian Population and Proposition of Population Specific Cutoffs for These Indices.

Background The clustering of risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individualshas been defined as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The major forerunner of all the components of MetS is Insulin Resistance (IR) which is measured by the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and requires the measurement of fasting plasma insulin levels. We attempted to study the performance of lipid-based biochemical markers of IR for the diagnosis of MetS and postulate a population-specific cutoff for these indices in the South Indian population. In this study, we analyzed three lipid-based indices, Triglyceride Glucose index (TyG index), triglyceride: high-Density Lipoprotein (TG:HDL) ratio, and lipid accumulation product (LAP). Methods This was a cross-sectional study and included apparently healthy individuals presenting to our hospital for routine Master Health Checkup assessment and apparently healthy population residing in Kallindhiri, a village near Madurai. Based on the anthropometric measurements and blood investigations, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist hip ratio, Waist height ratio, HOMA-IR, TyG index, TG:HDL ratio, and LAP were calculated. The diagnostic efficacy of these indices was compared against the presence of MetS based on the NCEP ATP III criteria. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Curve was performed to discriminate decision levels (cutoffs) of serum markers in early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The results were considered significant with a p-value less than 0.05. Results We included a total of 192 patients in our study, consisting of 36% (n=70) males and 63% (n=122) females. All the baseline characteristics except height, weight, and HDL cholesterol were comparable between the male and female groups. The values of HOMA-IR, TyG index, TG:HDL ratio, and LAP showed an increasing trend with the BMI. The mean values of HOMA-IR, TyG index, TG:HDL ratio and LAP was significantly higher in patients with MetS than in patients without MetS. Based on the ROCcurve plotted for the data, a population-specific cutoff for these indices was computed. Our proposed cutoff for the South Indian population for HOMA-IR is 1.23, for TyG index is 4.65, for TG:HDL ratio is 3.44 in males and 2.6 in females and for LAP is 43.81 Conclusion The cutoffs for the novel indices of insulin resistance which have been previously studied in Caucasian populations cannot be applied to Indian populations due to distinct ethnic characteristics. The diagnostic accuracy of these novel lipid-based biomarkers of Insulin Resistance is better than the biochemical gold standard of HOMA-IR based on the ROC curve. We propose the usage of these population-specific cutoffs in routine clinical practice for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in a Rural Population in Brazil

ObjectivesThere are still few articles in the scientific literature that assess the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in representative rural populations. Thus, the aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of MS and to evaluate the association with sociodemographic, work and lifestyle factors in a rural population in southeastern Brazil. MethodsCross-sectional observational epidemiological study conducted in a rural municipality in Brazil. The study population were 790 adult family farmers. The characterization of MS considers five parameters: abdominal circumference, systemic blood pressure levels and serum concentrations of fasting glucose, triglycerides and HDL, according to two different definitions: NCEP-ATP III and IDF. Tests of association between the independent variable and the outcome were performed using Pearson’s chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test when applicable. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using the enter method. ResultsThe prevalence of MS was 15.4% and 17.2% according to the NCEP and IDF criteria, respectively. In the bivariate analysis, sex (p = 0.014), age group (p < 0.005), schooling (p = 0.007) and time working as a farmer (p < 0.001) were associated with MS (NCEP). According to the IDF criteria, sex (p = 0.024), age group (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.004), working time as a farmer (p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p- 0.017). In binary logistic regression, the increase in age groups showed an OR gradient, demonstrating that advancing age is characterized as a risk factor for MS (p < 0.001) in both diagnostic criteria. The other variables had no statistical difference in the multivariate analysis. ConclusionsIn conclusion, a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found in Brazilian farmers, mainly associated with advancing age in this population. The early diagnosis of MS could represent an important advance in terms of protection and prevention of the health of rural populations, as it is a multifaceted disease with several complications. Furthermore, high-cost and complex parameters are not necessary to diagnose MS, being a useful parameter for use in populations whose access to the health system is difficult. Funding SourcesResearch Program of the Unified Health System (PPSUS), through the notice FAPES/CNPq/Decit-SCTIE-MS/SESA No. 05/2015 – PPSUS.

Visceral Adiposity Index and Lipid Accumulation Product as diagnostic markers of Metabolic Syndrome in South Indians with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the debilitating consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with a simple but accurate method can reduce the risk of progression to CVD in PCOS.Aims:This study aimed to determine the accuracy of various anthropometric indices and lipid accumulation product (LAP), in assessing the risk of MetS in PCOS.Settings and Design:This is a cross-sectional study including 150 PCOS women and 100 control subjects.Materials and Methods:Anthropometric parameters were measured and calculated. Lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and insulin were estimated. MetS was detected according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.Statistical Analysis:Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were applied to determine the potential association of anthropometric indices such as body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), and a body shape index (ABSI) and LAP with MetS.Results:In our study of PCOS women of the south Indian population, the prevalence of MetS was 59.3%, which was higher than other populations and the cutoff values of VAI and LAP were 6.05 and 53, respectively. VAI showed the strongest association with MetS, followed by diastolic blood pressure BP, FPG, and LAP.Conclusions:We recommend VAI and LAP as new indices for MetS diagnosis. As these indices exhibit population specificity, it is imperative that independent cutoffs are determined for every demographic population.

PREVALENCE OF MASKED HYPERTENSION AMONG PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME IN A TERITIARY CARE CENTRE

Background: There is strong correlation between masked hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Presence of masked hypertension increases the risk of end organ damage, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and hence prevalence of masked hypertension among metabolic syndrome patients and its association with various components of metabolic syndrome needs to be defined. Aim: The aim of our study is to estimate the prevalence of masked hypertension among patients with metabolic syndrome. To assess the correlation between masked hypertension and various components of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: 120 patients of age group 18-65 years, who were admitted in Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences from January 2020 to October 2020, who had metabolic syndrome were included. Inclusion Criteria included patients with waist line circumference > 102 cm in men and >88 cm in females. Triglyceride level > 150mg/dl, HDL , 40 mg/dl in men and 100mg/dl and pre hypertensive range of BP, systolic 130-139 mmHg and diastolic 85-89mmHg.d Chronic hypertensive patients with evidence of end organ damage and patients with severe uncontrolled hypertension were excluded. Relevant data were obtained, Ambulatory BP recordings were taken to identify masked Hypertension. Descriptive and Analytical statistics was performed by SPSS version 20.0. Results: Out of the 120 patients included in our study, 75 percent had masked hypertension. Our study proved positive correlation between masked hypertension and waist line circumference, elevated FBS, triglyceride, HDL Conclusion: Our study shows significant prevalence of masked hypertension among patients with metabolic syndrome. Thus early detection of masked hypertension helps in early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and its better management. Key words: Masked hypertension, metabolic syndrome.

“Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome Among the Adult Patients Attending in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh”

Background: Metabolic syndrome describes the co-occurrence of central adiposity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, lipid abnormalities and other metabolic changes that increase risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal diseases. This multi-system condition has adverse effects on many organs, the liver being one of them. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease appears to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the burden of chronic liver disease world-wide. Metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease appear to have a common pathogenesis, arising from insulin resistance, central adiposity and chronic low grade inflammation. Objective: The aim of the study is to find out the occurrence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome among the patient attending in RMCH. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study which was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. 250 patients age above 20 years nonalcoholic both male and female were included for the study. All patients were interviewed by structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 for windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables are expressed as percentages. Pearson correlation coefficient test and unpaired t-test were used for this study. For all statistical tests, p-value is less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Among 250 respondents a total of 67(26.8%) cases were diagnosed as metabolic syndrome and out of the 67 metabolic syndrome patients 23(34.33%) were male and 44(65.67%) were female. Out of the 23 male metabolic syndrome patients 9(39.13%) were diagnosed as NAFLD and out of the 44 female metabolic syndrome patients 16(36.36%) were diagnosed as NAFLD. Among the 250 respondents 53 (21.2%) cases ultarsonographically diagnosed as NAFLD and showed 41(77.36%), 11(20.75%) and 1(1.89%) of cases had grade I, II, and III fatty liver respectively. Out of the 53 NAFLD patient’s 25 patients were presented with metabolic syndrome and 28 patients were without metabolic syndrome. Patients of NAFLD with metabolic syndrome presented with high fasting plasma glucose level in 19(67.80%) cases, hypertensive in 17(68%) cases, high triglyceride in 17((68%) cases, low HDL in 16(64%) cases, waist circumference high in 18(72%) cases. The difference was significant for fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and waist circumference (p&lt;0.05) between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome patients. Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that the proportion of NAFLD significantly higher in metabolic syndrome patients compare to non-metabolic syndrome patients and metabolic syndrome is higher in female compare to male. So early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome suspected cases and ultrasonographic detection of NAFLD would help not only modifying the disease course but also delaying its complication.

Definition and early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children.

With this review, we aim to focus the attention on some established as well as new concepts for the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents spanning from definition to recommendations for the diagnostic approach. Even though there is no international commonly used definition of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents, all definitions include obesity as precondition for the development of MetS even in children. Obesity is one of the major cardiometabolic risk factors and it is strongly linked to other metabolic diseases like hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia as well as hypertension. The metabolic syndrome is commonly known as a constellation of the mentioned morbidities. Pediatricians and researchers agree that early diagnosis and early interventions of the MetS are important to improve the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. However, this requires appropriate screening tools for children and adolescents at risk for the MetS and its comorbidities. Due to controversies regarding the definition of MetS and the lack of consensus thresholds for the single components in children and adolescents, there is no internationally accepted diagnostic pathway for MetS available. However, several consensus statements and national guidelines for the assessment of obesity and its comorbidities in children and adolescents are available. Obesity seems to be the driving factor for the development of the other risk factors of MetS. In order to avoid conflicts concerning the definition of overweight and obesity, we recommend using the WHO definition of overweight (one standard deviation body mass index for age and sex and obesity; two standard deviations body mass index for age and sex) in children and adolescents.

Propuesta de fenotipo para diagnóstico temprano de posibilidad de síndrome metabólico en escolares de seis a 15 años

Introduction and objectivesObesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) continue to be a problem at a socioeconomic level, causing high morbidity and mortality in the adult population. Prevention of risk factors should be carried out from an early age. Currently, there is no consensus on the opportune moment to start an intervention or treatment, regarding metabolic syndrome. The objective of the study is to describe the phenotype to predict early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in schoolchildren. Material and methodsObservational, prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study in schoolchildren from 6 to 15 years old, conducted in Guayaquil. Anthropometric measurements and a survey were performed, obtaining signing informed consent. The IBM Watson artificial intelligence (AI) platform with its software Modeler Flow, were used for the analysis. ResultsA population of 1025 students between 6 and 15 years old (mean of 12 years for men and 13 years for women) was examined, of whom 62.3% were men and 37.7% women. 23.9% of the population was overweight and 14% obese. A greater tendency to weight alteration was observed in men than in women (51.37% vs 47.79%), and a lower waist circumference in men (85 cm vs 87 cm, respectively). Males had a higher level of systolic blood pressure (SBP), being within the 90th percentile (mean SBP of 123 mmHg) 61.2%, compared to 38.8% of women, with a p < 0.001. Sedentary lifestyle is similar in both groups, with an average of 4.79 hours in front of the screen and/or video games. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between SBP and the waist/height ratio (WHtR) in the 90th percentile and 95th percentile (X2 9.075, p < 0.028, and X2 23,54, p < 0,000 respectively), as well as a relationship between 95th percentile and sex (X2 11.57, p < 0.001). The Modeler Flow software showed us that if WHtR, > 0.46, weight > 56.1 kg and height > 1.61 m, the probability of presenting metabolic syndrome, was of 82.4%. The statistic of this study has a predictive accuracy of 90% (error deviation of 0.009). The importance in the predictors of metabolic syndrome, range from 97.57% to 100%. ConclusionsA prevalence of 33.9% of metabolic syndrome was observed in schoolchildren from 6 to 15 years old, with pathological cut-off points of: WHtR > 0.46, weight > 56.1 kg, pure sedentary lifestyle > 3 hours in front of the screen/playing video games, and SBP within the 90th percentile (> 123 mmHg). With these four indicators, we can predict a probability of early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome of 97% to 100%.

Metabolic syndrome in older women

This paper presents the current literature data on the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in menopause. The association of metabolic syndrome with a high risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and insulin resistance is of great medical and social importance. It emphasizes the need for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in older women and optimization of therapeutic and preventive measures. The article highlights the role of pathogenetic, multi-component therapy, including menopausal hormone one, in the treatment of metabolic disorders in menopause.

Global View on Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: Threats, Risks and Treatment Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus.

The incidence of both diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing and is becoming a social and economic threat worldwide. Recent research studies indicate that both diseases share some pathophysiological features and that specifically, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between diabetes mellitus and AD, explore the efficacy of selected drugs on patients with diabetes and AD, and compare the relative risk of diabetes for Alzheimer's disease within different clinical studies. The method of literature search in several acknowledged databases such as Web of Science, Elsevier Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus in the period from 2000 to 2015 for the following keywords: "Alzheimer's AND disease AND diabetes AND mellitus" was used. The identified studies were divided into two basic groups, based on their focus: efficacy of the selected drugs on patients suffering from AD and diabetes, and a link between diabetes and AD; as diabetes is seen as a risk factor of AD. The findings of this study confirm that there is a close and direct link between diabetes and AD, which indicates that there is a need for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and T2DM. In fact, the reviewed clinical trials have proved an increase in the risk of AD. However, the values of this risk are relatively low. The results also illustrate that both pharmacological (e.g., the antidiabetic drugs together with insulin dosing) and nonpharmacological (e.g., being intensively engaged in physical activities) treatments can have a positive effect. The results of this study confirm that diabetes and AD are not independent disorders since they share some common pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, more clinical randomized control trials are needed to explore the efficacy of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of T2DM and AD.

Topical Application of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) to Changes in Tympanic Membrane Perforation Diameter

Objectives: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of several vascular risk factors. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases isrelated to early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Little information is available about the prevalence of the metabolicsyndrome and its associated risk factors in Pakistan.Material and Methods: A matched case control study included 150 adults patients diagnosed with acute myocardialinfarction and 150 healthy controls, aged 40 years and above. The patients were selected from Khyber TeachingHospital, Lady Reading Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar and controls were selected from thegeneral population. Metabolic syndrome and its relationship with associated risk factors such as obesity, physicalinactivity, smoking status, education and socioeconomic status were assessed.Results: It was found that 55% of the patients had diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome compared to 17% ofcontrols. It was more common in age group 51-60 years. 66% of males and 34% of females had metabolic syndrome.Obesity, physical inactivity and current smoking were associated risk factors with increased odds of metabolicsyndrome.Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is more common in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Increased physicalactivity and cessation of smoking may decrease the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic responses in endurance horses at exhausted syndrome

The article shows the results of the study of biochemical blood indices in sports horses. It is shown that in horses after exercise developing the metabolic syndrome which is a result of insufficient supply of organs and tissues of energy accompanied by development of dehydration, cytolysis syndrome, uremic syndrome, electrolyte imbalance. Evaluation of cardiac output in horses must be performed during and after physical exertion, when during latent disease manifests itself clinically. It is important to know the ways of flowing the course of metabolic processes that occur in the body of horses during physical activity of varying intensity. The most common reason for excluding horses from sports events is metabolic disorders and cardiovascular dysfunction. The aim of the work was to investigate changes in biochemical blood parameters in sports horses after physical exertion. The material for research was horses, which are used in classical equestrian sports. In all horses the general analysis and biochemical parameters of blood, characterizing the functional state of the organs (heart, liver, kidneys) were investigated. The most frequent in horses for physical overstrain is registered increased fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, less frequent arrhythmias. In sports horses after exercise develops dehydration (hyperproteinemia), uremic syndrome (increasing the concentration of urea and creatinine), cytolysis syndrome (activity increase of AST and ALT), electrolyte imbalance (decrease in serum sodium and potassium). Hyperlactatemia that occurs in horses during exercise causes changes in the permeability of cardiomyocytes and exit enzymes in the blood and can play a key role in the pathogenesis of myocardial dystrophy. Installed tests can serve for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in horses for exercise.

2520 Proteomics in the early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a Hispanic pre-teen cohort

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of the present study is to determine if decreased adiponectin and increased leptin levels are associated with the development of MetS and identifiable endothelial dysfunction in a cohort of Hispanic pre-pubertal children. To do so we propose the following aims: (1) To measure expression of adiponectin and leptin levels in a Hispanic pre-pubertal cohort and determine their correlation with features of the MetS. (2) To perform proteomic analysis in a Hispanic pre-pubertal cohort. (3) Evaluate early onset of endothelial dysfunction and its correlation with expression of adiponectin and leptin levels in a Hispanic pre-pubertal cohort. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A cross-sectional pilot study will obtain a random representative sampling of children aged 6–12 years from all geographical areas of Puerto Rico. Children will be assessed regarding pre-pubertal status through Tanner staging and later divided into pre-MetS Versus MetS groups as well as controls. MetS will include children meeting 3 or more of the current International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Pre-MetS will include children with at least 1 criterion for MetS. Anthropometric data, blood pressure readings, ultrasound-based noninvasive testing for endothelial dysfunction, and laboratory assays will be performed to the study population and data analyzed for correlation. Total adiponectin and leptin levels will be measured using a commercially available quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay test. The study will be submitted to the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus’ Institutional Review Board (IRB) for approval. Written consent and assent will be obtained from parents and children respectively to ensure patient anonymity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that low levels of adiponectin and high levels of leptin will correlate with features of the MetS as defined by the IDF consensus statement, as well as with clinical features of MetS in undiagnosed Hispanic pre-pubertal youth. We also hypothesize that non-invasive testing of endothelial function will correlate both with clinical features of the MetS and with low levels of adinopectin and high levels of leptin. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The correlation of findings suggestive of endothelial dysfunction and biomarker expression (mainly adiponectin and leptin levels) in a pre-pubertal cohort has yet to be established and could also provide information regarding early atherogenesis in otherwise unidentified youth at risk. Therefore, by using a proteomic approach, this study aims to measure associations between clinical features of the MetS and expression of proteins associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile in a Hispanic pre-pubertal population. We will concurrently measure the degree of endothelial dysfunction and evaluate whether a correlation exists between previously mentioned protein expression and early onset of dysfunction.

Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children

Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children

Assessment of Various Biochemical Parameters and BMI in Patients with Skin Tags.

Acrochordon or fibroepithelial polyp, commonly known as Skin tags (STs) are one of the most common benign skin condition, consisting of skin projecting from the surrounding skin, usually occurring on the eyelids, neck and axillae. Studies have found an association of STs with conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and atherogenic lipid profile. Abdominal obesity and the consequent insulin resistance are said be important contributing factors for diabetes, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. To highlight the association of lipid profile, BMI, glucose, HbA1c and leptin levels in patients with STs. This was a case control study conducted at tertiary care hospital in South India from April 2013 to May 2014. The cases were chosen those who are having minimum of 3 STs attending the dermatology clinic. A total of 171 patients were screened, out of which 126 satisfied the criteria for inclusion and were included in the final analysis. The significance of the difference between the groups was assessed by Student t-test (two tailed, independent) to find the significance on continuous scale between two groups on metric parameters, between cases and controls and p-value of <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Maximum cases were in males and in age group of 41-50 years. There was significant association between STs and triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and leptin levels. Other parameters were also altered but no statistically significant difference was seen. STs are associated with change in markers of obesity and dyslipidaemia. Patients with STs need suitable interventions like weight reduction, smoking cessation, change in dietary habits. STs may also play a role in early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Change in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a population of medical students: 6-year follow-up.

Students of a university hospital were assessed in 2007 and later in 2013 to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 17.0.A total of 213 students were evaluated in both 2007 and 2013 (48.3 % women and 51.7 % men). The diagnosis of overweight and obesity increased from 24.9 to 37.1 % (p < 0.05), central obesity from 17.8 to 28.6 % (p < 0.05), and prevalence of metabolic syndrome from 9.8 to 14.5 % (p ≥ 0.05); up to 20 % in male gender. It is important to implement programs for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Serum leptin is associated with cardiometabolic risk and predicts metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese adults

BackgroundLeptin is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, few studies have assessed its relationship with metabolic syndrome, especially in an Asian population. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess leptin levels and evaluate its association with CVD and metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn 2009, 957 subjects, who underwent a routine physical examination and choose leptin examination, were selected to participate. Participants (269 females and 688 males) were stratified according to leptin level quartiles. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP ATP III using waist circumference cutoffs modified for Asian populations, and CVD risk was determined using the Framingham Heart Study profile.ResultsLeptin levels were correlated with CVD risk in men and women. With the exception of fasting plasma glucose, increased leptin levels were observed as factors associated with metabolic syndrome increased in both males and females. After adjusting for age, an association between leptin levels and metabolic syndrome was observed. After adjusting for age alone or with tobacco use, subjects in the highest leptin quartile had a higher risk of having metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest quartile (OR = 6.14 and 2.94 for men and women, respectively). After further adjustment for BMI, metabolic syndrome risk remained significantly increased with increasing leptin quartiles in men. Finally, increased leptin levels were a predictor of metabolic syndrome in men and women.ConclusionsSerum leptin levels are correlated with CVD risk and metabolic syndrome. Analysis of leptin as part of routine physical examinations may prove beneficial for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.