Early Countermeasures Research Articles

KAJIAN PERILAKU MASYARAKAT PESISIR YANG MENGAKIBATKAN KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN SEKITAR EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI PANTAI HAMADI KOTA JAYAPURA

Background : Environmental damage around the Hamadi coastal mangrove ecosystem, South Jayapura District, Jayapura City, which is caused by many human behavioral factors on the coast, one of which is due to tourism activities that throw away garbage so that it becomes dirty and the natural beauty is damaged. he waste has not been fully addressed effectively if the management is not carried out properly, which then becomes a serious threat to the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem area near Hamadi Beach which is used as a tourist spot. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study of the behavior of the community living around the area and utilizing the area. Method: The researcher used 30 respondents as samples and conducted in June to August 2024 on Hamadi Beach, South Jayapura District, Jayapura City using the data usage technique in this study is Simple Random Sampling, which is carried out randomly from members of the population without considering the level of the population. The data that has been obtained is analyzed using the Likert Scale. Results: Respondents were dominated by men, productive age 36-45 years old, predominantly high school education, fishermen, who had an income Rp 1.000.000 -Rp2.000.000. Socio-economic characteristics describe respondents who live, sell and travel around the area. The characteristics of the respondents were seen from the community's perception of the knowledge of the function of the mangrove ecosystem (3,39) including the category strongly agree, Public Perception of Environmental Conditions for the Growth of Mangrove Ecosystems (3,5) Including the category of strongly agreeing, public perception of the utilization of mangrove ecosystems (3,14) including the category of agree. Conclusion: The development of science about public perception that results in environmental damage to the mangrove ecosystem on Hamadi beach needs to be known in early countermeasures.

All-cause mortality and Japan's early countermeasures: Authors' reply.

All-cause mortality and Japan's early countermeasures: Authors' reply.

All-cause mortality and Japan's early countermeasures.

All-cause mortality and Japan's early countermeasures.

Remote detection of fungal pathogens in viticulture using laser-induced fluorescence: an experimental study on infected potted vines

IntroductionPathogenic fungi, such as Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator, severely threaten the annual yield of grapes in both quantity and quality. In contrast to other crop production systems, fungicides are intensively applied in viticulture as a countermeasure. The goal of precision viticulture is to optimize vineyard performance as well as the environmental impact by reducing fungicides and applying different techniques and combined strategies. Therefore, new emerging technologies are required, including non-invasive detection, as well as monitoring and tools for the early and in-field detection of fungal development. MethodsIn this study, we investigated leaves of potted vines (Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Riesling’) and traced the development of the inoculated leaves using our new remote detection system vinoLAS®, which is based on laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. We ran a measurement campaign over a period of 17 days.ResultsWe were able to detect a leaf infection with P. viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew, between 5 and 7 days after inoculation. Our results provide evidence for a successful application of laser-based standoff detection in vineyard management in the future. Thus, the vinoLAS system can serve as a model technology for the detection of pathogenic disease symptoms and thus monitoring complete vineyard sites. This allows for early countermeasures with suitable crop protection approaches and selected hot-spot treatments.DiscussionAs P. viticola is considered one of the most damaging fungi in European viticulture, disease mapping via this monitoring tool will help to reduce fungicide applications, and will, therefore, support the implementation of the European Green Deal claims.

Early countermeasures to COVID-19 at long-term care facilities in Gwangju Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has continued since its first detection in the Republic of Korea on January 20, 2020. This study describes the early countermeasures used to minimize the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks during cohort quarantine and compares the epidemiological characteristics of 2 outbreaks in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Gwangju Metropolitan City in summer 2020. An epidemiological investigation was conducted via direct visits. We investigated epidemiological characteristics, including incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates, for all residents and staff members. Demographic characteristics were analyzed using a statistical program. Additionally, the method of managing infection in LTCFs is described. Residents and caregivers had high incidence rates in LTCF-A and LTCF-B, respectively. LTCF-B had a longer quarantine period than LTCF-A. The attack rate was 20.02% in LTCF-A and 27.9% in LTCF-B. The mortality rate was 2.3% (1/43) in LTCF-B, the only facility in which a COVID-19 death occurred. Extensive management requires contact minimization, which involves testing all contacts to mitigate further transmission in the early stages of LTCF outbreaks. The findings of this study can help inform and prepare public health authorities for COVID-19 outbreaks, particularly for early control in vulnerable facilities.

Radioactive Contamination Countermeasures, Food Inspection Systems, and the Issue of Reputational Damage in the Early Stages of the Nuclear Disaster in Fukushima Prefecture

This paper overviews the achievements and challenges of radioactive contamination countermeasures, food inspection systems, and reputational damage to agricultural products in Fukushima Prefecture during the early stages of the Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear disaster. It outlines the effectiveness of early countermeasures such as absorption control measures and soil decontamination, and observes how efforts aimed at revitalizing afflicted areas were initiated and advanced primarily through the leadership of residents and agricultural producers. Furthermore, it examines food inspection systems such as the “all-bag-all-volume” testing system for rice that was implemented in Fukushima, and suggests that a failure to extend such countermeasures to outside of Fukushima Prefecture was a contributing factor to the ongoing issue of reputational damage and consumer reluctance to purchase products from the area. Lastly, the paper categorizes early consumer trends in four groups based on differing perceptions of risk and safety, and concludes that dealing with reputational damage should entail creating maps of radioactive material distribution, and also building a rational inspection system that allows consumers to objectively identify the safety of agricultural products.

The influence of childhood adversities on mid to late cognitive function: From the perspective of life course.

BackgroundThe effects of childhood adversities on cognitive function in later life are well reported. However, few studies have examined the cumulative mechanism, especially in Chinese population. This study aims to explore this cumulative effects of childhood adversities on mid to late cognitive decline in China.MethodsData were drawn from the second and third wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We included 9,942 respondents aged 45 and above and retrospectively collected information on childhood adversities. Cognitive function was measured in three dimensions: orientation and calculation, immediate memory, and delayed memory. A structural equation model was employed for analysis.ResultsAge (β = -0.155, P<0.001) and mid to late depressive symptoms (β = -0.041, P<0.001) showed direct effects on cognitive decline. Low mid to late life socioeconomic status (SES) showed a direct effect on mid-late cognitive impairment (β = 0.603, P<0.001) and an indirect effect through depression (β = 0.007, P<0.001). Low childhood SES (β = 0.310, P<0.001), lack of friends (β = 0.208, P<0.001), parental mental health problems (β = 0.008, P<0.001), and poor relationship with parents (β = 0.001, P<0.001) had an indirect effect on cognitive impairment.ConclusionsChildhood adversities had negative effects on cognitive function among middle aged and elderly population in China. The findings suggest that early counter measures on childhood adversities may lead to an effective reduction of cognitive impairment.

Better strategies for containing COVID-19 pandemic: a study of 25 countries via a vSIADR model.

We study epidemiological characteristics of 25 early COVID-19 outbreak countries, which emphasizes on the reproduction of infection and effects of government control measures. The study is based on a vSIADR model which allows asymptomatic and pre-diagnosis infections to reflect COVID-19 clinical realities, and a linear mixed-effect model to analyse the association between each country’s control measures and the effective reproduction number Rt. It finds significant effects of higher stringency measures in lowering the reproduction, and a significant shortening effect on the time to the epidemic turning point by applying stronger early counter measures. Epidemic projections under scenarios of the counter measures (China and Korea, the USA and the UK) show substantial reduction in the epidemic size and death by taking earlier and forceful actions. The governments’ response before and after the start of the second wave epidemics were alarmingly weak, which made the average duration of the second wave more than doubled that of the first wave. We identify countries which urgently need to restore to at least the maximum stringency measures implemented so far in the pandemic in order to avoid even higher infection size and death.

Process Evaluation for Smart Concrete Road Construction:Road Surface and Thickness Evaluation Using High-Speed LiDAR Technology

The enhancement of new quality criteria in highway construction is a key aspect to improving the construction process and lifetime of road. In particular, mobile laser scanning systems are nowadays able to provide realistic 3D elevation profiles of a road to detect anomalies. In this context, this study utilizes a high-accuracy high-speed mobile mapping vehicle and evaluates a weighted longitudinal profile as an improved measure for evenness analysis. For comparison a classical method with a rolling straight edge was evaluated on the same road section and observed effects are discussed. The second focus is the areal reconstruction of the road thickness. For this purpose, a modern method was developed to spatially synchronize two high-speed laser scans using reference boxes next to the road, to transfer the point clouds into a surface model and to calculate the layer thickness. This procedure was conceptually validated by some pointwise measurements of the layer thickness. With this information, imperfections in the base layer could be detected automatically over a wide area at an early stage and countermeasures might be initiated before constructing the highway.

Anomalous Behaviors Detection for Underwater Fish Using AI Techniques

Anomalous events detection in real-world video scenes is a challenging problem owing to the complexity of anomaly and the untidy backgrounds and objects in the scenes. Although there are already many studies on dealing with this problem using deep neural networks, very little literature aims for real-time detection of the anomalous behavior of fish. This paper presents an underwater fish anomalous behavior detection method by combining deep learning object detection, DCG (Directed Cycle Graph), fish tracking, and DTW (Dynamic Time Warping). The method is useful for detecting the biological anomalous behavior of underwater fish in advance so that early countermeasures can be planned and executed. Also, through post-analysis it is possible to access the cause of diseases or death, so as to reduce unnecessary loss, facilitate precision breeding selection, and achieve ecological conservation education as well. A smart aquaculture system incorporating the proposed method and IoT sensors allows extensive data collection during the system operation in various farming fields, thus enabling to develop optimal culturing conditions, both are particularly useful for researchers and the aquaculture industry.

Multi-sectorial research is paramount for preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases

The social, economic and political consequences of emerging infectious disease (EID) may escape the sphere in which they first arise. In recent years, many EIDs have revealed the close links between human, animal and plant health, highlighting the need for multi-scale, multisectorial EID management. Human beings play a dual role in EID because they can promote their development through numerous human-environment interfaces and expanding international trade. On the other hand, their ability to analyze, interpret and act on the determinants of EID allows them to access the expertise necessary to control these EIDs. This expertise must be constantly adapted to remain relevant as the EID evolves, particularly in its virulence or transmission channels. Flexibility should become an inherent part of the expertise-based decision-making process even if it means going backwards. A certain degree of transparency and feedback to citizens is necessary for the acceptability of political decisions basing on expertise. A key step in the management of EID is the appropriate management of the early signal of infectious emergence. This step combines multidisciplinary skills allowing access to the best pathway for containing EID by implementing early countermeasures adapted to the situation. New digital technologies could significantly improve this early detection phase. Finally, experts have a fundamental role to play because they are located at the interface between operational actors and decision-makers, which allows multidirectional feedback, ideally in real time, between professional actors and decision makers. To combat current and future EIDs, expertise should be based on a multi-sectorial approach, promotion of collegiality and continuously adaptation to the evolving nature of EIDs.

Preoperative intraocular pressure as a strong predictive factor for intraocular pressure rise during vacuum application in femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery.

To evaluate the effect of preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and the vacuum level on IOP during femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. Intraocular pressure was measured in 40 enucleated porcine eyes by intracameral manometry prior, during and after vacuum application using the VICTUS femtosecond laser platform (Bausch&Lomb, Technolas Perfect Vision GmbH, Germany). Twenty combinations of different preoperative IOP levels (12, 16, 20 and 24mmHg) and different vacuum levels (350-550mbar) were investigated. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that both the vacuum level (beta=0.138; p<0.001) but much stronger the preoperative IOP (beta=0.861; p<0.001) were predictive factors for IOP rise during vacuum application. Mean IOP was 28.23±3.86, 34.23±3.92, 40.35±4.41 and 46.82±4.11mmHg in groups with baseline IOP of 12, 16, 20 and 24mmHg, respectively. In the 350, 450 and 550mbar group, and mean IOP was 35.85±7.85, 37.33±7.90 and 39.00±8.04mmHg, respectively. Lowering the preoperative IOP by 2mmHg and reducing the vacuum from maximum to minimum resulted in a similar reduction in IOP during vacuum application (-3.10±0.79mmHg versus -3.15±0.88mmHg; p=0.015). Furthermore, decreasing the baseline IOP from 20 to 12mmHg resulted in a 30.0% reduction in intraoperative IOP. Preoperative IOP was a stronger predictive factor for intraoperative IOP rise than the applied vacuum level. Measurements and critical interpretation of preoperative IOP in a preliminary examination could help estimating the individual risk of significant IOP rise during femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery and could help taking early countermeasures in selected cases. Due to the porcine ex vivo model, further studies are needed to verify these findings.

PEMETAAN ANCAMAN BANJIR KOTA SEMARANG MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY LOGIC DAN SIG

Salah satu upaya mencegah dan mengurangi dampak dari bencana banjir adalah dengan menyediakan informasi daerah rawan banjir yang dikemas dalam bentuk peta digital. Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) merupakan metode yang tepat untuk memetakan daerah rawan banjir untuk cakupan daerah yang luas dengan waktu yang relatif singkat, tetapi akurasi dan presisi dari analisa spasialnya masih rendah. Artikel ini menyajikan hasil penelitian yang memadukan teknologi SIG dan metode matematis logika Fuzzy untuk menghasilkan analisa spasial dengan akurasi dan presisi yang tinggi pada pemodelan ancaman bencana banjir di Kota Semarang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemodelan banjir menggunakan SIG dan metode logika Fuzzy memberikan hasil 54,84% lebih valid daripada metode katalog bencana dari 31 titik validasi lapangan dengan sebaran ancaman banjir di kelas tinggi didominasi pada kecamatan Genuk

Assessment of off-site early countermeasures in the event of a LOCA in a research reactor

Off-site early emergency management actions due to a potential release from the Greek Research Reactor-1 are assessed with the aid of a modern decision support tool. To this end, a hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident has been assumed under two distinct ventilation schemes of the reactor building. Five, site-typical, meteorological scenarios have been applied based on observed conditions that demonstrate the effects the released radioactive plume has on the surrounding urban area. The JRODOS (Java-based Real-time On-line DecisiOn Support) system has been used to calculate gamma radiation doses, estimate the affected areas and assess early countermeasures in accordance with national legislation. The results indicate that the suggested countermeasures may need to be applied only to a very limited area in a few of the considered weather scenarios.

Age-related trends in injection site reaction incidence induced by the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors etanercept and adalimumab: the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system, 2004-2015

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are increasingly being used as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the administration of these drugs carries the risk of inducing injection site reaction (ISR). ISR gives rise to patient stress, nervousness, and a decrease in quality of life (QoL). In order to alleviate pain and other symptoms, early countermeasures must be taken against this adverse event. In order to improve understanding of the risk factors contributing to the induction of ISR, we evaluated the association between TNF-α inhibitors and ISR by applying a logistic regression model to age-stratified data obtained from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.The FAERS database contains 7,561,254 reports from January 2004 to December 2015. Adjusted reporting odds ratios (RORs) (95% Confidence Intervals) were obtained for interaction terms for age-stratified groups treated with etanercept (ETN) and adalimumab (ADA). The adjusted RORs for ETN* ≥ 70 and ADA* ≥ 70 groups were the lowest among the age-stratified groups undergoing the respective monotherapies. Furthermore, we found that crude RORs for ETN + methotrexate (MTX) combination therapy and ADA + MTX combination therapy were lower than those for the respective monotherapies.This study was the first to evaluate the relationship between aging and ISR using the FAERS database.

Glucocorticoid (dexamethasone)-induced metabolome changes in healthy males suggest prediction of response and side effects.

Glucocorticoids are indispensable anti-inflammatory and decongestant drugs with high prevalence of use at ~0.9% of the adult population. Better holistic insights into glucocorticoid-induced changes are crucial for effective use as concurrent medication and management of adverse effects. The profiles of 214 metabolites from plasma of 20 male healthy volunteers were recorded prior to and after ingestion of a single dose of 4 mg dexamethasone (+20 mg pantoprazole). Samples were drawn at three predefined time points per day: seven untreated (day 1 midday - day 3 midday) and four treated (day 3 evening - day 4 evening) per volunteer. Statistical analysis revealed tremendous impact of dexamethasone on the metabolome with 150 of 214 metabolites being significantly deregulated on at least one time point after treatment (ANOVA, Benjamini-Hochberg corrected, q < 0.05). Inter-person variability was high and remained uninfluenced by treatment. The clearly visible circadian rhythm prior to treatment was almost completely suppressed and deregulated by dexamethasone. The results draw a holistic picture of the severe metabolic deregulation induced by single-dose, short-term glucocorticoid application. The observed metabolic changes suggest a potential for early detection of severe side effects, raising hope for personalized early countermeasures increasing quality of life and reducing health care costs.

An evaluation of early countermeasures to reduce the risk of internal radiation exposure after the Fukushima nuclear incident in Japan.

After a radiation-release incident, intake of radionuclides in the initial stage immediately following the incident may be the major contributor to total internal radiation exposure for individuals in affected areas. However, evaluation of early internal contamination risk is greatly lacking. This study assessed the relationship between initial stage evacuation/indoor sheltering and internal radiation contamination levels 4 months after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear incident in Japan and estimated potential pathways of the contamination. The study population comprised 525 participants in the internal radiation screening program at Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, 23 km north of the Fukushima nuclear plant. The analysed dataset included the results of a screening performed in July 2011, 4 months after the incident, and of a questionnaire on early-incident response behaviours, such as sheltering indoors and evacuations, completed by participants. Association between such early countermeasures and internal contamination levels of cesium-134 were assessed using Tobit multiple regression analyses. Our study shows that individuals who evacuated to areas outside Fukushima Prefecture had similar contamination levels of cesium-134 to individuals who stayed in Fukushima (relative risk: 0.86; 95% confidence interval: 0.74-0.99). Time spent outdoors had no significant relationship with contamination levels. The effects of inhalation from radiological plumes released from the nuclear plant on total internal radiation contamination might be so low as to be undetectable by the whole-body counting unit used to examine participants. Given the apparent limited effectiveness of evacuation and indoor sheltering on internal contamination, the decision to implement such early responses to a radiation-release incident should be made by carefully balancing their potential benefits and health risks.

The Software Architecture of FAST: An Agent-based FDI Tool

This paper introduces the architecture of the Fault Analysis Software Tool (FAST). The tool identifies analytical redundancies from a reduced process description and use them to provide fault detection and isolation (FDI). In this form, the automated supervision of industrial processes is simplified. FAST can operate either stand alone in simulation mode (off-line) by reading the measured values from data files, or on-line connected to the process plant through an OPC interface. The OPC interface allows the tool to be connected to almost any process which features a SCADA system for supervisory control. When running in online mode, each process is monitored by a software agent. In case of a fault, FAST will detect it and will indicate the faulty device to the SCADA. The SCADA can display and record the fault allowing the implementation of early countermeasures. For some faults, FAST can also automatically reconfigure the process to temporarily avoid an emergency stop. This functionality is specially useful in systems with high level of autonomy, difficult access or for which maintenance operations cannot be immediately implemented. The objective of FAST is to provide to the industry a tool which can be used with a moderate level of complexity to apply FDI on top of the traditional process supervision.

CPbot: The Construction of Mobile Botnet Using GCM

In order to detect hacker attacks and take early countermeasures, this paper introduced a novel mobile botnet called CPbot which uses Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) to spread Trojan on Android devices. First, we presented the network model of this GCM based mobile botnet as well as its command and control (C&amp;C) mechanism. Secondly, we illustrated the different roles that this botnet can play. Finally, we setup a simulation model to discuss the topology of this mobile botnet. The MATLAB simulation result shows that CPbot is robust against single point of failures and has good resiliency to shutdown attempts, its command dissemination is highly efficient and the bot App has very low battery consumption. This analysis indicates that mobile botnet is a leading threat to mobile network security; therefore we must deploy defense strategies against this botnet.

THU0575 Long-Term QOL Evaluation with AIMS-2 in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis - Two-Year Evaluation in Patients Receiving Treatment with Biologicals

BackgroundAccording to the T2T recommendation, the primary target in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is to achieve the state of clinical remission, and the desired treatment target should be...