Early Convictions Research Articles

Psychodynamic Theory in Early Childhood Education: A Look at the Contributions of Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Krik H. Erikson, Susan Isaacs, Bruno Bettelheim, E.C.M. Frijling-Schreuder and Margaret Ribble

In this paper I will examine implications of psychodynamic theory for teaching and learning in early childhood education. The indivudual pioneering efforts of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein in understanding childhood neurosis and in developing child analysis and play therapy will be described and compared. Anna Freud's strong early convictions of need for a psychoanalytic pedagogy and later disillusionment will be discussed. Basic psychoanalytic terms such as the unconscious, Id, Ego, Superego, transference etc. will be broadly defined to illuminate early psychoanalytic theory. A psychohistorical perspective on initial attempts to create a psychoanalytic pedagogy in Europe will be synthesized and current pre-school developmental programs in North America described, programs which draw from psychodynamic theory. The theories of Eric H. Erikson, Susan Isaacs, Bruno Bettelheim, E.C.M. Frijling-Schreuder and Margaret Ribble will be presented. In conclusion, some criticisms of psychodynamic theories' impact on education will be aired.

Virginia hasn't always been for lovers: interracial marriage bans and the case of Richard and Mildred Loving

This landmark volume chronicles the history of laws banning interracial marriage in the United States with particular emphasis on the case of Richard and Mildred Loving, a white man and a black woman who were convicted by the state of for the crime of marrying across racial lines in the late 1950s. The Lovings were not activists, but their battle to live together as husband and wife in their home state instigated the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that antimiscegenation laws were unconstitutional, which ultimately resulted in the overturning of laws against interracial marriage that were still in effect in sixteen states by the late 1960s.American antimiscegenation laws were first enacted in Maryland in the seventeenth century and continued to the year 2000 with a section of the Alabama Constitution forbidding the state legislature from legitimizing interracial marriage. An increasing number of citizens marry across racial lines today, and there have been radical changes in laws regarding interracial marriage in the past few decades. But even as other landmarks of the civil rights movement have been the subjects of numerous scholarly tomes and personal memoirs, this is the first comprehensive treatment of the case and the only study to tell the Lovings story within the full historical context of interracial marriage bans.In Hasn t Always Been for Lovers: Interracial Marriage Bans and the Case of Richard and Mildred Loving, lawyer Phyl Newbeck describes how the laws banning intermarriage came about, how they were perpetuated, and how they were finally struck down. In addition to detailing the story of the courtship, marriage, and arrest of the Lovings, the volume describes the growth of antimiscegenation legislation, the subsequent fight to eliminate racially discriminatory practices, and the litigations that continued years after the Supreme Court had ruled on the issue. With consummate skill, Newbeck looks at a generous and representative sampling of court cases that invalidated marriages and imprisoned couples during the twentieth century, including ones in which inheritance rights were severed and child custody was terminated due to interracial unions.She discusses three court decisions that quashed antimiscegenation laws in California, Nevada, and Arizona in the mid-twentieth century and the role that activist groups played in these changes.Drawing on legal research and historical, sociological, and political sources, Newbeck includes quotations from some of the statutes and explanations of why the laws were deemed necessary, covering an impressive amount of the case law pertaining to antimiscegenation statutes from the early convictions to the later challenges. She asserts that v. Virginia was not just about intermarriage but about how the country defined people in terms of races. Her findings reveal how the specter of interracial marriage was used to perpetuate segregation, what percentage of blood was required to place someone in a forbidden group, and what penalties were imposed on the bride, groom, licensor, and clergy. Hasn t Always Been for Lovers also examines the relationship of antimiscegenation laws to sexism and paternalism, social activism, family dynamics, and immigration.Based on dozens of interviews with attorneys who argued for and against antimiscegenation statutes and with plaintiffs who successfully challenged the laws, Hasn t Always Been for Lovers also contains rare interviews with members of the Loving family, who have notoriously remained out of the public eye since their landmark case but whose quiet resilience to the legal indignities brought upon them by antimiscegenation laws spurred an end to a shameful chapter in American history. Rich in detail, the resulting narrative is an invaluable resource and essential contribution to the history of race relations in America with particular relevance to contemporary issues regarding the rights of consenting adults to marry.

Victim relations and factors triggering homicides committed by offenders with schizophrenia

In Western countries about 10 – 15% of those convicted of homicide suffer from a psychotic disorder. Victims are most often from the offender's immediate network, such as family members and friends. Delusions and/or hallucinations have an important role in violent behaviour, as does coexistent alcohol or drug abuse. In this study, all 48 homicides from 1992 – 2000 committed by offenders in Sweden diagnosed with schizophrenia were studied in order to identify possibly triggering factors related to victim relations. Nine of the 52 victims were strangers to the offender. In 54% of cases, the homicides were associated with obvious delusions and/or hallucinations. Among offenders with family victims 72% suffered from obvious delusions and/or hallucinations, as compared to 43% of offenders with non-family victims. Of the offenders, 79% were known to psychiatric services, but at the time of the crime only 33% had any ongoing contact. Despite 48% having been prescribed antipsychotic drugs, no more than two individuals were actually taking their medication. The offenders who had killed members of their biological families were seldom intoxicated and few had earlier convictions for violent crime. The mental health care services have a major responsibility to prevent homicides and violent crimes being committed by those with schizophrenia.

Heisenberg’s Message to Bohr: Who Knows?

Heisenberg’s Message to Bohr: Who Knows?

ADMITTING ACQUITTALS AS SIMILAR FACT EVIDENCE OF GUILT

AN accused is charged with rape. He will claim that the complainant consented. The Crown can prove that on four previous occasions that selfsame accused has been tried on other counts of rape, but on all but one of them has been acquitted. The trial judge rules that, had the accused been convicted of all four earlier rapes, such evidence would have been admissible at the fifth trial under the similar fact evidence principles enunciated by the House of Lords in D.P.P. v. P [1991] 2 A.C. 447. The single earlier conviction, however, standing alone, does not qualify as admissible similar fact evidence. These, in essence, were the facts confronting the House of Lords in R. v. Z [2000] 3 W.L.R. 117, the general question for the House being: despite three of Z’s previous trials having resulted in acquittals, was the Crown entitled to lead evidence of all four earlier incidents, including testimony from the three complainants whose allegations had failed to persuade juries in the past?

Of Mice and Mimesis: Reading Spiegelman with Adorno

Since the 1980s, the question is no longer whether, but rather how to represent the Holocaust in literature, film, and the visual arts. The earlier conviction about the essential unrepresentability of the Holocaust, typically grounded in Adorno's famous statement about the barbarism of poetry after Auschwitz and still powerful in some circles today, has lost much of its persuasiveness for later generations who only know of the Holocaust through representations: photographs and films, documentaries, testimonies, historiography and fiction. Given the flood of Holocaust representations in all manner of media today, it would indeed be sheer voluntarism to stick with Adorno's notion of a ban on images which translates a theological concept into a very specific kind of modernist aesthetic. It seems much more promising to approach the issue of Holocaust representations through another concept that holds a key place in Adorno's thought, that of mimesis. In his recently published book, In the Shadow of Catastrophe. German Intellectuals Between Apocalypse and Enlightenment,2 Anson Rabinbach persuasively shows how Adorno's understanding of Nazi

Personal recollections of 40 years in photosynthesis research

The major theme of my work in photosynthesis has been electron transport in green plant thylakoids. In particular, we investigated the properties and the role of the NADP-reducing flavoprotein and its possible function in cyclic electron transport, the regulation by protons of electron transport, and the redox system of ascorbate and monodehydroascorbate (the ascorbate free radical). The function of this system in providing ATP in the stoichiometric amount needed for carbon assimilation, and the regulation of the alternative transfer of electrons to NADP and to the ascorbate free radical were among the achievements of my collaborators and myself. Specifically, the early conviction that cyclic phosphorylation was essential part in photosynthesis was shattered as far as higher plants are concerned, and replaced by a modified Mehler reaction providing additional ATP to run the Calvin cycle. The situation seems to be different in unicellular green algae, where quantitatively much l arger changes of the relative size of Photosystem (PS) I and PS II antennae during the so-called ‘state’ transitions have been reported, and these seem to be associated with a high activity of cyclic electron transport in state 2. Beyond the science, the friendly interactions with so many persons around the world sharing my interest in photosynthesis and in other aspects of human life have been most rewarding.

Miasma and "social factors" in disease causality: lessons from the nineteenth century.

Conventional public health wisdom holds that the end of the nineteenth century saw a dramatic change in beliefs about what causes disease, as early convictions about the importance of broad social factors gave way to a concentration on microorganisms. I argue, however, that in both the middle and late nineteenth century nearly everyone, professionals and laypeople alike, saw disease causality in terms of precise, invisible entities, and that prevention policies were as reductionist and narrow as the available technology would allow. My argument is based on a rereading of the primary documents that other scholars have seen as supporting the idea of two distinct public health periods, and on a new interpretation of the revisionist history that questions the idea. I suggest that health policy analysts today are too vague about the meaning of "social factors" and that disease prevention policies might be better if the term was clarified.

The prevalence of alcohol-related mortality in both sexes: variation between indicators, Stockholm, 1987.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence rates of alcohol-related mortality--according to various indicators--in both sexes in Stockholm, Sweden. A study of alcohol involvement at death was undertaken for all 668 deceased persons aged 15 through 54 years in 1987 in Stockholm. Death certificates, autopsy information, police records, and information about earlier conviction were analyzed. When different measures of estimation were compared, there were great differences in the prevalence rates of alcohol involvement. According to the death certificates, 9.2% of the males and 11.2% of the females had alcoholism, alcohol intoxication, pancreatitis or liver cirrhosis as underlying cause of death. When all accessible information was used, potential alcohol involvement was found in 57.5% of the male and in 32.2% of the female deaths. There was a marked association between earlier drunken driving and alcohol involvement. After reevaluation of the diagnoses with autopsy findings, the number of cases with cardiac enlargement and suspected cardiomyopathy increased from 10 to 62. The results point to the serious underdiagnosis of alcohol involvement in death certificates and the misclassification of important causes of death (i.e., liver cirrhosis and cardiac disease); they also call for increased efforts regarding prevention.

The Uses of Literature , and: Beautiful Fables: Self-consciousness in Italian Narrative From Manzoni to Calvino (review)

Reviewed by: The Uses of Literature, and: Beautiful Fables: Self-consciousness in Italian Narrative From Manzoni to Calvino Joann Cannon Italo Calvino . The Uses of Literature. Trans. Patrick Creagh. New York: Harcourt, 1986. 341 pp. $17.95. Gregory Lucente . Beautiful Fables: Self-consciousness in Italian Narrative From Manzoni to Calvino. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1986. 390 pp. $32.50. As the only collection of Calvino's essays in English translation, The Uses of Literature is long overdue. These essays testify to the wide range of Calvino's interests—from philosophy of science to the classics, cybernetics to eroticism, Fourier to Roland Barthes, Northrop Frye to Stendhal. As we might expect, many of the essays shed light on a particular work by Calvino. "Cybernetics and Ghosts," a fascinating essay on the combinatory aspect of narrative, tells us a great deal about the rationale behind Calvino's literary experiment with tarot cards, The Castle of Crossed Destinies. Departing from the formalist analysis of narrative as a combination of a limited number of functions, the author speculates on the possibility that the writer might be replaced by a computer. Convinced that writers are already "writing machines," that it is the writing process itself and not the personality of the author that generates fiction, Calvino nonetheless argues for the "human" quality of fiction. "Once we have dismantled and reassembled the process of literary composition, the decisive moment of literary life will be that of reading. The work will continue to be born, to be judged, to be destroyed or constantly renewed on contact with the eye of the reader." The importance of the reader's role in fiction is dramatized not only in Calvino's The Castle of Crossed Destinies but also in If on a Winter's Night a Traveller. Perhaps the most striking aspect of these essays is Calvino's insistence that writing be "driven on by a thirst for knowledge," that literature be placed in the ranks of other cognitive activities. In "Philosophy and Literature" Calvino describes the ideal relation between literature, philosophy, and science: "We will not have a culture equal to the challenge until we compare against one another the basic problematics of science, philosophy, and literature, in order to call them all into question." In "Two Interviews on Science and Literature" the author maintains that Italian literature, from Dante to Galileo to Leopardi, has always had a vocation as "a map of the world and of the knowable." It is clear that Calvino, too, aspires to create a fiction that serves as a "map of the world." Cosmicomics and T zero, Calvino's fantastic science fictions, The Invisible Cities and Mr. Palomar, are all driven by the same "vocation" described by the author in these essays. The book is a translation of about one half of the essays collected in 1980 under the title Una pietra sopra. (In addition there are several articles that originally appeared in Italian newspapers and a number of Calvino's prefaces to works published by Einaudi.) The dust jacket tells us that Calvino himself made the selection of essays to be included in the volume. Missing are unfortunately some [End Page 747] of Calvino's most important essays, including "The Marrow of the Lion" (1955), "The Sea of Objectivity" (1959), and "The Challenge to the Labyrinth" (1962). These essays testify to the author's early conviction that, although literature cannot prescribe political agendas, it can embody the will to change. The absence of these essays gives us an image of a somewhat less "committed" writer than that which emerges from a reading of Calvino's 1980 collection of essays, appropriately subtitled Discorsi di letteratura e società ("Discussions of literature and society"). Nonetheless The Uses of Literature is an invaluable point of departure for the reader familiar only with Calvino's fiction. The title of the volume is particularly felicitous: although his perception of literature's uses certainly changed throughout his career, Calvino was a writer who seems never to have relinquished the idea of the "usefulness" of literature. Beautiful Fables is a valuable study of some of the most important texts to emerge in Italy in the last two centuries. In the introduction...

Tachyon kinematics and causality: A systematic thorough analysis of the tachyon causal paradoxes

The chronological order of the events along a spacelike path is not invariant under Lorentz transformations, as is well known. This led to an early conviction that tachyons would give rise to causal anomalies. A relativistic version of the Stuckelberg-Feynman “switching procedure” (SWP) has been invoked as the suitable tool to eliminate those anomalies. The application of the SWP does eliminate the motions backwards in time, but interchanges the roles ofsource anddetector. This fact triggered the proposal of a host of causal “paradoxes.” Till now, however, it has not been recognized that such paradoxes can be sensibly discussed (and completely solved, at least “in microphysics”)only after the tachyon relativistic mechanics has been properly developed. We start by showing how to apply the SWP, both in the case ofordinary special relativity and in the case with tachyons. Then we carefully exploit the kinematics of the tachyon exchange between to (ordinary) bodies. Being finally able to tackle the tachyon causality problem, we successively solve the paradoxes of : (i) Tolman-Regge, (ii) Pirani, (iii) Edmonds, and (iv) Bell. Finally, we discuss a further, new paradox associated with the transmission of signals by modulated tachyon beams.

Water resources on Tasman Peninsula

Tasman Peninsula is in a higher rainfall area than most of southeastern Tasmania but the elevated topography ensures that run-off is rapid. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. The early convict settlements obtained most of their water from nearby streams, although some water was collected from roofs of buildings and wells. Present supplies are taken largely from the same sources and farmers have constructed dams for irrigation supplies and stock. Some development of groundwater resources from fractured rock aquifers and from coastal sand deposits has been undertaken. Small irrigation quantities are sometimes obtained although usually the bores are only capable of domestic and stock supplies. The quality of groundwater is variable but mostly the water has a number of uses. There is considerable scope for expanding the use of both surface and groundwater on the peninsula.

Glimpses of Army Life from within from 1860 - 1895

(Alas!) The treatment I received at the Congregational Church almost determined me never to enter another church, but my wife and another friend made me reconsider my decision, and t9 attend a service in the Wesleyan Methodist Church (My fatherhad not written the details of the incident, which was that, in his sergeant's uniform, sitting in a pew, the owner, a lady coming into the church had him removed before she would sit in that place. W.K.M.). Both Officials and members vied with one another in their welcome to the young sergeant and his wife. Here I discovered a new phase of practical Christianity to which I had hitherto been a stranger. From practical observations at home and abroad, I adhere to my early conviction that no section of the Christian Church takes so much interest, nor spends so much money to promote the spiritual welfare of the soldier as the Wesleyan Methodist Church. In August 1865 I was ordered to Aberdeen for duty in the Depot Battalion Hospital. I returned to the scene of my recruit days anticipating reunions with old comrades. My predecessor had been reduced to the ranks and sent to the Depot at Netley. Pending my arrival the Steward from Edinburgh Castle was sent to Aberdeen. On taking over I found a deficiency where the sheets had been cleverly folded, where every third article counted as two instead of one. Deficiency he had to make good for £5.17.0.

Galdos and the Unlocking of the Psyche

Gald6s' early conviction about dreaming accords with his acceptance of popularized Romantic psychology. In brief, early nineteenth-century theorists taught that every human being recapitulated, while at the same time contributing to, the larger drama of mankind's spiritual growth and that the motivating impulses in evolution streamed out of the unconscious or primordial to the conscious or developmental level. Like most positivists, Gald6s envisions an immanent human nature which is the well-

Mixed Marriages in Australia

As IN other Anglo-Saxon countries, Australians think of interfaith marriages as CatholicProtestant marriages. There are too few Jews in Australia to make a Jewish-Gentile marriage at all common. In the 1961 Census, 2,465 or eight percent of all married Jews, were married to a Christian spouse. As elsewhere the Jews apparently realize that ethnic survival depends on whether or not they follow the injunction of Deuteronomy 7:1-4 not to make marriages with foreigners, for the latter turn away thy son from following me. Unions of members of different Protestant denominations do not draw much attention. On the other hand, CatholicProtestant marriages raise eyebrows, mainly because of the antenuptial agreement, by which the non-Catholic partner promises to bring up the children of the marriage as Catholics. This, together with the fact that a Catholic will have to marry in his or her church in order to have church approval has made for ruffled feelings. The Catholic Church has not always been able to prevent or monopolize interfaith marriages. In the early convict days the first two Catholic priests (Therry and Conolly who arrived in 1820) were expressly forbidden to solemnize a marriage if only one partner was Catholic (O'Farrell, 1968: 28). These rules were later relaxed, but some priests such as Archbishop Polding, the first Catholic bishop in Australia, were more concerned with getting couples to convert liaisons into marriages than putting obstacles in the way of mixed marriages, for a mixed marriage he thought, was better than none at all (O'Farrell, 1968: 141). It was not until the middle of the latter half of the nineteenth century that the Catholic bishops became seriously concerned with the frequency

Syv Beowulf-anmeldere

Seven Beowulf-ReviewersBy Andreas Haar der.Beowulf has been received twice. First by an audience of Anglo-Saxons who must have commented on what they heard in various ways; secondly when Thorkelin’s edition appeared ( 181 5 ) to attract the attention of seven reviewers, none of them familiar with Old English, all of them obliged to approach the poem through a less than satisfactory version of it.The seven reviews analysed in the present article betray varying standards of critical ability. The contribution by Pem (Dansk Litteratur-Tidende 181 5 ) contains several sound critical comments. But although he touches upon the question of bipartition, and, like Grundtvig, compares the poem with Eddaic poetry, his concern is with the problem of origins, not with literary evaluation (I).Taylor (The Monthly Review 1816) is sympathetic towards the poem, but otherwise rather incompetent (II). Pia (Jenaische Literatur-Zeitung 18 16), who is a much more scholarly reviewer, criticizes Thorkelin on various points, and takes issue with him also on the question of genre. The poem can not be ranked as an epic. It lacks epic unity, Pia argues, because it deals with the whole life of the hero, and it lacks a proper epic theme. Monster-fights should be relegated to a different world (m ) .Outzen (Kieler Blätter 1816 ) points to the advanced cultural stage where the poem, perhaps written to educate a young prince, rightly belongs. The greatness claimed for the poem remains a postulate, however. The article is not a review proper, but a patriotic attempt to locate everything in Outzen’s “Vaterland” (IV).Gumælius (Iduna 181 7 ), who is unable to improve sufficiently upon the poem as presented by Thorkelin, suggests that it was spoilt by a Christian redactor (V).Like Gumælius the reviewer in GgA (Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen 1818 ) does not rate the aesthetic value of the poem highly. But he admits to his own complete dependence on Thorkelin’s Latin translation and shows some awareness of the limits imposed upon him as a critic (VI).Grundtvig (Nyeste Skilderie 181 5 ) discusses the many mistakes committed by Thorkelin and left unnoticed by Pem. The review shows him not only as a scholar who was in many cases right but also as a literary critic. The two functions are really interdependent, i. e. he is strongly aware that many of his suggestions make the poem better. A firm belief in the competence of the poet is a stimulus to his work. His evaluation of the poem as a whole is a striking evidence of his early conviction that it is a perfect work of art.Grundtvig’s ability to be an imaginative as well as a scholarly critic places him in a class by himself.

Ambiguïtés et antinomies de l'histoire et sa philosophie (review)

146 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY life reason is not only autonomous but fully self-motivating and self-actualizing: Faith and reason, religion and philosophy, and so forth, are wholly distinct. Nowhere, however, did Collingwood so state the case. In fact, in a series of articles entitled "Religion, Science, and Philosophy" (1926), "Reason is Faith Cultivating Itself" (1927), and "Faith and Reason" (1928), he explicitly argued that "reason builds upon a foundation of faith and moves within a system whose general nature must be determined by faith" ("Faith and Reason," p. 27). And in an article entitled "Fascism and Nazism" (1940), as if to underscore the persistency of his earlier conviction, he observed: The time has long gone by when anyone who claims the title of philosopher can think of religion as a superfluity for the educated .... It is the only known explosive in the economy of . . . the human mind. Peoples rich in religious energy can overcome all obstacles .... Peoples that have reached the top of a hill by the wise use of religious energy may then decide to do without it; they can still move, but they can only move downhill, and when they come to the bottom of the hill they stop ("Fascism and Nazism," p. 176). It goes without saying that these references, and many more, may tend to undermine Donagan's conclusion that Collingwood was "like the penitents in Ash Wednesday 'who will not go away and cannot pray' " (p. 307). However, to repeat, such a dispute can be settled only after thorough consideration has been given the other "contributions." What is obvious at this time is Donagan's tendency to use familiar religious language in a manner that was not typical of Collingwood. Stated somewhat differently, Collingwood's use of certain key Christian terms, informed as he was by a careful reading of the literature, tends to be misinterpreted by Donagan; terms bear connotations not specified by Collingwood. In fact, Donagan at times appears to assume the very role Collingwood was attacking. Outstanding in this respect are the ways in which Collingwood, on the one hand, talks about "faith," "God," "religion," "absolute presuppositions," and the manner in which Donagan, on the other hand, responds. In short, Donagan's contribution in this area will involve a critical re-evaluation of the corpus guided by the consideration that inherent in the material is a religious theme which might not only hold the collection together but which might suggest that Collingwood was saying things that have passed unnoticed and therefore unappreciated. Whether or not Donagan has succeeded in "placing" Collingwood must remain an open question: It can only be answered when the above "contributions" are evaluated. As noted earlier, whatever the verdict, Donagan's book will remain a landmark: for it marks the point at which the method and sensitivities of one school of contemporary philosophy were put to the test. Donagan's book, however, may provide a turning point should the judgment be that his analysis fails to do justice to all the facets of Collingwood's life and thought. And ironic as it might later seem, it was an awareness that "positivism" and "realism" were somehow immersed in an inadequate hermeneutical method which some forty years ago convinced Collingwood to move on and to dig deeper: It could be that linguistic philosophy in this specific endeavor is similarly involved. GEORGE E. DERFER Arizona State College Ambigu~tts et antinomies de l'histoire et sa philosophie. Par ]~mile Callot. Prdface de Fernand Braudel. (Paris: ~dition Marcel Rivi~re et Cie, 1962.) In a letter to Christian Garve, September 21, 1798, Kant pointed out that the starting point of his critical investigations was not the problems concerning the existence of God or the immortality of the soul, but a definite epistemological problem which had been put into the foreground already in the dissertation from 1770: the problem of antinomies. Very often and repeatedly Kant dwelt on this problem, advocating the view that a general and definitive solution of the antinomies was urgently necessary if all activity in the theoretical field should BOOK REVIEWS 147 not arrive at an unsurmountable impasse. As he pointed out in his treatise Which are the...

Articles in Quaker Periodicals

ARTICLES IN QUAKER PERIODICALS51 its fine essential characteristics as democracy, religious liberty, justice to settlers and aborigines, the absence of a militia even for defense, and the abolition of oaths. Minor regulations are referred to, such as the use of prisons as an instrument of reform rather than vengeance, the limitation of lawyers' fees, and the education of poor children at public expense. Later chapters tell of Pennsylvania as Penn found it and as it grew under his constitution, of his treatment of the Indians (one of the longer chapters), of difficulties in the actual government, of the beginning of injustice to the Indians and its resulting complications, of pressure from the outside due to the rivalry of England and France, which led to the popular feeling that a standing army was a practical necessity; and finally of the withdrawal of Friends from politics in 1756. Thus the "Holy Experiment," markedly successful as long as the Founder's principles were followed, did not succeed in maintaining itself in the world as it then was, and was deemed to have failed. The book is intended as a sort of primer from which one may judge whether it really failed, or whether the world about it failed. The answer will depend on what one means by "fail."TKB ARTICLES IN QUAKER PERIODICALS The Friend (London) HPENTH Month 28, 1938, pp. 920-22. As background information for the special peace issue of The Friend (London), John L. Nickalls, Librarian of Friends Reference Library, has an article, "The Quaker Peace Testimony: Some Notes on its History." He traces the varied expression of Quaker peace principles, from the absolutist position of Fox's day to the humanitarian activities of the present, and maintains that an effective peace program must be based on an inner religious experience. Eleventh Month 4, 1938, pp. 959-60. "Friends Service, Some Historical Notes on a War-time Committee," recounts some of the early steps in 1915 by which a "Friends Service Committee" was formed to deal with the problem of a peaceful service as an alternative to combatant service. This committee was the original form of the present Friends Service Council in England and the inspiration for the organization of the American Friends Service Committee. Eleventh Month 11, 1938, p. 992. Cutlers' Hall, one of the units in the group of medieval buildings which belong to Friends in Bristol and are known as Quakers Friars, has recently been restored. It was re-dedicated on Saturday, November 5, 1938, with ceremonies recalling its use by Dominican Friars in the fourteenth century, by the Cutlers' Guild in Queen Elizabeth's time, and by Friends since 1845. 52 BULLETIN OF FRIENDS' HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION November 18, 1938, pp. 1018-19. In an account of the 250th anniversary celebration of the Winchmore Hill Meeting House, Tottenham Monthly Meeting, Middlesex, it is recalled that Thomas Shillitoe was a member of the meeting, and that Dr. John Fothergill was buried at Winchmore Hill in 1780. December 2, 1938, p. 1091. Plans are being drawn up to commemorate, on either June 24 or July 1, 1939, the tercentenary of the birth of Thomas Ellwood at his burial place at Jordans. It is also hoped that a new edition of Ellwood's autobiography will be forthcoming during this year. The Friend (Philadelphia) PLEVENTH Month 3, 1938, pp. 154-55. In an article on "The Value of Quaker Biography," Ernest E. Taylor, an English Friend, emphasizes his conviction that interest and inspiration are the rewards of reading in the extensive literature of Quaker lives. His list of the twelve "best" Quaker biographies is a highly individual one, drawn up primarily to arouse discussion. Twelfth Month 15, 1938, pp. 211-14. The Germantown Friends Library was for fifty years after its founding in 1845 the only public library in Germantown, according to an account of its history by Elizabeth Gray Vining. Fiction has been excluded from its shelves by reason of early conviction and the specific restriction of some of its endowment funds, but the Library has not suffered from lack of popular patronage as a result, and it is increasingly the "intellectual center and the resort for youth" that its...

History of a Nesting Colony of Caspian Terns on San Francisco Bay

It was in 1924 that information was first brought to Mlr. Chase Littlejohn, veteran naturalist of Redwood City, that a colony of Caspian Terns (Hydroprogqne caspia imperator) was breeding somewhere in the southern reaches of San Francisco Bay. The man who brought Mr. Littlejohn the information stated that a few of the birds had been noted in 1922 and again in 1923, but it was not until 1924 that they became numerous. He was asked to bring in a few of the eggs the next time he came to town, which he did the following week. These eggs, together with a vivid description of the birds, convinced Mr. Littlejohn and myself that Caspian Terns were breeding in the Bay district. It was not until July 4, 1926, however, that we were able to affirm positively our earlier convictions, by making a trip to the nesting colony. Leaving Redwood City by automobile about five-thirty on the morning of the fourth it did not take us long to reach a group of salt ponds on the southeastern side of the Bay, where the colony had previously been located. These ponds were enclosed and subdivided by a series of dikes or levees and it was upon one of the latter that the birds had been reported nesting. The question was, which one of the many miles of dikes had the birds selected: not an easy problem, as the dikes all looked exactly alike. With the aid of a field glass we eventually picked up a rather steady flight of birds all of which seemed to be headed toward a single point on one of the dikes, some half-mile distant. Upon closer scrutiny of this particular area we were quite sure that we could see a closely massed colony of nesting birds. Eagerly anticipating the pleasure of stepping into the center of a breeding colony of this species we put on full steam ahead. As we approached our destination we could clearly see an ever increasing number of terns flying to their breeding grounds. Several of them came quite close to us, making it possible to identify them as Caspian Terns. Each one seemed to be heavily laden with fish, which evidently it was carrying home to a hungry family. When we were still a hundred yards from the colony all of the adults sailed into the air emitting a rather startling, if not terrifying, chorus of tern blasphemy. The more daring members came right out to meet us, some of them actually swooping down to within a few inches of our heads. Each time one darted at us it let out