Developing arithmetic structure sense at the primary school level is imperative for grasping the structure of algebraic expressions and progressing successfully into algebraic learning. In this study, we aimed to investigate elementary school students’ arithmetic-algebraic structure sense from an early algebraic thinking perspective. A total of 239 students in grades 3~6 completed a written test, comprising items related to the five factors of arithmetic-algebraic structure sense: structure of equivalence and modeling, arithmetic, numerical situations, patterns, and function. The collected data was analyzed by applying latent profile analysis to examine whether it was possible to identify subgroups of students with different structure-sense profile. The analysis revealed four latent profiles, allowing for the identification of different performance abilities related to five factors of arithmetic-algebraic structure sense. Building upon these findings, this study discussed implications for pedagogical support to develop elementary school students' arithmetic-algebraic structure sense.