A learning trajectory in Kindergarten and first grade students’ thinking of variable and use of variable notation to represent indeterminate quantities

Abstract

Given the importance of understanding and using indeterminate quantities in algebraic thinking, the development of learning trajectories about how Kindergarten and first grade students understand variable and use variable notation in the context of algebraic expressions is critical. Based on an empirically developed learning trajectory, we analyzed children’s responses at three different points in a classroom teaching experiment. Our purpose was to describe levels of thinking among 16 students (eight in Kindergarten and eight in first grade). Our results revealed qualitative changes in the thinking about indeterminate quantities of most student participants. As students progressed through the experiment, we found that they advanced from what we characterized as a “Pre-variable” Level to a “Letters as representing indeterminate quantities as varying unknowns; explicit operations on indeterminate quantities” Level. Learning trajectories such as that developed here hold promise for informing the design of interventions that support young children’s early algebraic thinking.