Early Age Period Research Articles

Early Signs of Neuroinflammation in the Postnatal Wobbler Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

The Wobbler mouse is an accepted model of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The spinal cord of clinically symptomatic animals (3-5months old) shows vacuolar motoneuron degeneration, inflammation, and gliosis accompanied by motor impairment. However, data are not conclusive concerning pathological changes appearing early after birth. To answer this question, we used postnatal day (PND) 6 genotyped Wobbler pups to determine abnormalities of glia and neurons at this early age period in the spinal cord. We found astrogliosis, microgliosis with morphophenotypic changes pointing to active ameboid microglia, enhanced expression of the proinflammatory markers TLR4, NFkB, TNF, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The astrocytic enzyme glutamine synthase and the glutamate-aspartate transporter GLAST were also reduced in PND 6 Wobbler pups, suggesting excitotoxicity due to impaired glutamate homeostasis. At the neuronal level, PND 6 Wobblers showed swollen soma, increased choline acetyltransferase immunofluorescence staining, and low expression of the neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN. However, vacuolated motoneurons, a typical signature of older clinically symptomatic Wobbler mice, were absent in the spinal cord of PND 6 Wobblers. The results suggest predominance of neuroinflammation and abnormalities of microglia and astrocytes at this early period of Wobbler life, accompanied by some neuronal changes. Data support the non-cell autonomous hypothesis of the Wobbler disorder, and bring useful information with regard to intervening molecular inflammatory mechanisms at the beginning stage of human motoneuron degenerative diseases.

The specific of development tasks in old age

IntroductionThe presentation considers the peculiarities of late adulthood, different views on the periodization of older ages (World health organization, I. Burnside, H.S. Pryazhnikov).ObjectivesThe research is aimed at studying the peculiarities of late adulthood.MethodsThe method of work is a bibliographic analysis.ResultsReveals the structure of psychological age (concept by L.S.Vygotsky), the specificity of the development in late adulthood and features of the social situation of development. Reveals modern ideas of ageing as a process not only of involution and loss, but also a process of continued development. The greatest attention is paid to the peculiarities of development tasks at older ages and the difficulties faced by older people trying to cope with them. There are the brief overview of the positions of C.G.Jung, A.Adler, E.Erikson, R.Peck, G.M.Bryugman, A.G.Liders, N.S.Pryazhnikov, E.E.Sapogova, I.V.Shapovalenko, V.I.Slobodchikov, G.A.Zuckerman, etc. regarding the development tasks in late adulthood. The comparison of the development tasks of early and late age periods by G.M. Bryugman, which shows that the tasks of aging worse defined, at least sequentially ordered, and the results of solution of development tasks is less predictable than in earlier ages.ConclusionsWe can say that in old age is important not only the task of adjusting to different changes of pace of life, quality of life, social circle, etc., and overcome the negative aspects of aging but also issues of self-development. As the primary development task in late adulthood is considered an achievement of his own integrity and finding the meaning of life.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Crossing the lines of tradition: the innovative building techniques of Early Iron Age and Orientalizing period Etruria

In the 7th century BCE, capanne of perishable materials appear to have been replaced by stone and terracotta-tiled buildings that many Etruscologists claim marks a changing society. Over the last century, subtler discussions of Etruscan participation in pan-Mediterranean elite culture have replaced explanations for architectural change that tout cultural colonization by ‘the Orient’. Despite focus on Etruscan agency, Etruscan adoption/adaptation of foreign building styles using ashlar masonry and, especially, terracotta tiling, are given as part of a trajectory of structural improvement. Yet, although certainly influenced by them, Etruscan architecture did not necessarily change because foreign styles were inherently superior. In many ways, traditional buildings were sufficient, if not better suited to their environment than foreign styles. Tradition tends to form a boundary against new styles–if a technique ain’t broke, then don’t fix it. So why did Etruscan builders decide to cross lines laid down by forebears and adopt new building styles? This paper examines the role of behaviour in creating the built environment, as well as what spurs builders to forsake tradition and innovate.

Nazugum, a new 4000 year old rockshelter site in the Ili Alatau, Tien Shan

The PALAEOSILKROAD project has been conducting field surveys in Kazakhstan to explore the regional Palaeolithic record by targeting primarily caves and rockshelters. However, the survey also discovered numerous sites that were occupied during the Holocene. In this paper, we present our preliminary findings from the Nazugum rockshelter, a new archaeological site located in south-eastern Kazakhstan (Almaty region). The stratigraphic sequence demonstrates the transition from fluvial channel deposits without artifacts to aeolian loess deposits with lithics, charcoal remnants, and fragments of animal bones. The lithics recovered from the sediment wall are dominated by bladelet technology, characteristic for Holocene assemblages. Radiocarbon date from adjacent charcoal samples yielded a calibrated age (2-sigma) of 2470–2288 cal BC attributing the human occupation to the transitional period of late Eneolithic and early Bronze Age. Our study provides new data for the use of rockshelters in Kazakhstan during the late Holocene and lays the groundwork for future salvage work in Nazugum rockshelter due to the active erosion of the archaeological record.

Female costume from the Early Iron Age period at Glasinac in the heart of Western Balkans

The article discusses female costume from the Early Iron Age period at Glasinac. For this purpose, graves from tumuli in Podilijak, Ilijak and Pešter, which on the basis of characteristic jewellery can be defined as female, have been analysed. Anthropological analyses further revealed that among these female graves there are also infant or girl interments, which particularly stand out as regards their costumes, rich in jewellery. Our research demonstrated that the female costume was not uniform, but rather varied. Moreover, it appears that the costume had been specific and designative of social status of single female individuals within the framework of their family/clan communities and can accordingly be seen as reflecting the social role of these females.

Indian spices: past, present and future challenges as the engine for bio-enhancement of drugs: impact of COVID-19.

Spices are natural plant products enriched with the history of being used as herbal medicine for prevention of diseases. India is also known as the ‘Land of Spices’. Out of 109 spices recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) more than 52–60 spice crops are grown in India. The major spices exported by India are turmeric, cumin, coriander, fenugreek, peppers, etc. The Indian spices are divided into three era viz. early period, middle age and early modern period. Spices are used in beverages, liquors, and pharmaceutical, cosmetic and perfumery products. The major issue with spices is their handling and storage. This review article mainly focuses on two aspects: at the outset the handling and storage of the spices is an essential factor as spices are available in different forms like raw, processed, fresh, whole dried, or pre‐ground dried. Therefore, the need of processing, packaging, storage and handling of the spices is important as the deterioration of spices can lead to the loss of therapeutic activity. Furthermore, many herbal constituents have the capability to enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Therefore, an attempt has been made to throw a light on the bioenhancer activity and therapeutic activity along with their mechanism of action of some Indian spices which are regularly used for cooking purpose on a daily basis to enhance the taste of food. The spices suggested by ministry of AYUSH which is relevant to its medicinal and biological property in treatment and prevention from COVID‐19 are discussed. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Metallurgical activity in the Early Bronze Age period on the hilltop settlement of Pod near Bugojno

In the present article attention is drawn to several finds from the Early Bronze Age period, which in our opinion represent clear indications for a bronze casting workshop at the hilltop settlement of Pod near Bugojno, situated in the valley of the river Vrbas. These represent ceramic cylindrical objects, which we associate with identical finds from the workshop of a bronze founder in the Early Bronze Age phase at the settlement of Feudvar near Mošorin in Vojvodina. They can be interpreted as clay core supports, used as a casting instrument during the production of bronze objects.

Early Iron Age in Central Bosnia – an overview and research perspectives

This paper discusses the state of the research and general interpretation models of the Early Iron Age period in Central Bosnia. The Mid-Bosnian Schist Mountains and the surrounding river valleys of Vrbas, Lašva, and Bosna together with their tributaries characterise the landscape of this region. In terms of evidence from the Early Iron Age period (800–500 BC), the majority comes from the long-term excavations in the hillfort site Pod near Bugojno. The preliminary reports point to well-organised, long lasting and densely built up hillfort settlement with rectangular houses of similar size. Based on the numerous iron slag finds from recently discovered settlements of Čolaci and Zenepići, it can be inferred that some of the sites in Central Bosnia were intensively involved in the metal processing activity. Mortuary practices of the Early Iron Age communities are largely unknown since thus far, not a single intact burial was properly documented.

Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degenerative Disorder Due to Poor Dietary Habits

Globally, food consumption patterns are changed and trends shift to poor dietary habits leading to poor health and food insecurity. Visual health is normally down after a certain age period or with the progression of individual age but now the trends are observed increased visual disorders in early age periods too. The prevalence of age related macular degenerative disorders are increasing mainly due to diets that are deficient in carotenoids like lutein or other essential nutrients that are necessary to improve visual health. Lutein has the potential to directly absorb and deposit in eye macula that even can restore macular pigment density and recover visual strength. Numerous research has proved that diet naturally rich with carotenoids or supplemented has a substantial beneficial impact against age related macular degenerative disorders in all age groups.

Leather objects of military equipment and arms of the early Iron Age and Roman period in Europe

Leather objects of military equipment and arms of the early Iron Age and Roman period in Europe

Early Sarmatian Burials from the Chechen Republic Territory

In 2018, Kurgan 2 of Gvardeyskiye 3 Kurgany (the 3rd Gvardeiskiy Kurgans) in the Nadterechny District of the Chechen Republic was studied. In the result, nine burials were found in the Kurgan which was created during the Early Bronze Age and continued to be used in the course of the Middle and Late Bronze Age. However, the three most recent burials date back to the Early Iron Age period. The burials were localized inside the existing embankment and formed a compact group. In two cases, the burial type was not identified; nevertheless in one case, the burial was constructed in a catacomb. The grave goods are mainly presented by ceramic vessels from the workshops of the sedentary population from the foothill area of Central and Eastern North Caucasus regions. The conclusion was made that the investigated Kurgans were left by the nomadic North Caucasian steppes population of the 3rd–1st centuries BC due to the feature analysis of the Early Iron Age burial complexes.

TO THE QUESTION OF SPACE ORGANIZATION OF BOOK ILLUMINATION OF LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY MIDDLE AGES (IV – VII CENTURY)

The article focuses on peculiarities of spatial organization of book miniature paintings of late antique and early medieval manuscripts (IV – VII centuries). The author analyses the problem of conveying illusion of depth in illustration in context of gradual transmission from roll to codex, which took place in antique book culture between the II and the V centuries. By analyzing survived fragments of illuminated rolls author displays characteristic features of their spatial organization and observes influence which had tradition of roll illustration on the development of codex. Nevertheless, precisely the miniatures of the codices that have come down to our time are in focus of the author’s attention. The stages of development of the text page, the peculiarities of interaction of text and images in codices are compared with the principles of space organization in miniatures. The article makes an attempt, relying on the monuments that have survived to our time, to consider the development of spatial constructions in the period of late Antiquity and early Middle Ages as a continuous process of evolution of the language of book painting. The author assumes that the development of spatial constructions in miniature painting does not imply sharp breaks or regression. Each new stage of the evolution arises from the previous one and makes it possible to expand the arsenal of artistic means which are necessary for solving artistic problems of the time. In accordance with this approach, the article concentrates not only on compositions in which a spatial illusion is created, but also miniatures that are in character more plane. As a result, the author reveals the main types of spatial constructions, considering all surviving monuments of miniature painting of that time. For each type of space organization, the author identifies the basic principles and artistic techniques that allow the artist to convey a sense of depth on the plane of page. The author pays special attention to the comparison of illusionistic tendencies in the late antique book miniature and “reverse perspective”, features of which are present in the monuments of the era. The author casts doubt on the need for a sharp contrast between these two approaches to space organization in the monuments of book miniatures of the era. He analyzes the reasons for the appearance of such features of space organization in miniature paintings of late antique and early medieval manuscripts, which are so important for the formation of artistic language of medieval book illumination.

From Hangovers to Hierarchies: Beer production and use during the Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant – New evidence from Tel Tsaf and Peqi‘in Cave

The production of alcoholic beverages is connected to a wide range of activities associated with growing social complexity. Beer production has a long history in the southern Levant, where the first evidence appeared during the later Epipalaeolithic period. However, there is meager evidence between then and the Early Bronze Age period, when advanced regional trade systems developed. To fill this gap, the current paper presents evidence for beer production and consumption based on microfossil analysis of two ceramic strainers unearthed at two Chalcolithic sites: Tel Tsaf (ca. 5200–4700 cal. BC), a settlement site in the Jordan Valley with evidence for large scale storage and long-distance ties, and Peqi‘in Cave (ca. 4500–3900 cal. BC), a burial site in the Upper Galilee. The microfossils (phytoliths, starch granules, yeast cells, and fibers) indicate that both strainers once contained fermented beverages made from Triticeae (wheat/barley), Panicoideae, and Cyperus tubers. These results suggest that beer production and consumption using strainers may have been regularly practiced during different phases of the Chalcolithic, and beer appears to have played an important role in various social settings for communication among social groups as well as between the living and the deceased.

Radiocarbon Dated Trends and Central Mediterranean Prehistory

This paper reviews the evidence for long term trends in anthropogenic activity and population dynamics across the Holocene in the central Mediterranean and the chronology of cultural events. The evidence for this has been constituted in a database of 4608 radiocarbon dates (of which 4515 were retained for analysis following initial screening) from 1195 archaeological sites in southern France, Italy and Malta, spanning the Mesolithic to Early Iron Age periods, c. 8000 to 500 BC. We provide an overview of the settlement record for central Mediterranean prehistory and add to this an assessment of the available archaeological radiocarbon evidence in order to review the traditional narratives on the prehistory of the region. This new chronology has enabled us to identify the most significant points in time where activity levels, population dynamics and cultural change have together caused strong temporal patterning in the archaeological record. Some of these episodes were localized to one region, whereas others were part of pan-regional trends and cultural trajectories that took many centuries to play out fully, revealing prehistoric societies subject to collapse, recovery, and continuing instability over the long-term. Using the radiocarbon evidence, we model growth rates in the various regions so that the tempo of change at certain points in space and time can be identified, compared, and discussed in the context of demographic change. Using other published databases of radiocarbon data, we have drawn comparisons across the central Mediterranean to wider prehistoric Europe, and northern Africa. Finally, we include a brief response to the synchronously published but independently developed paper (Palmisano et al. in J World Prehist 34(3), 2021). While there are differences in our respective approaches, we share the general conclusions that large-scale trends can been identified through meta-analyses of the archaeological record, and these offer new perspectives on how society functioned.

The Relation between Concrete, Mortar and Paste Scale Early Age Properties.

Microstructure development of concrete, mortar, and paste scale of cement-based material (CBM) during the early hydration stage has a significant impact on CBM’s physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics at the high maturity state. The research was carried out using compositions with increased autogenous shrinkage and extended early age period, proposed within the RRT+ programme of the COST Action TU1404. The electrical conductivity method, used to follow the solidification process of CBM, is capable of determining the initial and final setting time, and the end of the solidification process acceleration stage for the paste and mortar scale. Simultaneous ultrasonic P- and S-wave transmission measurements revealed that the ratio of velocities VP/VS is highly dependent on the presence of aggregates—it is considerably higher for the paste scale compared to the mortar and concrete scale. The deviation from the otherwise roughly constant ratio VP/VS for each scale may indicate cracks in the material. The non-linear correlation between the dynamic and static elastic moduli valid over the three scales was confirmed. Additionally, it was found that the static E-modulus correlates very well with the square of the VS and that the VS is highly correlated to the cube compressive strength—but a separate trendline exists for each CBM scale.

Взаимодействие детей со взрослыми как основа психического развития в раннем возрасте

The interdependence of the age characteristics of children worries not only scientists, but also parents. This article addresses the issue of the child's activity in the early age period. The ability of adults to create conditions for the child's substantive actions provide an opportunity for timely mental development. Through manipulation, children learn about the world, assimilate the meanings of objects and situations. The perception of the surrounding reality expands the inner world of the child. Objective actions jointly with an adult develop cognitive processes, form the emotional-volitional sphere of children. The works of many scientists remind about the socio-psychological characteristics of young children, as well as the studies of Kyrgyz scientists. Observations have shown in practice the importance of object-related actions at an early age, when manipulation provides information about the world around us, about the features of things, situations, and relationships. Features of mental manifestations at an early age affect further development.

Incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus among Korean women in childbearing years: A nationwide population-based study

Most women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are diagnosed with the disease in their reproductive years, but the incidence and prevalence of SLE among women of childbearing age have not been studied. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of SLE among the Korean women of childbearing age. Women aged 20 to 44 years with SLE were identified from National Health Insurance Service - National Health Information Database (2009-2016), which contain health information of approximately 97% of the Korean population. SLE was defined by International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code, M32. Incidence and prevalence were calculated per 100,000 person-years and stratified by year and age. A total of 12,756 women with SLE were identified. The incidence of SLE from 2011 to 2016 among women in childbearing years was 8.18/100,000 person-years (95% CI 7.94-8.43), with the highest incidence in 2016 (8.56/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 7.95-9.17) and the lowest incidence in 2012 (7.85/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 7.28-8.42). The prevalence of SLE from 2009 to 2016 among women in childbearing years was 77.07/100,000 person-years (95% CI 75.76-78.39), with the highest prevalence in 2014 (79.47/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 77.64-81.30) and the lowest in 2010 (74.19/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 72.45-75.93). The peak age for SLE incidence was between 25-39 years, and lower incidence was seen in the early (20-24 years) and late (40-44 years) childbearing age periods. There was an increasing trend in prevalence according to age in women of childbearing age, with the highest prevalence occurring in the 40-44 age group. The risk and burden of SLE are high among women during their childbearing years. This calls for special attention to this particular population group when allocating health resources.

ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ СТРУКТУРЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЭПОХИ ЭНЕОЛИТА ЗАУРАЛЬЯ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ТОРФЯНИКОВЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ)

The Trans-Ural region is located on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains within the boundaries of two physiographic countries – the Ural highlands and the West-Siberian plain, and crosses several natural and climatic zones. About 60 peat-bog sites of the Mesolithic – Early Iron Age period are known in this area. The Eneolithic periodization and chronology is based on a series of 14С dates (4000-2500 BC) obtained from various categories of sources and stratigraphic analysis data. During the Eneolithic period the Trans-Ural population had a mixed economy of the subsistence harvesting type with the core branches of the economy including domestic crafts, stone flaking, pottery, woodworking, bone and metal working, hunting, fishing, and harvesting.

Metsamor: report after the 2019 season

The 2019 season in Metsamor confirmed the functioning of the settlement in the Urartian period. House II, discovered during the fieldwork, is the first architectural structure built at the beginning of the Early Iron Age period which, after some possible rearrangements, retained control over the Aras valley during the Urartian kingdom. Pottery discovered there confirms that the already excavated part of the settlement was extensively used after the fall of Urartu. A pit grave dated to the 7th century BC yielded a late Urartian cylinder seal.

Role of genetic and epigenetic factors in formation of obesity and cardiometabolic disorders in boys

The literature review is devoted to modern ideas about the genetic and epigenetic factors of the formation of obesity and concomitant complications in boys. Risk factors for overweight are prepubertal age, male sex, and urban environment. Initial signs of metabolic disorders appear already in childhood and are more often recognized in children with excess body weight and family history. Increased body mass index in late pubertal is strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality (in young adults or in adulthood). Genetic factors for the development of obesity are family history of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and adverse genotypes; epigenetic factors are diet pattern, level of physical activity, metabolic disorders in mother, etc. Encouraging higher levels of physical activity and less sedentary behavior may mitigate the effect of risk alleles on genetic predisposition to obesity. It was revealed that the development of severe forms of obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, especially among boys and young men. The presence of obesity and its progression are independent risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders in boys. An important role in the prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood and adolescence belongs to formation of a conscious attitude to health. The development of individual programs taking into account the presence of unfavorable genotypes and correction of the epigenome will significantly improve the system of obesity prevention at earlier age periods, will prevent or delay the manifestation of complications in adulthood.