Early 1st Millennium Research Articles

Paisajes sagrados de la Edad de Bronce tardía en el occidente de la Península Ibérica: estudio del caso de Penedo do Lexim (Mafra, Portugal)

Excavaciones arqueológicas en Penedo do Lexim (Mafra) han proporcionado datos interesantes sobre su ocupación durante el Bronce Final. La información disponible indica que su función principal no se relaciona con actividades domésticas permanentes, sino con prácticas extraordinarias y esporádicas, que parecen asociarse al comercio interregional o de larga distancia y/o con actividades rituales. En este trabajo presentamos las evidencias arqueológicas relacionadas con la ocupación del yacimiento durante los finales del II/ inicios del I milenio a. C. (conjuntos cerámicos y metálicos) y discutimos su función en el marco regional del Bronce final en la Península de Lisboa.

How much is known about glassy materials in Bronze and Iron Age Italy? New data and general overview

Knowledge of glass trading in protohistoric Southern Italy has been limited by a lack of archeometrical data available to date, preventing comparison with the well-known Northern Italian context. The aim of the present work is to help fill the data gap for Southern Bronze-Iron Age vitreous items and enable a general overview of protohistoric Italian glass supply routes. The paper presents physical-chemical data for 61 vitreous items from 11 Southern Italian sites, dated from the beginning of the Bronze Age up to the Archaic period (22nd–6th century BC), ensuring a complete diachronic analysis. SEM-EDS, EMPA, LA-ICPMS, and XRD analyses permitted definition of the raw materials and manufacturing techniques employed, as well as determination of item provenance. The sample set exhibits great variability of glass chemical types, including plant ash glass, mixed alkali, and natron samples. A complex picture emerges, mostly as regards the different natron glass typologies (High-Zr, Low-Zr, Black, etc.) and their rapid technological evolution in the early 1st millennium BC. Taking into account the data reported in this study and those available in literature for both Northern and Southern Italian Bronze-Iron Ages items, this work demonstrates the existence of different trade routes for the first time. This is especially true for the Early/Middle Bronze Age periods, with Northern Italy involved in trade with Central Europe, and South already involved in Mediterranean trade circuits.

Sailing and Sailing Rigs in the Ancient Mediterranean: implications of continuity, variation and change in propulsion technology

Ships and boats form the foundations of the maritime connectivity that is a central part of our understanding of the ancient Mediterranean. While the general chronological sequence of sail and sailing-rig development is well established, the implications are less-well discussed. This article sets out how sails and sailing rigs developed in antiquity, with emphasis on the Greco-Roman world. Subsequently, instances of innovation are defined. Why specific pieces of maritime technology were, or were not, widely adopted is considered. Long-term technological continuity can be comprehended, and a shared maritime culture of sailing in the ancient Mediterranean is suggested.

Holocene fluvial and anthropogenic processes in the region of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia

For decades, it has been unclear as to how the world's first cities, in southern Mesopotamia, not only arose in a fluvial environment but also how this environment changed. This paper seeks to understand the long-term fluvial history of the region around Uruk, a major early city, in relation to water-human interactions. This paper applies geomorphological, historical and archaeological approaches and reveals that the Uruk region in southern Mesopotamia had been under the influence of freshwater fluvial environment since the early Holocene. It further demonstrates how canals and long-term human activities since the mid Holocene have been superimposed on the natural river channel patterns. Fieldwork has been conducted to ground-truth features identified applying remote sensing techniques. Five sediment cores were analysed to elucidate palaeoenvironmental changes. Radiocarbon ages for organic samples suggest that the oldest sediment layers, at a depth of 12.5 m, are from the Early Holocene, while results from diatom analyses imply that the whole sediment column was deposited in a freshwater environment. Intensive networks of palaeochannels and archaeological sites within the study area have been reconstructed and these networks have been divided into four different time intervals based on changes in channel courses. The first is from the early 4th to the late 1st millennium BCE; the second is from the late 1st millennium BCE to the middle 2nd millennium CE; the third lasted from after the Islamic period until the 1980s; the fourth is from the 1980s until the present. Key results include evidence for freshwater environments and favourable settlement conditions had already formed by the 8th millennium BCE. The favourable settlement environment resulted in stable (long-lived) canals between the 4th millennium BCE and 1st millennium CE. A significant settlement and irrigation expansion occurred in the early 1st millennium CE. Major abandonment ensued in the late 1st millennium CE and lasted until the mid 2nd millennium CE.

Faunal Introductions to the Balearic Islands in the Early 1st Millennium Cal BC

AbstractOnly domestic mammals (sheep, goat, cattle, pig, and dog) and two rodent species constituted the faunal package introduced to the Balearic Islands by the early settlers in the 3rd millennium cal BC. Later animal introductions in the archipelago were thought to occur by the end of the 1st millennium cal BC due to contacts with Punic merchants or, more than likely, to the Roman conquest of the islands. Recently, several faunal remains belonging to different vertebrates (red deer, chicken, and rabbit) were found in the Talayotic site of Cornia Nou (Minorca), in contexts that date to the early 1st millennium cal BC. A series of radiocarbon (14C) dates was made directly on samples of small species to exclude the possibility of infiltration into lower layers. The obtained results show that chicken and rabbit were already present on Minorca in the early 1st millennium cal BC. Chicken is recorded in Phoenician colonies in south Iberia as early as the 8th century cal BC. Rabbit, on the other hand, is indigenous to the Iberian Peninsula. These new faunal introductions recorded in Minorca could be related to the Late Bronze and Phoenician maritime activity.

Iron and copper production at Iron Age Ashkelon: Implications for the organization of Levantine metal production

Understanding the spatial distribution of different craft production activities is an essential part of any investigation into the organization of production. In the Iron Age southern Levant, discussions of the rise of iron often revolve around the relative organization of bronze and iron production. For these reasons, identifying where different stages of metal production occurred is essential for testing models of technological change during this period.This study reviews the challenges of identifying different stages of metal production from often-ephemeral residues found at settlement sites, with particular emphasis on the question of urban iron smelting in the early Iron Age southern Levant. These considerations are applied to the analysis of a small but significant assemblage of metal production remains from Iron IIB Ashkelon (c. 8th century BCE), using macroscopic observations, chemical analysis, and microscopy.The results of these analyses support the conclusion that multiple iron production processes—likely including both smelting and smithing—took place in or near a domestic quarter at Ashkelon. With one or two exceptions, copper production residues are restricted to secondary refining and casting residues. Copper smelting was carried out elsewhere. If this pattern holds as more urban production debris is recognized and analyzed, such differences in the relative organization of iron and copper-alloy production may provide clues as to why iron production expanded dramatically in the early 1st millennium BCE.

Early technologies for metal production in the Iberian Peninsula

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the characterization of technological processes used for producing copper, tin-bronze and silver in the Prehistory and Protohistory of the Iberian Peninsula. To this purpose, slags and slaggy materials have been analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). In particular, the results obtained allow us to characterize the main technological features for smelting copper ores since the 3rd millennium BCE, a process that was performed in simple fire structures using a non-slagging process. Regarding tin-bronze, the analytical data suggest that prehistoric bronzes were obtained by co-smelting copper and tin oxidic ores or by cementation of copper with cassiterite. Finally, some metallurgical debris dated to the Phoenician time, in the early 1st millennium BCE, points to the extraction of silver from argentiferous copper ores employing a method similar to the 15th century liquation process. This is a unique discovery to date as this type of materials is unknown in any other Mediterranean region settled by the Phoenicians.

Insight on the Ancient Arabian Horse from North Arabian Petroglyphs

The origin of the Arabian horse breed has been the topic of much speculation. The earliest clear depictions of horses with Arabian attributes are in Egyptian New Kingdom tomb art, although they were likely first obtained as war booty during Asian battles. Rock art from the 1st millennium BCE to early 1st millennium CE indicates a possible start date for their arrival in the Arabian Peninsula. This study focuses on petroglyphs near Taymāʾ, Ḥāʾil, and al-ʿUlā oases, important caravan way stations along the incense route. Regional artists developed a characteristic style for depicting horses and camels, distinguishing them temporally and spatially. From its initial appearance the breed was closely associated with chariots, but its eventual value to equestrians is equally evident in Arabian rock art. Petroglyphs in this region elucidate physical conformation, military roles, and high status. Practical aspects and cultural indicators such as training, tack, grooming, and henna body painting are revealed in the detailed illustrations.

Indian High-Tin Bronzes and the Grecian and Persian World

This paper attempts to draw together some of the literary and archaeometallurgical evidence pointing to cross-cultural interactions and encounters in the use and occurrence of metals and alloys in the Indian subcontinent broadly in the 1st millennium BCE to the early common era, spanning the Iron Age to early historic period. As is generally known, aspects of the material culture of this period shows discernible external influences, such as from the Grecian, Hellenistic or Persian world, central Asia as seen in some examples of statuary, coinage and jewellery and so on. However, there are other examples which this paper aims to highlight of certain finds from the Indian context which seem to be more distinctive to the Indian region as also corroborated by evidence and accounts from the Hellenistic world. In particular the specialised alloy of wrought and forged high-tin beta (23%) bronze vessels provides an interesting case study, with the author’s archaeometallurgical investigations pointing to finds from the South Indian and peninsular Indian Iron Age of the early 1st millennium BCE (Adichanallur, Nilgiri, Mahurjhari, Taxila, Fig. 1), ranking amongst the earliest known such vessels, as well as continuing traditions (Srinivasan and Glover 1995, Srinivasan 2010). Some Southeast Asian examples of the latter part of the first millennium also show Indian connections in design suggesting an Indian provenance. Sassanian examples of about the 7th century are also known. This paper attempts to thus explore cross-cultural influences in the Indian examples, and the ways in which high-tin bronzes seem to have eventually become part of the wider Asian network of trade and interaction in antiquity.

Remains of tapestry from a Xiongnu (Early 1st Century AD) Burial in Mound 22 at Noin-Ula

The article describes two pieces of decorated woolen tapestry discovered by the Russian-Mongolian expedition in a Xiongnu (early 1st century AD) burial at Noin-Ula mound 22, northeastern Mongolia, in 2012. One fragment shows a composition consisting of a line of fl owers surrounded by a “rolling wave” woven along the left edge, and bands of similar waves skirting the opposite side. The design on the other fragment mostly consists of fi ve bands with fl oral patterns separated by plain tawny stripes. Technologically, the fragments are close to woolen fabrics unearthed at Eastern Mediterranean cities such as Palmyra, Dura-Europos, and Masada. The designs resemble those on fabrics from early 1st millennium sites in Xinjiang–Shampula, Niya, and Loulan, as well as those on Syrian fabrics, especially those from Palmyra. However, the Noin-Ula fragments differ from their Palmyran and Xinjiang counterparts by a more expressive manner of rendering fl oral motifs. Based on the analysis of dyes, the original palette is reconstructed. Our analysis suggests that the cloth could have been manufactured at an Eastern Mediterranean tapestry workshop—one of those with a long-standing fame. The cloth was probably imported to Mongolian steppes together with other items along the southern branch of the Great Silk Road.

Late Bronze Age in Alcáçova de Santarém (Portugal)

The field work that took place in the restaurant area in Jardim das Portas do Sol (Alcacova de Santarem) recovered well-preserved archaeological layers dated to the Late Bronze Age, lying directly underneath the Iron Age phase. The excavation made it possible to collect an important set of ceramics that incorporate printed and incised decoration, which can be easily decoration related to the Cogotas 1 cultural background. Burnished decorations, with grooves on the inner surface and outer strips, are less common. The formal repertoire does not deviate from what is known about the Late Bronze Age in central and southern Iberian Peninsula. The data allow us to propose a chronology centered in the early 1st millennium BCE for this occupation.

Burial ritual, agriculture, and craft production among Bronze Age pastoralists at Tasbas (Kazakhstan)

This article presents new archaeological research on the ritual and domestic life of pastoralists at the Bronze Age campsite Tasbas, Kazakhstan. We reconstruct the hitherto unrecorded economy of high mountain pastoralists who lived at the site from the mid-3rd to early 1st millennium B.C. We argue that within the broad dynamics of mountain pastoralism there is local variability as shown through multi-season residence, farming, and craft production. In bringing together multiple data sets to address how the site was used we 1) show that ceramics were locally produced with similar manufacture technology across eight centuries — which breaks significantly from the canonical cultural history and large-scale migration paradigms that have defined the regional archaeology for decades; 2) identify a new tradition of cremation ritual (3rd millennium B.C.), and; 3) present the earliest evidence (3rd millennium B.C.) for the local use of domesticated grains and then farming (2nd millennium B.C.) in northern Central Asia. We provide a unique case study to bear on debates concerning the relationship between long-term regional stability and technological innovations among early central Eurasian pastoralists.

Assyrian Nimrud and the Phoenicians

The first ivories at the Assyrian imperial capital of Kalhu/Nimrud in northern Iraq were found by Henry Layard in the mid-19th century. Max Mallowan and David Oates (both professors at the Institute of Archaeology), together with the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, worked there from 1949–1963 and found literally thousands more, both in the palaces of the acropolis and in a large outlying building known as Fort Shalmaneser. During the last 50 years the majority has been published in the Ivories from Nimrud series, so that it is now possible to look at this remarkable corpus as a whole. It immediately becomes evident that most were not made in Assyria, but imported from the states conquered by the Assyrian kings in the early 1st millennium BC. Many show a debt to the art of Egypt and can be assigned to the ‘Phoenician tradition’, thus recording the otherwise little-known art of the Phoenicians, long famed as master craftsmen. ‘Syrian-Intermediate’ ivories are versions of Phoenician ivories and may represent the art of the recently-arrived Aramaean kingdoms, while the very different ‘North Syrian’ ivories derive from earlier Hittite traditions.

Building XVI and the Neo-Assyrian Sacred Precinct at Tell Tayinat

Previous articleNext article No AccessBuilding XVI and the Neo-Assyrian Sacred Precinct at Tell TayinatTimothy P. Harrison and James F. OsborneTimothy P. HarrisonUniversity of Toronto Search for more articles by this author and James F. OsborneState University of New York at Buffalo Search for more articles by this author University of TorontoState University of New York at BuffaloPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Cuneiform Studies Volume 642012 A journal of ASOR Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.64.0125 Views: 81Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2011 American Schools of Oriental ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jonathan Valk Crime and Punishment: Deportation in the Levant in the Age of Assyrian Hegemony, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 384 (Aug 2020): 77–103.https://doi.org/10.1086/710485James F. Osborne, Timothy P. Harrison, Stephen Batiuk, Lynn Welton, J. P. Dessel, Elif Denel, and Özge Demirci Urban Built Environments in Early 1st Millennium b.c.e. Syro-Anatolia: Results of the Tayinat Archaeological Project, 2004–2016, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382 (Oct 2019): 261–312.https://doi.org/10.1086/705728 P. M. Michèle Daviau and Stanley Klassen Conspicuous Consumption and Tribute: Assyrian Glazed Ceramic Bottles at Khirbat al-Mudayna ath-Thamad, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 372 (Nov 2018): 99–122.https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.372.0099 Stefania Mazzoni TELL AFIS IN THE IRON AGE: The Temple on the Acropolis, Near Eastern Archaeology 77, no.11 (Nov 2018): 44–52.https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.77.1.0044

Esarhaddon's Succession Treate at Tell Tayinat: Text and Commentary

Previous articleNext article No AccessEsarhaddon's Succession Treate at Tell Tayinat: Text and CommentaryJacob LauingerJacob LauingerThe Johns Hopkins University Search for more articles by this author The Johns Hopkins UniversityPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Cuneiform Studies Volume 642012 A journal of ASOR Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.64.0087 Views: 60Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2011 American Schools of Oriental ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nathan Lovejoy Ambiguity of Divine and Royal Portraiture and the Hiyawan Image of Kingship: Political Identity through the Monuments of ÇİNEKÖY and KARATEPE, Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 387 (Feb 2022): 113–138.https://doi.org/10.1086/719049Jonathan Valk Crime and Punishment: Deportation in the Levant in the Age of Assyrian Hegemony, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 384 (Aug 2020): 77–103.https://doi.org/10.1086/710485James F. Osborne, Timothy P. Harrison, Stephen Batiuk, Lynn Welton, J. P. Dessel, Elif Denel, and Özge Demirci Urban Built Environments in Early 1st Millennium b.c.e. Syro-Anatolia: Results of the Tayinat Archaeological Project, 2004–2016, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382 (Oct 2019): 261–312.https://doi.org/10.1086/705728 Gary Beckman Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East by Kenneth A. Kitchen and Paul J. N. Lawrence, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 372 (Nov 2018): 222–224.https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.372.0222 Walter Fasnacht Ambelikou Aletri: Metallurgy and Pottery Production in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus by Jennifer M. Webb and David Frankel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 372 (Nov 2018): 224–226.https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.372.0224

Prospects and problems in the use of hyperspectral imagery for archaeological remote sensing: a case study from the Faynan copper mining district, Jordan

Hyperspectral (multiple, narrow band) satellite imaging provides a useful discovery and analytical tool for archaeologists. The Hyperion instrument, flying on the Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) satellite, was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on November 21, 2000. Unlike 7-band Landsat or 15-band ASTER imagery, Hyperion provides 242 (196 calibrated) narrow bands in the visible (VIS) to shortwave infrared range (SWIR), enabling much more detailed archaeological and geological analyses. It was designed as a spectrometer specifically geared to mineralogical analysis, and the imagery is freely available via data acquisition (targeting) requests from NASA. We requested a Hyperion image swath targeted on Khirbat en-Nahas (KEN), an ancient copper smelting site along the Wadi al-Ghuwayb (WAG), a part of Jordan’s Faynan district, where extensive ore processing occurred from the 3rd millennium BCE to industrial scale production over several centuries in the early 1st millennium BCE (Iron Age) and continued until Medieval Islamic times. We use a combination of Principal Components Analysis (PCA), similarity matrices, and Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) on a single image swath to help locate additional ore processing sites, distinguish different areas at KEN that drew on different ore deposits, and discern depositional differences that may help illuminate issues related to the organization of production at KEN. Extensive field surveys in the research area provide a unique opportunity to ‘ground-truth’ the results of the hyperspectral research. The results of our study show considerable promise for future work with Hyperion data sets, and illuminate new aspects of the copper smelting industry at Khirbat en-Nahas. However, the low spatial resolution of the imagery and the nature of weakly reflective bands in the near infrared (NIR) limit the utility of the results.

Cotton cultivation and textile production in the Arabian Peninsula during antiquity; the evidence from Madâ’in Sâlih (Saudi Arabia) and Qal’at al-Bahrain (Bahrain)

The discovery of seeds and textiles from Gossypium (cotton) in Achaemenian levels of the mid-6th–late 4th century b.c. at Qal’at al-Bahrain, Bahrain and in early 1st millennium a.d. at Madâ’in Sâlih, Saudi Arabia, reveals the role played by the Arabian Peninsula as a textile production centre during the centuries before and after the beginning of the Christian era. Both these sites were situated on important trade routes, overseas (Qal’at al-Bahrain) and overland (Madâ’in Sâlih), and it is likely that at least part of the cotton production was intended for trade, complementing and perhaps competing with other sources of cotton textiles in the contemporary Middle East. In the arid climate of the Arabian Peninsula, cotton was probably grown in association with irrigated date palm gardens where a wide array of other crops was grown, as is shown by the analysis of charred seeds and wood from occupation levels at both sites. The present article places these particular finds in the larger context of cotton cultivation in the Middle East and India.

The Development of Ancient States in the Northern Horn of Africa, c. 3000 BC–AD 1000: An Archaeological Outline

Beginning in the 3rd millennium BC, complex societies and states arose in the northern Horn of Africa. This process culminated with the development of the Kingdom of Aksum in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea in the 1st millennium AD. The development of these polities can be outlined in principle on the basis of the archaeological evidence. The process consisted of at least two distinct trajectories to social complexity, indirectly related to each other in the Eritrean–Sudanese lowlands and the Eritrean–Ethiopian highlands, respectively, with a shift in the location of complex societies from the lowlands to the highlands in the early 1st millennium BC. This shift was due to changes in the general pattern of interregional contacts between the regions facing the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean along the Nile Valley, Red Sea and western Arabia from the 4th millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD.

CILICIA, THE AMUQ, AND ALEPPO: NEW LIGHT IN A DARK AGE

Previous articleNext article No AccessCILICIA, THE AMUQ, AND ALEPPO: NEW LIGHT IN A DARK AGEJ. David HawkinsJ. David Hawkins Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Near Eastern Archaeology Volume 72, Number 4December 2009 A journal of ASOR Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/NEA25754025 Views: 81Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright © 2010 American Schools of Oriental ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nathan Lovejoy Ambiguity of Divine and Royal Portraiture and the Hiyawan Image of Kingship: Political Identity through the Monuments of ÇİNEKÖY and KARATEPE, Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 387 (Feb 2022): 113–138.https://doi.org/10.1086/719049James F. Osborne, Timothy P. Harrison, Stephen Batiuk, Lynn Welton, J. P. Dessel, Elif Denel, and Özge Demirci Urban Built Environments in Early 1st Millennium b.c.e. Syro-Anatolia: Results of the Tayinat Archaeological Project, 2004–2016, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382 (Oct 2019): 261–312.https://doi.org/10.1086/705728 Lynn Welton , Timothy Harrison , Stephen Batiuk , Elif Ünlü , Brian Janeway , Doǧa Karakaya , David Lipovitch , David Lumb , and James Roames Shifting Networks and Community Identity at Tell Tayinat in the Iron I (ca. 12th to Mid 10th Century B.C.E.), American Journal of Archaeology 123, no.22 (Oct 2021): 291–333.https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.123.2.0291A. Bernard Knapp and Sturt W. Manning Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean, American Journal of Archaeology 120, no.11 (Dec 2021): 99–149.https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.120.1.0099 Rudolph H. Dornemann THE QARQUR CHALLENGE: Middle Islamic through Iron Age, Near Eastern Archaeology 75, no.33 (Nov 2018): 162–176.https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.75.3.0162

NEO-HITTITES IN THE "LAND OF PALISTIN": Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of Antioch

Previous articleNext article No AccessNEO-HITTITES IN THE "LAND OF PALISTIN": Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of AntiochTimothy P. HarrisonTimothy P. Harrison Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Near Eastern Archaeology Volume 72, Number 4December 2009 A journal of ASOR Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/NEA25754026 Views: 53Total views on this site Citations: 8Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright © 2010 American Schools of Oriental ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nathan Lovejoy Ambiguity of Divine and Royal Portraiture and the Hiyawan Image of Kingship: Political Identity through the Monuments of ÇİNEKÖY and KARATEPE, Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 387 (Feb 2022): 113–138.https://doi.org/10.1086/719049Aren M. Maeir Decorated Pottery in Cyprus and Philistia in the 12th Century BC, Cypriot IIIC and Philistine IIIC, Volumes I–II, by Penelope Mountjoy, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 80, no.11 (Apr 2021): 211–213.https://doi.org/10.1086/712947James F. Osborne, Timothy P. Harrison, Stephen Batiuk, Lynn Welton, J. P. Dessel, Elif Denel, and Özge Demirci Urban Built Environments in Early 1st Millennium b.c.e. Syro-Anatolia: Results of the Tayinat Archaeological Project, 2004–2016, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382 (Oct 2019): 261–312.https://doi.org/10.1086/705728 Lynn Welton , Timothy Harrison , Stephen Batiuk , Elif Ünlü , Brian Janeway , Doǧa Karakaya , David Lipovitch , David Lumb , and James Roames Shifting Networks and Community Identity at Tell Tayinat in the Iron I (ca. 12th to Mid 10th Century B.C.E.), American Journal of Archaeology 123, no.22 (Oct 2021): 291–333.https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.123.2.0291 Louise A. Hitchcock and Aren M. Maeir New Insights into the Philistines in Light of Excavations at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath, Near Eastern Archaeology 81, no.11 (Nov 2018): 6–14.https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.81.1.0006A. Bernard Knapp and Sturt W. Manning Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean, American Journal of Archaeology 120, no.11 (Dec 2021): 99–149.https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.120.1.0099 Rudolph H. Dornemann THE QARQUR CHALLENGE: Middle Islamic through Iron Age, Near Eastern Archaeology 75, no.33 (Nov 2018): 162–176.https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.75.3.0162Lauren Ristvet, Hilary Gopnik, Veli Bakhshaliyev, Hannah Lau, Safar Ashurov, and Robert Bryant On the Edge of Empire: 2008 and 2009 Excavations at Oğlanqala, Azerbaijan, American Journal of Archaeology 116, no.22 (Dec 2021): 321–362.https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.116.2.0321