Early 1990s Research Articles

French Psychiatry and Alcoholism in the 1950s and 1960s: The Paradoxes of Outpatient Care

Summary This article examines the place of alcoholic patients in French psychiatry in the 1950s and 1960s, an era of incipient psychiatric reform. Relying on medical literature, national and department archives, as well as hitherto unexploited patient files from one of the first anti-alcoholic consultations opened in the early 1950s in Paris, it shows how new therapies and drugs, such as disulfiram, revived the interest of psychiatrists for alcoholism and enabled the outpatient treatment of alcoholics. However, the study of patient trajectories reveals that ambulatory care did not substitute itself for hospitalisation. The article then analyses how the psychiatrist–patient relation was transformed in the framework of the consultation, and included new stakeholders such as social workers and family members. It finally explains why therapeutic enthusiasm gave way, at the end of the 1960s, to increasing doubts concerning the role of the psychiatrist in the cure of alcoholism.

Assessing the interconnected effects of policy interventions on shrimp farming expansion and mangrove ecosystems through system dynamics

Since the early 2000s, Ca Mau has experienced a rapid boom in shrimp farming, leading to the conversion of mangroves into shrimp ponds and impeding mangrove forest conservation. Despite its negative environmental impacts, shrimp aquaculture remains vital to Ca Mau’s economy by providing employment opportunities and contributing to the province’s gross domestic product. This study constructed a system dynamic model to analyze the complex system of shrimp aquaculture and mangrove forests under two development scenarios: the Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario and the Policy scenario. In the BAU scenario, shrimp aquaculture will continue to expand, resulting in the conversion of more mangroves into ponds and a decrease in Ca Mau’s mangrove forest to 70,349 (± 888.801) hectares in 2050. However, this expansion will bolster rural employment and the province’s economy, generating 14,250 (± 0.336) billion VND (US$ 570 million) in 2050. Conversely, in the Policy scenario, stabilizing shrimp areas at 280,000 hectares as a policy target will regulate mangrove conversion, allowing mangroves to regenerate (77,016 (± 687.155) hectares in 2050) and enhancing carbon storage (65 × 106 (± 0.58 × 106) MgC in 2050). However, challenges arise in the Policy scenario concerning potential economic stagnation, conflicts with other development priorities, and rural job losses. Officials must consider more than just the area of shrimp ponds to achieve sustainable development. Effective land use strategies should be implemented to ensure equilibrium between shrimp aquaculture and mangroves. Diversifying economic activities and promoting alternative livelihoods can mitigate the dependence on shrimp farming and offset the effects of policy interventions.

Trespassing Limits

This article examines the links between a political rebellion that occurred in Coahuila in 1893 and the activism that was carried out by some members of the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) in the early 1900s in Southern California. It builds upon connected and transnational history to study continuities between the conflicts in the early 1890s in the Mexican countryside and the growth of discontent against the government of Porfirio Díaz. It argues that the support gained by the PLM in parts of the U.S. Southwest cannot be separated from the political experience that many of its sympathizers had in Mexico. Furthermore, it argues that to better understand the PLM’s mobilization north of the border, it is necessary to study the social and economic conditions in which they lived and moved in both countries.

The 1973 Migrant Workers’ Conference and Histories of Multiculturalism

Nowhere is the alliance between leftist organisations, trade unions, migrant workers’ clubs and ethnic welfare societies better represented than in the migrant workers’ conferences held in 1973 and 1975. This article argues for the historic importance of these overlooked moments in the history of twentieth-century labour migration. It explores the inter-ethnic and social justice aims of grassroots multiculturalism in Australia – a model that has been lost in subsequent official renderings of multiculturalism. What was the social and political position of non-Anglo migrant labourers and the migrant rights activists representing their interests? How did they engage with the labour movement and the Far Left? What political alliances formed around this question of migrant labour and migrant welfare for ethnic minority workers? And what were the outcomes of these conferences? This article will explore the improbable alliances and tensions that formed the migrant rights movement in the early 1970s; track its fracturing after the mid-1970s, when economic crises rendered its more ambitious redistributive aims unachievable; and examine how the ideological direction of state-endorsed multiculturalism diverted its inter-ethnic social justice agenda.

A Systemic Review on Photodynamic Therapy: Emerging Technology with Healing Process

Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment of cancer patients who take a photosensitizer and expose their tumours to light after administering it topically or intravenously. Understanding apoptosis under oxidative conditions makes PDT a more effective treatment. Tissue oxygen, tumour-selective photosensitizer dyes, and customised lighting are needed to create fatal reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer. PDT has decreased morbidity and improved survival and status of life when used in combination with other treatments, especially in early-stage malignant tumours. Using interstitial light delivery, PDT can cure large, hidden tumours that would otherwise necessitate extensive surgery. This overview describes the foundational historical work that has shaped the technique since the early 1900s. PDT's efficacy is also increased by innovative photosensitizers and tweaks that increase tumour selectivity. Adverse effects and treatment during therapy, as well as innovative PDT-based applications, are explored in this review. Finally, PDT research gaps and clinical trials have been identified as potential issues.

“The Desire for Peace is ‘Unconstitutional’ in Bonn”: The Free German Youth and Rearmament in West Germany, 1945–1952

ABSTRACT: Best known as the state youth organization of the German Democratic Republic, the Free German Youth (FDJ) operated widely in West Germany during the early Cold War era. This article provides a brief history of the West-FDJ, as it was known, and concentrates on its prominent efforts challenging Chancellor Konrad Adenauer’s rearmament policies in the early 1950s. While the decision to ban the organization in 1951 was justified by concerns about the fragility of the young democratic state, the Adenauer government’s strident response also served as a politically expedient strategy to undermine resistance to West Germany’s remilitarization.

China's Infrastructural Capitalism and Infrastructural Power of Labor: The Making of the Chinese Working Class

Abstract This article anticipates a political project that underlines China's infrastructural capitalism and the infrastructural power of labor in the making of the Chinese working class. This project embarks a re-departure of the left movement after the Jasic struggle, which inspired a rebirth of global Marxism and Maoism that attempts to confront the failure of the first wave of socialist movements and the neoliberal turn of global capitalism. Meeting this historical conjuncture, this project is situated in the legacy of the Chinese Revolution and its firmly held belief in the class struggles of the working masses who fought for a vision of communism since the early 1920s. As part of a global project in preparation for the new wave of emancipatory movements, this project is also located in a global anti-capitalism movement and attempts to overcome the parochial and nationalistic approach of existing Chinese Marxism. Specifically, the author conceives that Chinese capitalism has entered a new age of monopoly supported not only by new phases of high technology but also, more importantly, by state power in constructing infrastructural bases such as building projects, new economic zones, highways and high-speed railways, digital platforms, and logistics, both internally and externally, to reproduce expanded capitalism, resulting in fierce imperial battles among global powers. The article conceptualizes this historical process not only as “infrastructural capitalism,” a term that vividly embodies the materiality of expanded capitalism, but also the infrastructural power of labor to take root.

Integrating with the Global Economy: The Evolution of the Export Profiles of the European Union’s Eastern Periphery (2000–2021)

How have Central and Eastern European countries integrated into global production networks since the early 2000s? Have European Union accession, the Great Recession of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered their export profiles? Using cluster analysis for 11 economies between 2000 and 2021, we uncover persistent differentiation and deepening specialisation over time. Czechia, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia emerge as the manufacturing hub of the region. When broader exports are accounted for, these economies look similar to Poland, Croatia and Romania. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Bulgaria form a separate group that relies on more labour- and resource-intensive manufacturing goods, commodities and services.

The Crow Clubwoman

This article explores the history of the Crow Indian Woman’s Club, an organization founded in 1930 that persisted, on and off, through the early 1980s. Marshalling their identities as “educated Indian women” and lacking direct channels of political power, Crow clubwomen relied heavily on the written word, creating a paper trail of the club’s perspectives. Foregrounding sources produced and curated by clubwomen and their descendants, this article recounts these women’s advocacy in health, education, and family life, as well as politics and policy—as women and tribal members, but also as clubwomen who took their responsibility for advancing their people’s welfare seriously. Toward this end, they navigated complicated alliances, including with the colonial state and with white clubwomen whose commitment to Crow causes proved fickle.

Registre français du resurfaçage de hanche : un registre observationnel exhaustif ?

Introduction: The resurfacing hip prosthesis (RH) combines a double questioning, namely of course the confirmation of the interest in this prosthetic concept of “preservation of bone capital”, but also the merits of the methodology for the implementation place and management of an exhaustive collection of clinical data, in the form of a true “national observational register of hip resurfacing”…Material & methods: It should be noted in the early 2000s that there was considerable uncertainty about the future of hip resurfacing. In this context, the CNP-COT was in favor of maintaining this prosthetic option, under cover of the launch of an exhaustive observational register in 2015 and the creation of an approved Training Center for France.This French hip resurfacing registry is therefore an observational, non-comparative, prospective, multicenter, 1-arm study, conducted open-label with exhaustive inclusion in patients treated consecutively by total hip arthroplasty with a resurfacing prosthesis.Results: The completeness of the patients included in the resurfacing register is verified by comparison, over the inclusion period considered, on the one hand (1) between the details of invoicing for the different RH implants delivered to the different fitting centers and on the other part (2) for each of the surgeons participating in the study, to their inclusion in the RRH register within the OrthoWave™ online databaseDiscussion: The objectives set by the Supervisory Authorities (HAS, CNP-COT) and the French Hip and Knee Society (SFHG) were validated, with a completeness rate of 93.47% when the HAS file was created, and a survival rate of over 98% for 3592 prostheses after 8 years. Note also a very low complication rate (<1%) with notably absence of dislocations or allergic phenomena to metal ions.Conclusion: The highlight of this study underlines the interest of this management of a specific exhaustive observational register within the French Society of Hip and Knee Surgery, which made it possible to perpetuate the possibility of implanting hip resurfacing in France.Level of evidence: IV

Under the Shadows of Authority: Unveiling Age and Gender Disparities in Obedience

Why is it that many people obey when they feel coerced? People focus so much on being good followers that they become unaware of the consequences of their actions. Various experiments about “obedience to authority” have been taken place in the past decades. Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist conducted his famous obedience experiments in the early 1960s. His aim was to study the willingness of participants to obey authority figures, even when it involved harmful actions against others. The current study aimed to investigate the difference of age and gender differences in relation to obedience to authority. Age factor was not examined in Milgram’s original experiment. The research regarding age differences in obedience is suggestive of demarcation in level of obedience. This work aims to show a new way to understand gender difference in obedience, and wish to open a gate of age differences in obedience study. Are males more likely to obey to authority? Will gender affect obedience ? The research in existence is mixed point of view in relation to males and females related to obedience. Thus with this aim in mind present study was carried out on 150 working employees ( Non-teaching staff); males (n=75) and females (n=75), with the age range of 34-64 (M=40.88 age), (SD=5.37); early middle age (34–44) and late middle age (45- 64) across Punjabi University, Patiala. The aim of the study was to investigate the difference between age, gender and obedience, examining whether obedience vary across different age groups and gender wise. The Organizational Obedience Scale (Capan &amp; Uzuncarsili, 2022) was administered to the working staff with the Cronbach alpha is .79. The questionnaire was translated into native language Punjabi and was certified and validated by the experts (Dept. of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala) with the reliability of .78. The obtained data was analysed with the latest version IBM SPSS 29. The data collected was analysed with descriptive analysis, and t- test. There was significant differences in scores of male and female on the basis of obedience. Another findings there was significant difference due to age in obedience. Later middle aged people more obey. By examining the interplay between age, gender, and obedience, this work aims to inform develop interventions that mitigate potential risks associated with destructive obedience.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Gas Gangrene of the Fingertip with Prolonged Infection.

We encountered a case of infected soft tissue defect of the fingertip treated using negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). The development of NPWT was started in the early 1990s, and it is a relatively new treatment method included in insurance coverage in Japan in 2010. NPWT is used for intractable wounds; some reports have examined its use on infected wounds. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined its use on infected fingertip wounds. A patient with an infected soft tissue defect in the fingertip whose epithelialization period was prolonged despite continued antibiotic therapy was treated using NPWT in combination. After NPWT was started, signs of infection and wound granulation were good. Additionally, completion of epithelialization was confirmed 7 weeks after NPWT started. Conventionally, skin flap or graft by hand surgeons have been performed on fingertip soft tissue defects with infection. NPWT does not require specialized and advanced surgical techniques; treatment for infected soft tissue defects can be administered by anyone if they have the required skills. In conclusion, NPWT may be considered a suitable alternative when treatment options such as flaps and skin grafts are not feasible.

Toxicity of water-soluble polymers polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol for fish and frog embryos

Personal Care Products (PCPs) have been one of the most studied chemicals in the last twenty years since they were identified as pseudo-persistent pollutants by the European Union in the early 2000s. The accumulation of PCPs in the aquatic environment and their effects on non-target species make it necessary to find new, less harmful, substances. Polyethylene glycol (PEGs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVAs) are two polymers that have increased their presence in the composition of PCPs in recent years, but little is known about the effect of their accumulation in the environment on non-target species. Through embryotoxicity tests on two common models of aquatic organisms (Danio rerio and Xenopus laevis), this work aims to increase the knowledge of PEGs and PVAs' effects on non-target species. Animals were exposed to the pollutant for 96 h. The main embryotoxicity endpoint (mortality, hatching, malformations, heartbeat rate) was recorded every 24 h. The most significant results were hatching delay in Danio rerio exposed to both chemicals, in malformations (oedema, body malformations, changes in pigmentation and deformations of spine and tail) in D. rerio and X. laevis and significant change in the heartbeat rate (decrease or increase in the rate) in both animals for all chemicals tested.

Long-run perspectives on [formula omitted] in OECD countries: An empirical analysis

The difference between the implicit nominal interest rate and the growth rate of nominal GDP is a key determinant of the dynamics and the sustainability of public debt. This paper studies the determinants of r-g in a panel of 17 OECD countries since the early 1980s. Whereas the focus of existing empirical studies is mainly on fiscal, monetary and financial factors behind the interest–growth difference, our approach and contribution are to highlight in particular the role of real long-run determinants, such as technical progress, employment growth, demographic change, and income inequality. This allows us to derive empirically based projections for r-g beyond the next five or ten years. Our baseline expectation is that r-g will stay below zero for the next two decades in most European countries that we study. An important policy implication is that the debt-carrying capacity of governments is substantially higher now than in the 1980s or 1990s. For the United States, however, our baseline projection of r-g is positive.

Adapting to the market: leftist ideological justifications of liberal economic policies, 1977–1986

ABSTRACT Why do leftist forces accept, support and adopt free-market policies? To answer this question, we carry out a comparative study of left-wing groups (both parties and trade unions) in France, Italy and Spain during the late 1970s and the early 1980s. This period is widely acknowledged in international political economy to have represented a paradigm shift from post-war Keynesianism to neoliberal policy-making. We employ in-depth content analysis of memoirs, interviews to the press, opinion articles and policy-papers to explain actors’ positions on landmark policies implemented during such transition. In alignment with a developing literature in political economy (e.g. Mudge 2018), we find a proactive role of progressives in developing the ideological justification for the resort to liberal policies. However, we emphasise that widespread consensus among so-called progressives, rather than a leading role of technocrats or party experts, best explains such shifts. In this way, the paper casts doubts on interpretations of the liberalisation process that place excessive emphasis on the role of external constraints as well as on elite power. Drawing on Hall (1993), we argue that left-wing forces in the early 1980s have enacted a ‘second order change’, whereby policymakers use new instruments to meet existing policy objectives.

The Rave Panic

The Rave Panic

INDIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BIRUNI AND V.S. NAIPAUL

This study is based on a comparison of two works on India, one by Biruni, who lived and wrote about India nearly a thousand years ago, and one by V.S. Naipaul, who lived in the twenty-first century. The first work, Kitâb’ut-Tahkîk ma li’l-Hind, written by Biruni, was written in Arabic in the first quarter of the eleventh century to help Muslims living among Hindus in different regions such as Sindh, Punjab, Kabul and Ghazni. The work was edited by Edward Sachau in the early 1880s and translated into German (1883-1884) and English (1887-1888) under the title Al-Beruni’s India; both the Arabic edition and the translations were published in the West in those years. An Arabic edition of the book, based on the copy in the Paris National Library, was published in Hyderabad in 1958 with the help of the Indian Ministry of Education. On September 30, 1932, Kıvameddin Burslan translated the work into Turkish, but due to various reasons, it was published only in 2015. Nobel Prize-winning author V.S. Naipaul, on the other hand, has written three travel books on India and in these works, which are based on his travels to the country in 1964, 1977 and 1990, he refers to India as a dark, wounded and rebellious civilization respectively. With the publication of his books, Naipaul, himself of Hindu descent, was severely criticized for his views on India, Indians and non-Western societies and cultures, which went far beyond criticism, and caused intense debates. The most obvious conclusion that emerges from the comparative analysis of the works of both authors is that Biruni, despite being a Muslim, is extremely tolerant and objective in his approach to India, Hindu culture, traditions, and belief system, while Naipaul's approach, on the contrary, is far from tolerance and extremely biased.

Caring for Health, Bodies, and Development

Over the last fifty years a plethora of new spiritual practices has emerged in the Church of Sweden. Many fall within a category of holistic practices, aimed at engaging body, soul, and spirit. Among these, two categories are dominant: meditations and movement-based bodily practices. Some of these practices are contested by other Christians on a theological basis. The article asks: Who are the new ritual specialists teaching these practices? Why do they teach these practices? Why in the church? By using a bottom-up perspective and studying practices which lie outside the traditional Christian religious rites, which has been the focus in research on the Church of Sweden, we find that the holistic practices are framed in a culture of care, focusing on bodily and spiritual wellbeing. We suggest that the predominance of women in body-movement practices should be understood as a generational feature rather than as an expression of the feminization of the church. Many of the leaders are women who were part of new spiritual movements as well as body-mind practices and various forms of dance in gyms and yoga studios in the 1990s and early 2000s, finding an openness to bringing their knowledge into the church.

Working Mothers and Political Daughters: Intergenerational Dynamics of Women's Political Officeholding

Abstract We study a new driving factor of women's inclusion in politics: the economic empowerment of their mothers. We evaluate Swedish microdata on politicians and their parents over fifty years. The results demonstrate a strong intergenerational dynamic from mothers to daughters. Female politicians come from households where their mother is more likely to be employed, earns more in the labour market, and earns a larger share of household earnings. This pattern was strong among parliamentarians in the 1970s and 1980s when female numerical representation increased rapidly in Sweden but is not present in national politics after the introduction of gender quotas in the early 1990s or in local politics.

Jugoslavija i ambivalentnost ekonomske saradnje Jug-Jug u sedamdesetim i osamdesetim godinama

During the epoch characterized by the vigorous pursuit of the New International Economic Order by developing nations, Yugoslavia emerged as a prominent member of both the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 developing countries (G-77). It sought to exemplify the feasibility of establishing a novel framework for relations between industrially more developed nations, including itself, and its allies within this coalition, characterized by economies in various stages of development. Within influential circles at the United Nations, Yugoslav development theory garnered attention for its perceived integration of Marxist and neoclassical economic concepts, representing an ambitious global reform program that diverged from the perspectives of the capitalist and socialist superpowers. This conceptualization of globalization concurrently grappled with the ideological, geopolitical, and economic ramifications of the emerging neoliberal revolution, which markedly constrained available manoeuvering space starting in the early 1980s. The article critically examines specific instances of Yugoslav bilateral economic collaboration with distinct African nations, offering insights into the practical implications of the envisioned economic order and its practice on the ground.