Early 20th Century Research Articles

HARPSICHORD IN THE SOUND PICTURE OF THE XX CENTURY MUSIC, EXEMPLIFIED BY F. POULENC’S СONCERT CHAMPETRE

At the beginning of the XX century harpsichord went through a major revival. The builders’, performers’, and composers’ approach to reconstruction of this instrument and its sound characteristics have created a whole new system of artistic allusions. That system was unexpected in the context of the instrument’s history, yet logical, considering the aesthetic of the time. Original harpsichord pieces of the early–20th-century composers commonly embody mechanical or automatic movements, imitate life of a big industrial city, show evil underworld forces and at the same time allude to baroque aesthetics, the interest to which triggered the revival of the instrument. Paradoxically, the harpsichord in the beginning of XX century is seen as something new and fresh, something able to replace piano, which had already passed its high point. Yet, the harpsichord revival started thanks to the new generation's interest to the music of XVII–XVIII century. Poulenc’s harpsichord concerto, known also as Concert champêtre, written for Wanda Landowska and her unique Pleyel harpsichord, is treated here as one of the brightest examples of the multiplicity of meanings of the harpsichord sound in early 20th century.

New Discoveries in the Langton Chapel of Winchester Cathedral: 16th-Century all’antica Innovation and 20th-Century Restoration

The east end of Winchester Cathedral was altered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, with the Lady Chapel substantially refurbished. The Guardian Angels Chapel, on the north, was left largely untouched. To the south, the death of Bishop Thomas Langton provided the opportunity to rebuild the chapel there as a chantry within which he was buried. The vault above is peppered with his initials, heraldic devices and rebus. The Langton Chapel remained largely disused down subsequent centuries, a dusty corner in the furthermost reaches of a busy cathedral. In the mid-20th century, a remarkable man, Harry Altham, took an interest in Langton’s chapel and, in light of this, the Dean and Chapter of Winchester agreed that the restoration of the chapel would form a fitting memorial to him. In the process of researching the details of that restoration, new information has come to light regarding the early introduction of all’antica work into the cathedral, suggesting that the Renaissance style was first introduced to England at Winchester, not in Westminster Abbey as is widely supposed.

The Role of the Dentist in Home Care for the Older People: A Narrative Review of the Literature

Objective; This study aimed to discuss the role of dentists in providing home care to older people. Methodology; Studies on the role of the dentist in the oral health of older people living at home were reviewed. The search terms used included: home care, domiciliary care, older people, and oral health. Inclusion criteria comprised articles published in Scielo and Google Scholar databases. The article was categorized to provide a clear exposition of the information. Results; Home Care (HC) in Brazil evolved from an informal practice initiated by sanitary agents in the early 20th century to a structured service with the creation of the Unified Health System (UHS) in 1988. The UHS established programs such as the Family Health Program, which integrated home visits by doctors and nurses, and later incorporated HC in three levels (HC1, HC2, HC3) to address different care complexities. The role of dentists in HC includes promoting oral health, treating urgenties, guiding caregivers, and performing clinical procedures, which are essential for the quality of life of the older people. This approach requires specific handling techniques and professional adaptation, focusing on prevention and less invasive treatments, considering the biopsychosocial health of patients. Conclusion: Home Care Services are crucial, with dentists providing care that includes the prevention and promotion of oral health. HC promotes humanized and comprehensive care, positively impacting the well-being of the older people. Long-term effectiveness depends on prevention, caregiver education, and professional adaptations.

The Image of the Other in the Customs and Traditions of the People of Oman in the Tourism Discourse: “A Journey from India to England by William Heid” as a Case Study

This study aimed to explore the representation of the Other in the customs and traditions of Oman's people within the touristic discourse, using "A Suspicious Journey from India to England – An Early 19th Century Gulf Portrait by William Heid" as a case study. Recognizing that the study of humanity is, in essence, the study of all human beings and considering that place holds cultural value emanating from the amalgamation of people's customs, traditions, and ways of thinking—known as the site's stratigraphy, which distinguishes one personality from another—the research sought to highlight the image of the Other in the customs and traditions of Oman as portrayed by Heid. It questioned whether these portrayals could serve as a tourist attraction for the Arabian Gulf region, particularly Muscat, and how Heid managed to employ the Omani people's customs, traditions, and behaviors as a tourist attraction for the Arabian Gulf. Given that customs and traditions represent an intriguing element for discovering the Other, the discourse in some of its forms is a principal component of linguistic communication in tourism. Through strategic use, it transforms the narrative element into a tool for expressing the aesthetics of the visited city, portraying the behaviors of its inhabitants and its various dimensions.The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, where the researcher examined the report and focused on the key customs and traditions highlighted by Heid in his discourse; these serve either as sources of tourist attraction or repulsion. The study concluded that Heid relied on depicting the landmarks he observed, contributing to correcting the receiver's image and enhancing the cultural aspect.

Albaniya v geopoliticheskih planah velikih derzhav (konec XIX – nachalo XX v.)

The article is devoted to the position of the Great Powers in relation to the Albanian national movement and Albanian statehood. The author focuses on the process of formation of Albania in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the position of a on this issue of Russia.

History of Diabetes: Series 1 Diabetes Care in Antiquity and Beyond: The Preinsulin Era

Diabetes as a disease dates back to ancient times. Before the 1920s, treatment was rudimentary and largely ineffective, focusing primarily on dietary management, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Greeks, Chinese, and Indians, recognized diabetes through symptoms such as excessive thirst and urination. They used “natural” treatments, such as dietary restrictions, physical exercise, and medicinal herbs such as fenugreek and bitter melon. Islamic scholars in the medieval period made significant advancements, recommending balanced diets and specific herbal treatments. In Europe, the preinsulin era saw the implementation of starvation diets in the early 20th century, aiming to control blood glucose by severely restricting caloric intake, though often at the cost of malnutrition. These historical approaches reflect the evolving understanding of diabetes and underscore the desperate need for effective treatments, setting the stage for the revolutionary discovery of insulin in the early 20th century.

FORTIFICATION LINE OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA: A NEW STAGE OF DEFENSE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EASTERN EUROPE SPACE

The theme of the history of medieval defensive architecture in the Northern Black Sea region becomes extremely relevant in the realities of the modern history of Ukraine, when the Russian invaders try to capture the southern lands of Ukraine and defend the idea of belonging of these territories to Russia with pseudo-historical concepts of «Russian peace». The results of the historical and archaeological study of the South of Ukraine, especially in recent decades, demonstrate other circumstances of the development of the South. They make it possible to highlight the main trends of the evolution of the region in direct continuity with the previous history of Russia in new historical circumstances. This is the time when the Kyiv principality became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemaitia, the borders of which reach the Black Sea coast in the late 14th — early 15th century. Here the turbulent activity of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas unfolds in the construction of fortresses, customs houses, the arrangement of crossings and port facilities. The defensive architecture of the Southern region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemaitia takes place during the formation of a new map of Eastern Europe, with the presence of Lithuania, the formation of early Ukraine on the heritage of Russia, the formation of the Crimean Tatar people and its statehood, the active activity of the Principality of Moldavia in connection with the presence and influences of Genoa, contacts with Poland, influence of Ottoman Empire and other states of that time. It was the time of construction of the castle fortification, which belonged to the first stage of adaptation of military affairs to the artillery of the contemporary world, which covers the time of the 14th— 16th centuries. The comparative castellology gave the possibilities to study some regularity in the typological model of fortresses. This method was used in the course of study of fortresses of Vitovt’s fortification line, such as Tiagin fortress. It allows establishing the common features of the planning structure of the fortification architecture of the Northern Black Sea region — a new stage of evolution, which was characterized by stone castle architecture. In turn, they met the needs of the stage of development of artillery at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 16th centuries. Medieval Europe, in which the influences of various cultures of the East and the West intersect, new defense opportunities and prospects are developing.

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

Effects of Age, Period, and Cohort on the Incidence of Psoriasis in Spain: A 30-year Review (1990–2019)

AimThis study aimed to investigate the effects of age, period, and cohort on the incidence of psoriasis in Spain from 1990 through 2019 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database and age-period-cohort (A-P-C) analysis. MethodsWe conducted an ecological trend study to analyze the incidence rates of psoriasis in Spain from 1990 through 2019. Joinpoint Regression Program, Version 5.0.2 - May 2023; Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute and National Cancer Institute A-P-C tools were used to identify trends and assess the effects of age, period, and cohort. ResultsFrom 1990 through 2019, an estimated 2.99 million cases of psoriasis were diagnosed in Spain, with a mean annual increase of 0.49%. Significant decreases in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) were reported for both sexes, with women consistently maintaining a slightly higher ASIR. Joinpoint analysis revealed multiple turning points in the downward trend, indicating periods of stabilization. A-P-C analysis demonstrated significant declines in both net (overall trend) and local drift (age-specific trends), indicating a broad decrease in the incidence of psoriasis across most age groups. While the risk of psoriasis increased with age, peaking in the 50–54 age group, it declined thereafter. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a continuous decline in risk from 1990 through 2019 for both sexes, with individuals born in the early 21st century exhibiting a significantly lower risk vs those born in the early 20th century. ConclusionThis study observed a slight decline in the reported psoriasis ASIR in Spain, potentially due to reduced exposure to risk factors. However, limitations in data and the complexity of factors influencing the incidence of psoriasis require further research.

Perceptions of Japan in Hungarian Turanism

The lively Hungarian interest in Asian cultures and Japan before 1945 had several motifs, one of them being the idea of Turanism, which was formed around the ethnic, linguistic, and cultural relation of the Turanian (Ural-Altaic) peoples (including Hungarians) in the late 19th century and affected public thinking until 1945 in Hungary. The secondary literature on Turanism seems to have increased in volume in the past decades with a notable emphasis on Hungarian Turanism, and some new research has examined the issue of Japanese Turanism, making a connection with Hungarian Turanism as well. As Hungarian Turanism is regarded as a significant promoter and mediator of Turanism to other regions, too, it is important to analyse the manifold nature of this phenomenon with comprehensive approaches. The paper focuses on the Hungarian background of the Japan-related Turanist ideas with a multifaceted examination and interpretation of Hungarian Turanism based on original research of the contemporary sources (including publications, archival documents of Turanist and Japan-related associations, newspaper articles, and reports on Japan-related events) and the available secondary literature. The paper also aims to examine what perceptions of Japan appeared in the ideas of Turanism, to present why and how Japan was attributed a special significance in Hungarian Turanism, and to analyse the origin, meaning, and the contemporary importance of this outstanding role. In the course of research, new aspects have arisen for examination: the perceptions impacted by the Japanese development of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and by the notion of the situation of Japan ‘between East and West’ as similar to that of Hungary; the debate on modernisation; the isolation of Hungary after the World War I; and the cultural achievements of Hungarian Turanism. Examining the complexity of the Hungarian historical, cultural, and political context of the early 20th century in connection to the perceptions of the East of that time in Hungary may provide a more complex interpretation and deeper understanding of the formation of Turanist ideas.

Periodismo y Cine: contenidos, audiencias, docencia, nuevos formatos y espacios de exhibición [Presentación del monográfico

This monographic issue addresses the relationships between journalism and cinema. It includes ten research papers, nine of which focus on cinema about journalism, that is, films and television series that center around the media and the work of journalists. These studies approach the topic from various perspectives, such as film noir, humor, feminism, ethics, and different geographical contexts like Colombia, Spain, or the United States of America. Based on their main findings, it is observed that in this type of cinema, which has been evolving since the early 20th century, negative stereotypes about the journalism profession persist. Additionally, this issue features a study about film journalism, a specialty that, despite its social impact, consolidation, and evolution, has been scarcely addressed by academia in recent years. We trust that this monograph will contribute to arousing scientific interest in this type of cultural journalism and also expand the scope of the study of cinema about journalism.

Cross-border perception of Bayising (Pansheng 板升) among government officials in Ming China

The Mongol Yuan dynasty in China officially came to an end in 1368 with the withdrawal of the Mongols from the capital city Daidu (Beijing) and their retreat to the steppes. Nevertheless, a protracted series of military campaigns and conflicts between the Ming court and the Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and various other Mongol tribes continued for about 200 years. This article examines the discourse surrounding Bayising, where a group of Chinese people settled on Mongolian territory and served the Mongols during the mid-16th and early-17th centuries. The primary population of Bayising consisted of Chinese individuals who had either fled from China or were captives taken by the Mongols from China in border raids. Bayising embodies a unique interaction between China and nomadic communities in a transitional zone between the steppe and agricultural land, where conventional trading and tribute systems encountered difficulties in establishment. After the signing of the 1571 peace treaty, Bayising gradually receded from the focus of the Ming court. Through an analysis of historical documents and records, this article unveils the perspectives held by Ming officials regarding Bayising. Additionally, it probes into how these perspectives influenced Ming China’s foreign relations and national security policies concerning the Mongols. The emergence of Bayising was rooted in a distinctive historical context. Moreover, Bayising played an important role not only in shaping Sino-Mongol relations but also in facilitating cooperation between nomadic and agricultural communities in the absence of official trade channels. Neither repatriation nor military intervention proved to offer fundamental solutions to the Bayising issue in the ongoing confrontation between the Mongols and the Ming court. However, the establishment of normalised and stabilised trade, facilitated by a mutually beneficial peace treaty, emerged as a definitive solution that ultimately benefited both parties. This intricate interplay between geopolitical dynamics and cultural exchanges underscores the complexity of historical narratives, emphasizing the enduring impact of the Ming officials’ perception of the Mongols on regional stability and economic prosperity.

WITHDRAWN: Reconstructing the environmental impact of mining on mountain lakes

Mountain lakes are particularly fragile ecosystems undergoing important transformations associated with ongoing global change. However, the history of anthropogenic impacts on mountain lakes and their catchments is much longer, in many cases featuring millennia of summer pastoral farming. More recently, the growing demand for raw materials and energy linked to industrialization, particularly accelerated since the 19th century CE, meant a further increase in human impact on mountain areas. The Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) constitutes a paradigmatic case of southern European mountain range experiencing intense human impact during the past few millennia and particularly the past two centuries. Here, we have reconstructed the environmental dynamics of this area during the last millennium, with a particular focus on the impact of mining, based on the multidisciplinary analysis (sedimentology, biogeochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, diatoms, pollen, charcoal and dung fungal spores) of sediment cores from Lago de La Cueva (43°03′N, 6°06′W, 1550 m a.s.l.). Changing land use and climate have driven lake dynamics during the last centuries. A major fire-caused deforestation event dated to the late 15th century CE increased erosion and the frequency of intense runoff episodes, in the context of the wetter and colder Little Ice Age. The onset of iron mining activities in the catchment ca. 200 years ago had a strong impact on the lake. Sedimentation rates notably raised and mining waste containing hematite and potentially toxic elements (e.g. Fe, Co, As) was washed into the lake. Additionally, diatom assemblages showed that lake regulation since the early 20th century CE severely altered the natural hydrological regime introducing rapid seasonal lake-level oscillations and increased lakeshore erosion, water turbidity and nutrient loads. The recent environmental restoration, finished in 2006, has involved the re-deposition of large volumes of mine tailing. Although some mining wastewater still arrives into the lake because mine drainage is still active, restoration works have succeeded in reducing erosion rates and nutrient loads. Lower land-use intensity has also contributed to natural vegetation recovery, further diminishing erosion. This study illustrates the complex interactions between human activities (grazing, mining, hydropower) and climate change in defining mountain landscape shifts through time. Moreover, our results highlight the usefulness of paleolimnological research to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of lake restoration programs.

Chapter 8. Isotopic evidence for protohistoric field locations in northeastern Illinois

AbstractIn the western Great Lakes region of the United States, late prehistoric and early historic Indigenous fields are often difficult to investigate because their archaeological signatures are faint and easily destroyed. They have been identified largely via rare remnants of raised fields and historical records. With the majority of Indigenous fields destroyed, important aspects of cultivation remain ambiguous, especially the ecology of cultivated areas. In addition to archaeological indicators of field location, the choice of specific environmental settings (prairie, wetland, upland forest, etc.) can be encoded in the stable isotope ratios of cultigens. Stable carbon‐ and nitrogen‐isotope ratios of maize kernels and wood charcoal from the Middle Grant Creek site (11WI2739), an early 17th century village in northeastern Illinois, are used to better understand agricultural practices during one of the coldest periods of the Little Ice Age.

Women’s belt from mound 12 of the Belorechensk burial ground

The article focuses on the analysis of a belt and a silver belt set from a female burial of mound 12 of the Belorechensk burial ground (excavations by Nikolai Veselovsky in 1896) now kept in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum. There was a medieval principality of the Circassians known as Kremuk located in the middle reaches of the Kuban River, in the vicinity of the modern cities of Maikop and Belorechensk. The belt was found in one of the richest female burials which probably belonged to a noble Circassian woman. The burial can be dated not earlier than the second third of the 15th – early 16th century AD. It is a women’s belt, as it lacks details typical for men’s military belts – accessories necessary for mounting weapons. It is possible that it was assembled from different parts: the plaques constitute one complex, the tip and buckle are from another one. The place of production of the belt, both silver fittings and braid, can be defined as the Black Sea region. Sash fabrics can be either imported or produced in the workshops of the Northern Black Sea region.

To studying coins of the Grand Principalty of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal (late 14th – early 15th century AD)

The article considers the results of years-long study in the coinage of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality of the late 14th – early 15th century AD (prior to the monetary reform of the early 1410s). About 17,500 coins were involved in the study, systematized and divided into four groups. The first group includes sovereign coinage from the period of independence of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality (5107 items), the second one includes monetary issues of Moscow governors after the annexation of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow for the period of 1392–1410 (3074 coins), and the third one comprises anepigraphic coins of the late 14th – early 15th century AD, largely unidentified by issuer and place of their coinage (5427 coins). Bilateral imitations of Jochid dirhams (more than 3800 coins; some of which are associated with coins of the main groups due to common stamps) are not considered in the paper.

Solutions for urban sanitation: A case study of Imhoff tank technology in Bandung, Dutch East Indies (1917‒1938)

This research investigates how municipalities managed wastewater in the Dutch East Indies in the early 20th century. We focus on Bandung, one of the most important cities in the Dutch East Indies, which transformed into a modern residential area, economic center, and seat of government. This research combines primary data from written sources and field observations using historical-archaeological methods. The written sources include official reports from the Public Works Department, Civil Health Department, Bandung City Council, old maps, sewer network designs, environmental engineering journals, and newspapers published from 1909 to 1941. Using the techno-environmental approach introduced by Martin V. Melosi, this study considers urban technology as a strategic response by decision-makers to address the challenges faced by developing cities in the early 20th century. The study reveals that Bandung City faced environmental problems, such as the natives' habit of defecating in rivers and open spaces, spreading diseases, and potentially polluting river water. These problems arose due to the lack of sanitation facilities and the densely populated settlements, especially in the native and Chinese residential areas. To address these challenges, policymakers, environmental engineers, and researchers initiated the design and implementation of sewers, public toilets, and wastewater treatment plants in 1917. The Municipality integrated sewers with the Imhoff Tank sewage treatment technology developed by researchers and engineers from 1932 to 1938 to introduce circular sewage treatment. Imhoff Tanks was a significant technological innovation in the Dutch East Indies. In the early 20th century, only a handful of cities in the Dutch East Indies, including Bandung, Medan, and Yogyakarta, had integrated sewer networks. Among the cities that did have sewer networks, Bandung pioneered the implementation of the Imhoff Tank. As a result, it emerged as an important laboratory and development center for Bandung and the entire Dutch East Indies. The Imhoff Tank treatment process, which produces clean water, fertilizer, and methane gas that can be used as vehicle fuel, was part of a proactive strategy pioneered by policymakers in Bandung in the early 20th century, reflecting their vision to create a healthy and sustainable city.

호주의 불법 마약 관련 법과 통제정책:한국과의 간략한 비교

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Australian drug laws, highlighting the evolution of laws from the late 19th century to the present, and comparing them with South Korean drug policies. It begins by exploring the historical context of Australian drug laws, highlighting the shift from minimal intervention in the late 19th century, characterized by the widespread use of drugs like opium and morphine, to more stringent drug control policies in the early 20th century. This change was influenced by international developments and domestic concerns, notably racial prejudices and the rise of international drug conventions. The paper then delves into the legal frameworks governing drug offences in Australia, explaining the interplay of federal and state laws. It outlines the specific provisions and penalties, with an emphasis on the Criminal Code Act 1995(Cth) and the definitions of serious drugs. A detailed examination of drug offences under Federal law is provided, including distribution, production, import-export and possession offences, along with their respective penalties. Furthermore, the paper discusses the enforcement and prosecution of drug laws in Australia, detailing the roles of law enforcement agencies, the prosecution process, and the judiciary's role in interpreting and applying these laws. It also highlights the shift in Australian drug policy towards harm reduction and public health approaches. This section includes case studies of harm reduction initiatives in Australia. A notable aspect of the paper is the comparison between Australian and South Korean drug laws, elucidating their similarities and differences. While both countries adopt a strict stance on illicit drugs and have similar drug classification systems, they differ in their approach to personal use and possession, harm reduction focus, legal status of cannabis, and cultural perceptions of drug use. The paper concludes by emphasizing the complexity of drug legislation and policy in Australia, shaped by international conventions and domestic priorities. It notes that Australian drug laws strike a balance between prohibition, control, and public health, providing valuable insights for international audiences. The paper also recognizes the dynamic nature of Australian drug law, suggesting that its evolution could significantly influence global drug policy, especially with emerging challenges like synthetic drugs and online drug trafficking.

Analyzing the Social Impact of Informal Education in Vietnam in the Early 20th Century

Analyzing the Social Impact of Informal Education in Vietnam in the Early 20th Century

企劃論文] 근대 초기 딱지본 표지화에서 보이는 중국 도상 연구

In the early 20th century, Kroean publishing houses that pioneered the distribution of newly edited Chinese classical novels actively utilized Chinese images to reflect readers’ tastes, even showcasing images that were neither popular nor taboo in the Joseon Dynasty. On the covers of Ttakji-bon novel, such as “Gwkbunyang Silqi(The Story of Gwakbunyang),” a Chinese novel, the Chinese-style iconography of a husband and wife sitting together enjoying a banquet was consistently featured from the first edition in 1913 until the 1950s. This imagery, which was not seen in the Confucian society of the Joseon Dynasty, highlights the public’s interest and changes regarding the new status of men and women within the East Asian family structure during the transition to a modern society. Moreover, the book-cover of “Gwakbunyang Silgi” illustrates the distribution of the Chinese iconography of the husband and wife sitting together, which was very popular in Qing Dynasty as a form of New Year’s Poster(Nianhua). This paper examines the visual representation and distribution of the classical story of Gwabunyang in the publishing culture of the early 20th century, focusing on the cover images of the Ttakji-bon, Gwakbunyang Silgi.