Early 20th Century Research Articles

Building a Better All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery with Halide Solid-State Electrolyte.

Since the electrochemical potential of lithium metal was systematically elaborated and measured in the early 19th century, lithium-ion batteries with liquid organic electrolyte have been a key energy storage device and successfully commercialized at the end of the 20th century. Although lithium-ion battery technology has progressed enormously in recent years, it still suffers from two core issues, intrinsic safety hazard and low energy density. Within approaches to address the core challenges, the development of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLBs) based on halide solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) has displayed potential for application in stationary energy storage devices and may eventually become an essential component of a future smart grid. In this Review, we categorize and summarize the current research status of halide SSEs based on different halogen anions from the perspective of halogen chemistry, upon which we summarize the different synthetic routes of halide SSEs possessing high room-temperature ionic conductivity, and compare in detail the performance of halide SSEs based on different halogen anions in terms of ionic conductivity, activation energy, electronic conductivity, interfacial contact stability, and electrochemical window and summarize the corresponding optimization strategies for each of the above-mentioned electrochemical indicators. Finally, we provide an outlook on the unresolved challenges and future opportunities of ASSLBs.

The Sublingua of Lemur catta and Varecia variegata: Only a Cleaning Function?

The sublingua is an anatomical structure located under the tongue. This rare organ can be present in some animals as a rudimentary structure, but among prosimian primates, such as lemurs and lorises, it is fully developed. In addition to the sublingua, prosimians have modified lower incisors and canines called "dental comb". The anatomy of sublingua has been studied macro and microanatomically since the early 19th century. Most authors argue that the sublingua is an oral morphological adaptation to develop a toothbrush's role in cleaning the dental comb. However, others assert that the functional role has yet to be established. Comparative studies of macro and microanatomy are scarce or incomplete for primates; thus, the putative function remains unclear. To better understand the functional significance of the sublingua, we studied this structure in Lemur catta and Varecia variegata specimens using histochemical staining techniques and scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis. The new data obtained provide a fuller picture of the role assigned to sublingua so far, which could be more complex. In light of the morphological findings, we should consider additional roles/functions of the sublingua, including but not limited to food processing, grooming or social behavior.

Cheat, cheat, repeat: On the consistency of dishonest behavior in structurally comparable situations.

A fundamental assumption about human behavior forming the backbone of trait theories is that, to some extent, individuals behave consistently across structurally comparable situations. However, especially for unethical behavior, the consistency assumption has been severely questioned, at least from the early 19th century onward. We provide a strict test of the consistency assumption for a prominent instance of unethical behavior-dishonesty-in a large (N = 1,916) and demographically diverse sample. Dishonest behavior was measured three times-up to 3 years apart-using different variants of well-established, incentivized cheating paradigms. A key advantage of these paradigms is that lying is individually profitable but not self-incriminating. Besides varying the specific task at hand, we experimentally varied the nature of incentives (i.e., money vs. avoiding tedious work) as well as their magnitude across measurement occasions. The consistency of dishonest behavior was estimated using a newly developed statistical model. Results showed strong consistency of dishonest behavior across contexts in most cases. Furthermore, theoretically relevant personality traits (i.e., Honesty-Humility and the Dark Factor) yielded meaningful relations both with dishonesty and indeed its consistency. Thus, contrary to long-standing assumptions, there is notable consistency in dishonest behavior that can be attributed to underlying dispositional factors. Overall, the current findings have important implications for the theoretical understanding of dishonest behavior by providing strong evidence for (dis)honesty as a trait as well as for practice (e.g., honesty interventions). Moreover, the newly developed statistical approach can serve future research across scientific fields. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Adult Human Height of Men and Women from Different Regions of Russia in the 1900s–2000s

The present article aimed to study the secular changes in the mean adult human height of males and females across different regions of Russia. Here we present the results of the meta-analysis of a comprehensive data set on the mean heights of males from the 1900–1910s to the 1990–2000s birth cohorts among 63 regions of the Russian Federation (in over 470 groups), and mean heights of females from the 1940–1950s to the 1990–2000s birth cohorts among 54 regions of the Russian Federation (in over 340 groups). The regional secular trends of mean height were illustrated for the adult population in seven federal districts in Russia. We analyzed anthropological data using a combined approach, in which the temporal aspects of variation in body height were studied through retrospective analysis, and the spatial aspects (regional differences in adult height over a long period) were studied using cross-population analysis. The positive secular trend of the adult body height of men and women throughout the 20th century can be observed both at the national and subnational levels. During the last century, adult height of males increased by 9,35 cm (from 166,33 cm to 175,68 cm) at a rate of 0,84 cm/decade. From the 1940–1950s to the present, women’s adult height increased by 3,75 cm (from 160,06 cm to 163,81 cm) at a rate of 0,78 cm/decade. In our study, we found regional trends of secular dynamics and differences in mean height in different time slices. At the early 20th century, men of the Far Eastern Federal District exhibited the highest mean height, and at the end of the observation period this distinction was held by the men of Moscow and Krasnodar Krai. In the middle of the last century, the highest female height was documented in Pskov Oblast and Volgograd Oblast, and in the end of the century — in the Krasnodar Krai and Altai Krai. Regional differences in the spatiotemporal variation in adult human height may be explained by socio-economic differentiation between the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Transformation of the Celebrations and Entertainment Culture of Russians under the Influence of the Orthodox Clergy (Second Half of 19th — early 20th Century)

Both global social, economic and political factors on the one hand and personal ones on the other determine the ways in which the folk celebrations and entertainment culture transform over time. The article, based on archival, published and the author’s field materials, presents the results of a study of how parish clergy affected the folk celebrations and entertainment culture, playing style and repertoire in accordance with church regulations. The activities of the priests, representing a set of individual practices, were focused on achieving a common goal — the assimilation of Christian doctrine by the peasantry and the introduction of norms of behavior corresponding to Christian ethics into everyday life, including in the celebrations sphere. The study showed that thanks to continuous efforts to introduce Christian tenets into the collective consciousness of the peasants, the priests were able to gradually transform the basic understanding of a holiday, making it more canonical, which certainly influenced the forms of folk fun. As a result, a system of temporal, locative, age-related, and action-based prohibitions emerged that define the acceptable framework of the Celebrations. They were effective regulators of behavior, performing an educational and training function. The results of the transformation of the celebrations and entertainment culture are mainly presented in two variants: 1) adaptation of Christian institutions resulting in a syncretic form, including both pre-Christian and Christian elements; 2) complete displacement of unwanted entertainment from everyday life. In general, the transformation of the celebrations and entertainment culture was a complex and multidirectional process. On the one hand, it was in line with Christian institutions, on the other, a return to «pagan» forms was often observed. Abstract concepts about the sinfulness of profane entertainment, which were transmitted by the priests, could not displace the archaic attitude towards the festive and playful sphere of life and devalue the ritual, magical and socio-cultural functions that fun and play performed in peasant society.

Phantoms and phantom limbs: history of describing the phenomenon

“Phantom” is the sensation of missing body part. Phantom can occur after amputation of virtually any part of the body, but more often after amputation of the upper or lower limbs defined as a “phantom limb”. Such sensations can reach the severity of excruciating pain – phantom pain, significantly reducing the quality of patients’ life. Reports on phantoms, phantom limbs and phantom pain have been recorded since the early 16th century, but the exact underlying pathogenesis has not yet been determined, and many theories for their development have been proposed. The review discusses timeline of describing phantoms, phantom limbs and phantom pain in the scientific literature.

Hill Stations in Vietnam During the French Colonial Period: The Case Study of Tam Dao

In the process of colonial conquest, beside political and economic strategies, Western powers continually sought to establish hill stations as “sanctuaries from the death in the tropics”. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, French colonialism in Vietnam intensified their exploration and search for places in the midlands and mountainous areas to establish hill stations. These stations served as retreats for vacationing, recuperation, and cure during summers, eliminating the need for travel to distant lands. This article aims to answer the question of the reasons and conditions that led the colonial authorities to choose locations for establishing these mountain resorts. It elucidates the process of formation and development of Tam Dao (Vinh Yen province), in comparison with Da Lat (Central Highlands) and Sapa (Northwest region). The article contributes to sparking further research on this intriguing topic in the modern history of Vietnam, particularly in Vĩnh Yên.

The pre-Roe legal framework: a dissecting study of the evolution of abortion laws and their socio-legal implications

Introduction The historical evolution of abortion laws in the United States reflects significant shifts in societal attitudes and legal frameworks, particularly concerning reproductive rights and maternal consent. Prior to Roe v. Wade, abortion was largely criminalised, but gradual changes in public opinion and legislation paved the way for liberalised abortion laws. Objective This study aims to examine the legal and societal developments shaping abortion laws in the United States from the early 19th century to the pre-Roe era, focusing on the interplay between public opinion and legislative milestones. Methods A historical-legal methodology was employed, analysing primary sources such as court rulings and statutes, alongside secondary literature. The research explores the evolving legal definitions of foetal personhood and maternal autonomy, contextualised within broader societal changes. Results The findings reveal a transformation in perceptions of abortion, from being viewed as a criminal act to a recognised right influenced by medical, social, and political factors. Legal frameworks increasingly reflected public support for women’s autonomy, culminating in the Roe v. Wade decision. Conclusions This study provides historical context for contemporary abortion debates, highlighting how pre-Roe legal and societal changes continue to inform discussions on women’s health, autonomy, and reproductive rights.

The Exploration of Rapid Advancement of Vehicles

Over the past century, autonomous vehicles have grown remarkably in the automobile sector in terms of price, safety, and dependability. People are already living in the age of driverless cars because of tremendous developments in computing, networking, and other technology. Numerous autonomous automobile prototype models have undergone testing, with test drives totaling several miles. The automotive industry saw explosive growth in the early 20th century thanks to mass production techniques pioneered by companies like Ford, which began with the invention of the internal combustion engine in the late 19th century. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), sensors, and machine learning have made a reality for self-driving. These systems rely on a combination of technologies like LIDAR, radar, cameras, and neural networks to navigate and make real-time decisions. This improves safety and reduces the human error. This paper is fully researching how and why the rapid advancement of vehicles and the function of some elements, such as AI. The meaning of the study is to know the trend of vehicles in recent years, how to improve more and how people can make this trend more substantial

Analysis of the Governments Role in the Economic Crisis During the Interwar Period

An economic crisis or a financial crisis encompasses a broad variety of undesirable situations that impact the economy, including recession, inflation, and stagflation. Using two examples from the Interwar Period, this paper examines the role of the state and its reactions in response to economic crises. Both economic crises led to high unemployment, social unrest, and mass impoverishment in their respective countries. Similarly, both nations found their way out through strong government interventionism and legislative changes, resulting in greater state control over the market. This paper settles on two major economic crises from the early 20th century, hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic and the Great Depression of the United State, and take a further look at the causes of these crises, their impacts, and the state's efforts to overcome them. In conclusion, although two economic crises are specifically caused by different reasons under different backgrounds, both of the countries overcome the effects through more similar procedures. In short, both countries increased their government presence and level of interventionism in the economy. Especially in increasing government investments on public projects, such as infrastructure and improvement on social securities, appeared to be the solution for economic crises during the Interwar Period

The more things change, the more they stay the same: A multi‐wave national assessment of police academy training curricula

AbstractResearch SummaryUsing secondary data from a census of 421 police academies nationwide continuously operating between 2002 and 2018, we assessed continuity and change in core areas of basic law enforcement training (BLET) of new police hires. Despite decades of concerns expressed by national‐level commissions, scholars, and practitioners about the substance of police academy basic training, ours is the first study since the 1980s that examines the content of basic training at multiple police academies during an extended period that included two eras of policing: community oriented and evidence based. Results showed continuity throughout time in total required hours of BLET, including required hours of core curriculum training, and a disproportionate distribution of total training hours allotted to areas central to the crime fighter persona of the early 20th century professional era.Policy ImplicationsThis assessment revealed strong empirical evidence of long‐term resistance to change in police basic training based on continuing overemphasis of traditional aspects of basic training (e.g., use of lethal weapons) over other parts (e.g., community‐oriented policing). Our results, combined with recent qualitative analyses of police basic training revealing a primary “danger imperative” message broadcast to trainees by instructors along with more subtle racist and sexist messages about “bad guys” wanting to kill cops, reveal that decades of efforts to get the occupation to change what new police officers learn during basic training is apparently the equivalent of what Dorothy Guyot once termed “bending granite”—an effort doomed to fail. To weaken the granite, police practitioners and leaders involved with training must take steps toward a complete and comprehensive reorientation of police recruitment and basic training that stresses the importance of new hires acquiring a toolkit that has a guardian‐based foundation and emphasis but allows for the rare instances when officers need to use warrior tools.

Caste criminalisation in South India and permanent migration to Fiji, 1903–1927

AbstractDoes the official criminalisation of a group lead to permanent out‐migration? In the early 20th century, British officials in south India designated multiple castes as inherently criminal under the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA). The CTA required police registration and could force entire groups into special settlements. Utilising unique, individual‐level administrative data on all south Indian indentured labourers in Fiji, I analyse criminalisation's effects on return migration. Members of criminalised castes returned to India less even when offered free repatriation, with a statistically and economically significant fall of 18%. My results show the impact of policies of criminalisation on migration.

Refining the Production Date of Historical Palestinian Garments Through Dye Identification

The dyes used to produce two Palestinian garments from the British Museum’s collection attributed to the late 19th–early 20th century were investigated by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Palestinian embroidery is a symbol of national identity and the topic of scholarly research. However, little attention has been given to the dyes and how these changed with the introduction of new synthetic formulations in the second half of the 19th century. The results revealed the use of natural indigoid blue and red madder (Rubia tinctorum), in combination with tannins. Yellow from buckthorn (probably Rhamnus saxatilis) and red from cochineal (probably Dactylopius coccus) were found mixed with synthetic dyes in green and dark red embroidery threads, respectively. Early synthetic dyes were identified in all the other colours. These include Rhodamine B (C.I. 45170), Orange II (C.I. 15510), Orange IV (C.I. 13080), Metanil Yellow (C.I. 13065), Chrysoidine R (C.I. 11320), Methyl Violet (C.I. 42535), Malachite Green (C.I. 42000), Fuchsin (C.I. 42510), Auramine O (C.I. 41000) and Methyl Blue (C.I. 42780). As the date of the first synthesis of these dyes is known, the production date of the garments was refined, suggesting that these were likely to be produced towards the end of the 1880s/beginning of the 1890s. The continuous use of historical local sources of natural dyes, alongside new synthetic dyes, is of particular interest, adding rightful nuances to the development of textile-making practices in this region.

Clinical Guidelines for Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) has evolved since its initial description in 1810. Initially considered untreatable in the early 20th century, extensive research over time has significantly advanced our understanding of its aetiopathogenesis. This led to successful chemotherapy treatments, which have shown superior outcomes compared to surgical interventions. Vincristine, in particular, has proven effective in treating CTVT. However, the development of chemoresistance underscores the need to explore alternative therapeutic options. This systematic review provides a comprehensive analysis of CTVT treatment practices from 1950 to 2023, aiming to establish a gold standard and enhance clinical decision-making. Initially, 3633 studies were identified, with 42 meeting the eligibility criteria. Our findings suggest that vincristine sulphate monotherapy is the recommended first-line treatment for CTVT. Administering vincristine intravenously at a dosage of 0.5-0.75 mg/m2 weekly for 4-6 sessions resulted in a 93.1% (67.4%-100%) complete response rate in dogs. Extending the treatment to eight sessions increased the complete response rate to 98.9% (83.3%-100%). Radiation therapy, lomustine and doxorubicin are viable second-line treatment options; however, extensive cohort studies are required to confirm their efficacy in achieving remission in vincristine-resistant cases. Additionally, no clear criteria could be established for initiating treatment with drugs other than vincristine in previously untreated dogs. Surgery is considered a third-line option. Notably, complete remission is anticipated following recommended systemic and local therapies in nearly all cases. Despite concerns about chemoresistance, current guidelines indicate a favourable response to suggested treatments even in resistant cases.

The World of Migrants from Ryazan in the Post-Reform Period: Methods of Studying Migration and Local Adaptation in the Altai

The study describes a new method of integrating field and archival sources relevant to the migration of peasant families from the Ryazan Governorate to the Altai in the 1880s. Late 19th to early 20th century documents from the archives of the Ryazan and Tomsk regions were used. A new comparative method was applied to analyze the findings of ethnographic surveys in places of the original (Ryazan) and subsequent (Shubinka Volost, Biysk Uyezd, Altai) residence of migrants. Based on interviews with their descendants, adaptation to the new areas of residence was explored. Both before and after the 1917 Revolution, the migrants retained their two basiс distinctions—Orthodoxy and the Southern Russian dialect. Adaptation processes included development of the new habitat and marriages not only with members of their group but also with Siberian old residents. These adaptive strategies opposed migrants from Ryazan to those from other Southern Russian Governorates such as Kursk, Voronezh, etc., who maintained ties mostly with migrants from Poltava, Chernigov, and other southern regions.

Colonial film markets in the early 20th century Mediterranean

ABSTRACT By examining the various scales of film trade in the Mediterranean up to the late 1910s in all their intricacies, this article seeks to shed new light on the history of film circulation across the French, Italian, and British Empires. It uncovers the Mediterranean dimension of itinerant exhibitions and the early stages of film rental, revealing a remarkable variety of routes across the ‘White Middle Sea’ (from Greece to Algeria; from Sicily to Malta and Tunisia; from Egypt to Algeria; from Tunisia to Sardinia; and from Catalonia to western Algeria, among others), as well as previously overlooked trade nodes. Focusing on Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, the study underscores the tensions between regional circuits – sometimes incorporating pre-colonial networks – and imperial markets, as the institutionalisation of distribution gradually led to the centralisation and hierarchisation of exchanges. In addition to investigating the movement of films within this interconnected region, the article addresses the lack of comparative analysis between colonial empires, each approaching the film industry in distinct ways, in order to elucidate what may be common to a colonial cinema economy.

Identification and Visualization of Clusters Using Network Theory Methods: The Case of the Greek Production System

The interest in clusters in the economy and regional space, which has persisted for nearly three decades, has reignited the understanding of the economy as a system of interdependencies between industries. Although the concept of clusters can be traced back to contributions dating from the early 20th century, they have become a central focus of regional development policies in recent decades, as they have been linked to enhancements of innovation, the knowledge economy, and ultimately, territorial competitiveness. Arguably, the most effective and comprehensive way to present the systemic nature of the economy is through input–output tables. The main feature of these tables, on which this work is based, is that they describe the relationships and flows between industries (or products) during the production process. These fundamental relationships among the industries in the production system are depicted in the inter-industry (and intra-industry) transaction matrix of an economy’s input–output tables. To analyze these relationships, we use network theory, in the context of which the transaction matrix can be seen as the adjacency matrix of a directed, weighted graph (or network) with loops. In this study, clusters are identified for the case of Greece, using two different approaches based on the modularity of the network, utilizing the 2010 input–output tables for this country. As a result, five clusters of industries that structure the country’s production system across 62 industries are identified, which are also presented through graphical visualizations.

Reconstructing the environmental impact of mining on mountain lakes.

Mountain lakes are particularly fragile ecosystems undergoing important ecological and depositional transformations associated with ongoing global change. However, the history of anthropogenic impacts on mountain lakes and their catchments is much longer, in many cases featuring millennia of summer pastoral farming. More recently, the growing demand for raw materials and energy linked to industrialization, particularly accelerated since the 19th century CE, meant a further increase in human impact on mountain areas. The Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) constitutes a paradigmatic case of southern European mountain range experiencing intense human impact during the past millennia and particularly the past two centuries. Here, we have reconstructed the environmental dynamics of this area during the last millennium, with a particular focus on the impact of mining, based on the multidisciplinary analysis (sedimentology, biogeochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, diatoms, pollen, charcoal and dung fungal spores) of sediment cores from Lago de La Cueva (43°03'N, 6°06'W, 1550ma.s.l.). Fire induced deforestation during the 15th century CE increased erosion during the Little Ice Age. The onset of iron mining in the catchment 200years ago significantly impacted the lake, increasing sedimentation rates and mining waste containing hematite and potentially toxic elements. Diatoms showed that lake regulation since the early 20th century CE severely altered the natural hydrological regime introducing rapid seasonal lake-level oscillations and increasing lakeshore erosion, water turbidity and nutrient loads. The recent environmental restoration, finished in 2006, involved the re-deposition of mine tailings. Although mining wastewater still reaches the lake, restoration effectively reduced erosion and nutrient loads. This study illustrates the complex interactions between human activities (grazing, mining, hydropower) and climate change in shaping mountain landscapes through time. Our findings highlight the usefulness of Paleolimnology to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of lake restoration programs.

The return of raptors to Scotland's skies: Investigating the diets of reintroduced red kites and white-tailed eagles using stable isotopes.

Species reintroductions are increasingly seen as important methods of biodiversity restoration. Reintroductions of red kites Milvus milvus and white-tailed eagles Halieaeetus albicilla to Britain, which were extirpated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, represent major conservation successes. Here, we measured stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in feather keratin and bone collagen of museum specimens of red kites and white-tailed eagles, which were collected from across Scotland between the 1800s and 2010s. Our objectives were to investigate dietary differences between species and between the pre- and post- reintroduction periods. Among reintroduced birds, δ13C values were significantly less negative and δ15N values higher in feather keratin and bone collagen of white-tailed eagles compared to red kites, likely reflecting a greater reliance on marine resources by the former. Our stable isotope data showed a wide range, confirming the dietary diversity observed in conventional diet studies of both taxa, with white-tailed eagles, in particular, having wide dietary niches and a considerable degree of inter-individual variability. Isotopic data from pre-introduction red kites mostly fell within the range of post-reintroduction birds, suggesting they had similar diets to the pre-reintroduction birds, or the prey base for modern birds is isotopically indistinguishable from that of their historic counterparts. For white-tailed eagles, several pre-reintroduction birds were isotopically distinct from the post-reintroduction population. These differences may indicate a changing prey base, although these conclusions are complicated by shifting distributions and small population samples. Overall, our study demonstrates the utility of natural history collections in examining changes in diet, environment, and interactions with humans in reintroduced species compared with pre-extirpation indigenous populations.

Intergenerational trends in body size among Moscow's young adults: socio-demographic influences of the 20th century.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of socio-demographic and epidemiological factors on the secular changes in body size indicators (height, weight, and BMI) among young adults aged 17-22 years in Moscow from the early 20th century to the present. Published average anthropometric data from screening surveys conducted from 1880/1925-26 to 2020-21 were analysed (4,823 males and 5,952 females), along with demographic data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Findings revealed consistent anthropometric trends and strong associations between secular changes in body size of Moscow youth and socio-demographic indicators such as population size, life expectancy, and infant mortality rates. An increase in height and weight was noted against the backdrop of urbanisation, increased life expectancy, and reduced infant mortality. These results indicate that the urbanisation process and the transformation of the epidemiological landscape in 20th-century Russia - marked by enhancements in public health, modernisation of the healthcare system, and medical advancements - have had a significant impact on changes in body size across generations. Notably, from the mid-20th century onwards, with the exception of the final decade, conditions favourable to growth and development were established, culminating in a significant increase in definitive anthropometric parameters across successive generations. The findings underscore the imperative for policymakers to bolster investments in urban development, healthcare, and education. Such strategic investments are essential for sustaining and amplifying the positive physical development trends witnessed.