Early Pioneers Research Articles

Dermatologists in the Wild West, 1870-1900: The early pioneers from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Coast

During the Wild West era of American history (approximately 1870-1900), at least 53 dermatologists settled between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast. In 1870, two dermatologists began their practice in the city of St Louis, Missouri (William Augustus Hardaway and Solomon Claiborne Martin, Sr) and one dermatologist started his practice in San Francisco, California (George J. Bucknall). By 1900, 50 more dermatologists had settled in 19 cities located in the American West (Tables 1,2). There, they established practices, initiated academic programs, and pioneered dermatology as a medical specialty in the western United States. This contribution provides brief biographic profiles of these early western American dermatologists. It also presents several dermatology-related vignettes from the Wild West that involved such colorful personalities as Doc Holiday, Calamity Jane, and Sister Mary Joseph. From these beginnings, 150 years ago, the specialty of dermatology would further spread and develop across the American West during the 20th century.

One hundred years of neurosurgery: contributions of American women.

The end of the first 100 years of any endeavor is an appropriate time to look back and peer forward. As neurosurgery celebrates its 1st century as a specialty, the increasing role of women neurosurgeons is a major theme. This article documents the early women pioneers in neurosurgery. The contributions of these trailblazers to the origins, academics, and professional organizations of neurosurgery are highlighted. The formation of Women in Neurosurgery in 1989 is described, as is the important role this organization has played in introducing and promoting talented women in the profession. Contributions of women neurosurgeons to academic medicine and society as a whole are briefly highlighted. Contemporary efforts and initiatives indicate future directions in which women may lead neurosurgery in its 2nd century.

CSE 2020 Annual Meeting: Advancing Science by Exchanging Knowledge

Since the writing of this article, the CSE Executive Board announced that the 2020 Annual Meeting would not be held on its originally scheduled dates due to the multiple extenuating circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Executive Board and the CSE Program Committee are working diligently to arrange for alternate methods of providing meeting content to CSE members and will release any relevant details as soon as possible. In the meantime, please visit the Annual Meeting home page at https://www.councilscienceeditors.org/events/upcoming-events/2020-cse-annual-meeting/ for the most up-to-date information.For years, the CSE Annual Meeting has served as a point of convergence for a broad spectrum of professionals within the field of scientific publishing, providing attendees with valuable opportunities for interaction, collaboration, and education. In 2020, CSE’s members will convene in a city that itself has a rich history of industry reciprocity, thus emulating the spirit and principles of any organization that strives to support and empower its constituents. This year’s theme, “Advancing Science by Exchanging Knowledge,” was inspired by Portland’s status as a major hub of mercantile exchange, one where early 19th-century settlers, pioneers, and entrepreneurs could reliably obtain the resources they required for success and survival in the burgeoning Pacific Northwest. Similarly, the CSE Annual Meeting serves as a central source of indispensable experience, innovation, and expertise that provides CSE members with the tools they need to thrive in the ever-evolving, ever-expanding hinterland of scholarly publishing. With this theme in mind, it’s difficult to envision a more appropriate keynote speaker than Brian […]

In Memoriam Harvey C. Nathanson 1936–2019

<fig orientation="portrait" position="float" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <graphic orientation="portrait" position="float" xlink:href="natha-2964082.tif"/> </fig> On November 22, 2019, MEMS lost one of its early pioneers, Dr. Harvey C. Nathanson, at age 83. A lifelong resident of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he received his education in electrical engineering from Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University, completing his Ph.D. in 1962. He then joined Westinghouse Research and Development Center, working as a research engineer and then manager of microelectronics, ultimately becoming Chief Scientist in 1990, continuing after its acquisition by Northrop Grumman, and transitioning to a consulting role after his retirement in 2001.

Geospatial platforms and immersive tools for social cohesion: the 4D narrative of architecture of Australia’s Afghan cameleers

&lt;p class="VARAbstract"&gt;This paper focuses on examining the scope of virtual architectural archaeology in forms of digital geospatial platforms and immersive tools such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) to be used for achieving social cohesion, particularly in a multicultural and multi-ethnic society like Australia’s. In the context of the current global and national concern about Muslims and Islam, as well as for the mistrust towards and distance between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Australia, it is imperative to delve deeper into the contribution of early Muslim pioneers, in this case, the Afghan Cameleers, in the social fabric of colonial Australia. Based on the premise that architecture could be a unique and revealing research frame to gain insight into human values, worldview and material culture, the main aim of this paper is to address two key issues using virtual architectural archaeology. Firstly, to demonstrate the application of 4D capturing and component-based modelling with metadata and paradata regarding the past of the lost architectural heritage sites in remote central and western Australia, also counting on assets such as Linked Open Data (LOD) for further dissemination and use. Secondly, to propose a mode to disseminate new knowledge through digital platforms and VR/AR experiences to the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) audiences and schools regarding the Muslims in Australia. Understanding properly them and their contribution to the Australian society would eventually minimise the cultural distance between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Australia. Greater awareness could mitigate the myth of fear and mistrust regarding Muslims and Islam, widely misunderstood for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Highlights:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Architectural-archaeological heritage as a tool for achieving social cohesion and to minimise cultural/social differences between Muslims and non-Muslims in Australia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;4D capturing and digital geospatial platforms for contextualising architectural-archaeological heritage in a spatial and chronological way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gamified and non-gamified Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications to engage the general public with architectural-archaeological heritage from remote, hard-to-access areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;

From Individual Heroes to National Performers: The Shift in Taekwondo’s Peace Promotion Activities

The writings of early taekwondo pioneers promote peace through the practice of the martial art and, later, the combat sport. These pioneers charged taekwondo practitioners with a duty to contribute to justice, defend the weak, and build a more peaceful world. National and international taekwondo organizations such as the Kukkiwon, World Taekwondo (WT), and the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) have taken up the charge of peace promotion through taekwondo by means of transnational events, such as goodwill tours and joint taekwondo demonstrations by adversarial states (e.g., South and North Korea). These activities are soft diplomacy initiatives and have seen some level of success. While these soft diplomacy activities are in line with the goal of peace promotion that the early pioneers advocated, they are qualitatively different from what the pioneers advocated. Originally, the responsibility of peace promotion was on the individual taekwondo practitioner, who ought to cultivate moral character, courage, and martial art skill in order to uphold justice and defend the weak. With the current use of taekwondo for soft diplomacy, the responsibility of peace promotion has shifted from the individual practitioner to the governing bodies, such as WT and the ITF. Instead of focusing on issues surrounding justice and the protection of the weak, these national and international organizations focus on geopolitical cooperation, which is mediated through cultural exchange activities in the form of taekwondo demonstrations. These events involve activities such as acrobatic performances, dance routines, and board breaking that require little combat skill and may not pose the risk of serious injury to the individual practitioners, mainstays of the individual heroes of old. The charge to safeguard justice and physically defend the weak, which are acts of true courage as was envisioned by the taekwondo pioneers, is mostly ignored.

In Memoriam

Edward Cameron Kirby (August 25th 1934–January 19th 2019) was a Scottish scientist, a Fellow of the (British) Royal Society of Chemistry and a member of the International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry, who made contributions to a unique combination of areas: problem solving in practical Chemistry, editorial work in Nutrition and Health, Chemical Graph Theory, and the use of small personal computers in Computational Chemistry, of which he was an early pioneer. For a period of some forty years, he was a keen and dependable supporter of Mathematical Chemistry in Croatia, even in the dark days of 1991–1995 and the post-war years 1996–2000.

Making IT Work: A History of the Computer Services Industry by Jeffrey R. Yost

Reviewed by: Making IT Work: A History of the Computer Services Industry by Jeffrey R. Yost Paul Ceruzzi (bio) Making IT Work: A History of the Computer Services Industry. By Jeffrey R. Yost. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017. Pp. x + 376. $37. Jeffrey R. Yost, associate director of the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota, makes a valuable contribution to the literature on the history of information technology since the dawn of the electronic age. There is no shortage of studies of electronic computers and of the companies that manufactured and sold them. But once the equipment was installed at a customer’s site, the real work began: how to get the computers working well enough to justify the expense of purchasing and installing them. That was not just a matter of getting the hardware to run reliably, although that was an issue. Nor was it only a matter of training customers to use computer languages including FORTRAN and COBOL, although that, too, was important. Also critical was analyzing the customer’s specific needs and matching those needs with the capabilities of the electronic computer. The computer is, by its nature, a general-purpose machine. But every customer has a unique set of requirements, which the user can meet only with some effort. Yost’s book chronicles the rise of a variety of approaches to address that need. In the book’s subtitle, Yost calls the industry “computer services.” In succeeding chapters, he elaborates on this term, describing firms that entangled themselves to varying degrees with the users. Initially the computer manufacturer “bundled” these services into the cost of the equipment. Large-scale Defense Department projects could not be handled that way due to their complexity and scale, leading to the creation of “Federally Funded Research and Development Centers” (FFRDCs), including MITRE and the System Development Corporation. At the other end of the spectrum, Automatic Data Processing (ADP) began processing payrolls well before the computer era, using at mechanical calculators and punched card machinery. Small- and medium-sized businesses were happy to let ADP handle this routine but critical task. Under the leadership of Frank Lautenberg, later a U.S. Senator from New Jersey, ADP flourished and grew. In between these extremes were firms that took over varying degrees of data processing and programming. The most well-known was Electronic Data Systems (EDS), founded by H. Ross Perot, whose company managed the complexities of handling Medicare payments, fees, and regulations after passage of Medicare legislation in 1965. Yost makes heroic efforts to differentiate among these varying entities, and at times the reader has difficulty parsing the definitions. What they all have in common is their place in between the general-purpose computer and its high-level programming languages on one side, and the customer’s specific needs on the other. [End Page 377] With the invention of the microprocessor and personal computer, this world began to fall apart. As the PC acquired more processing power and large capacity disk storage, users found that they could do a lot of work using databases and spreadsheets without turning to outside consultants. That shock was later compounded by the advent of local area networking from Novell, followed by the incorporation of Ethernet into PCs. Then came the Internet and the World Wide Web. The latter sections of Yost’s book chronicle the struggle of established services firms to adapt. The author also describes several new entities that arose in the new environment of computing in the Internet age. Some of the new entrants provided opportunities for women entrepreneurs, as Yost describes. Currently the trend is to outsource one’s IT needs onto the “cloud,” with firms supplying “software as a service.” The evolution of IT work continues. The title of the book, Making IT Work, is deliberately ambiguous. These firms were critical in fulfilling the promises of automation made by the early computer pioneers. But customers were unpleasantly surprised at how much the computer “made work” for an army of employees, who had to be brought into the customer’s offices, and who had to be paid. Ross Perot was not the only member of this group who amassed extraordinary wealth...

Aortic valve repair: An evolving space in cardiac surgery

The surgical management of pure aortic regurgitation (AR) continues to evolve and the choice of operation depends on several factors including, the patho-anatomy of the aortic valve and root, patient characteristics and surgical expertise. The absence of an ideal biological or mechanical prosthesis historically stimulated the development of innovative valve-conserving techniques. Early pioneers invented the now established valve sparing aortic root replacement using the remodelling and re-implantation techniques [1,2] which focus on the geometrical correction of the aortic root and restoration of the normal alignment of the aortic valve apparatus to eliminate secondary AR. In the last 10 years or so however, some surgeons have pushed the envelope even further by introducing novel approaches to address primary AR using cusp repair techniques and associated annuloplasty [3-5]. This concept is analogous to more established mitral valve repair techniques which are now refined, reproducible and associated with excellent clinical outcomes. Indeed, it could be said that the current status of aortic valve repair surgery stands where mitral valve repair was some 35 years ago i.e. the preserve of only a hand-full of surgeons working in high-volume centres with a strong innovative ethos.

Cycling Sociability and Sport in Belle Époque France: the Véloce-club bordelais (1878–92)

The short-lived Véloce-club bordelais (1878-92) was one of France’s leading Belle époque cycling clubs. Although provincial, it was influential in developing cycle-sport nationally, including creating Bordeaux-Paris (1891), one of the founding races of cycling as a developing sport. Study of the internal life of the club shows how its social and sporting identity negotiated centrifugual and centripital forces within the institutional framework of associationism. Searching for the best organisational model for cycling sport and associativity in a period of rapid change in French sport and society, the club was refounded on a number of occasions but, despite many achievements, ultimately collapsed. As an early pioneer club, the Véloce-club bordelais (VCB) was partly a victim of its own success: having struggled to create a new ecosystem of cycling as sport and sociability, changing interests of Bordeaux’s social elite in new, motorised pursuits, or to cycle-touring rather than racing, removed the raison d’être of the club. The club’s demise subsequently created space in the sports-scape for new cycling clubs and other sports associations. Detailed analysis of club activities, internal organisation and management, membership and finances is enabled by its symbiotic relationship with the Véloce-Sport newspaper, which published and discussed much of the club’s sporting, social and administrative life. Close interpretation of the VCB’s brief but intense history shows how sporting sociability intersected with local government, politics and society and how the internal functioning of sports associations in France’s Belle époque demonstrates the significance of sports clubs as part of civil society.

A Logical Proof of the Four Color Problem

The Four Color Conjecture is a well-known coloring problem of graphs. Since its advent, there are a lot of solvers. One of the early pioneers was Percy John Heawood, who has proved the Five Color Theorem. In addition, Kempe first demonstrated an important conclusion about planar graph: in any map, there must be a country with five or fewer neighbors. Kempe’s proof proposed two important concepts—“configuration” and “reducibility”, which laid the foundation for further solving the Four Color Problem. The Four Color Problem had previously been proved by use of computer. Based on Kempe’s concepts of “configuration” and “reducibility”, this paper attempts to provide a non-computer proof of the Four Color Problem through rigorous logical analysis.

Reflecting Back, Looking Forward: &lt;em&gt;Ethics and the Environment&lt;/em&gt; at 25

Reflecting Back, Looking Forward:Ethics and the Environment at 25 Lori Gruen (bio) Twenty-five years ago, when Ethics and the Environment launched, I remember having engaging conversations with the late founding editor, Victoria Davion, about just how important feminist thinking was to ethical explorations of our vexed relationships with the more than human world. She promised to promote feminist philosophical scholarship in this journal and she kept that promise. Although I'm quite skeptical of "metrics" I did a search on the term "feminism" in the three prominent journals that publish on ethics and the environment and was not surprised to find that this journal contains 147 results where there are 51 in Environmental Values and just 33 in Environmental Ethics, a journal that has been publishing longer than Ethics and the Environment. Before the journal launched, Vicky, Chris Cuomo, and I spoke regularly about the value that feminist philosophical insights brought to environmental ethics. While we disagreed on a variety of issues (should the climate be central? Should we center our relationships with other animals?) and names (should we think of ourselves as "ecofeminists" or "ecological feminists"?) and had lively debates with other ecofeminists, including Carol Adams, Greta Gaard, Marti Kheel, Deborah Slicer, Val Plumwood, and Karen Warren, among others, we all shared a commitment to feminist methodology as well as recognizing the crucial need to incorporate ecofeminism into environmental ethics and praxis. Part of the reason it is important to incorporate ecofeminist insights into environmentalism is that ecofeminism builds on work in feminist philosophy that uncovers various biases that distort our knowledge and our relationships. For example, feminist epistemologies help us to see how testimony from those outside the center are undervalued or ignored. This has become painfully clear in environmental justice struggles; communities of [End Page 3] color are disproportionately impacted by exposure to toxins and are then burdened with finding "experts" who can "objectively" assess their claims. Ecofeminists have helped identify the inequity of looking to so-called objective expertise when communities are suffering. This sort of epistemic injustice is getting worse in the face of extreme weather events, in at least two ways. Many people who are impacted by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, are often not well positioned to navigate institutions that may be able to help, if those institutions even exist. And as sea ice melts and oceans rise, indigenous people's multi-generational wisdom is often overlooked, while their communities are simultaneously imperiled. Another reason that feminist and ecofeminist analyses are crucial for environmental philosophy is that ecofeminists can correct certain problematic frameworks that often hinder our abilities to reshape our relationships with the more than human world. Ecofeminists have long been critical of the abstract individualism that has permeated environmental ethics, including animal ethics (Adams and Gruen, 2014). This focus on abstract individualism leads to faulty analyses of our place in the natural world, as many holistic environmental philosophers have argued. Ecofeminists have also provided important challenges to holism in environmental philosophy, as the categorical "wholes" tend to occlude important differences within and between them. (Kheel, 2007). Ecofeminists have sought to contextualize ecological sensibilities to illuminate how systems of power differentially structure our relationships with each other and our environments. Vicky's commitment to incorporating feminist and ecofeminist perspectives as a central part of this journal's vision has also provided newer scholars with a venue for further development of ecofeminist thinking, as can be seen in A.E. Kings' "Intersectionality and the Changing Face of Ecofeminism" (2017) and Chaone Mallory's "What's in a Name? In Defense of Ecofeminism (Not Ecological Feminisms, Feminist Ecology, or Gender and the Environment)" (2018) published in the special tribute issue to Vicky. New thinking is always important, but in the face of global climate collapse, it is more important than ever. This journal has also been one of the go-to venues for animal ethics. In the early days of environmental ethics, there was a complex debate about what role, if any, animal ethics should play in environmental ethics. Over 35 years ago, two of the early pioneers, J. Baird Callicott (1980) and the late Marti Kheel (1985), argued in the pages of...

Consulting Practice in the Perspective of Sustainability Metrics

LCA consultancy has been an important factor in the development and application of LCA, especially in Europe and the Americas. The article explores how PRé Sustainability, one of these consultants found its way to develop from an early pioneer to become established in this area, and how this journey determined the cur-rent approach to the market （the DNA） and how it intends to develop in the future. There are some references with regards of the collaboration with Japanese organisations. The main conclusion is that through the strength of sharing a collaboration, a small organisation can become an important supplier of tools in which LCA data is applied far beyond the traditional limits of the LCA community.

Revisiting Americanus Novus: Anglicization Crisis and Salem Witch Trials in Seventeenth Century New England

In the quadricentennial of the founding of Plymouth Plantation, recent challenges in the United States politics and society raise critical questions on American identity and American democracy. Thus, calling for a revisit on the seventeenth century northeastern American experience of English colonizers, contemporary academia is engaged in new approaches and perspectives on American history and historicism, whereby a peculiar sense of past and act of remembrance count for present day cultural and political dilemmas across the United States. The legacy of early founders and pioneers of New England colonies provides a host of historicism on Anglo-American identity, which was elaborately imprinted in colonial accounts on material culture, legal, military, political and religious practices in the nexus of intra- and extra-imperial encounters of metropole and the colony itself. This article aims to examine the theological and political grounds for 1692-93 Salem witch trial accounts by Cotton Mather in his The Wonders of the Invisible World: Being An Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed In New England (1692) as a reflection of post-1691 Anglicization crisis in New England.

Preserving the Open Access Benefits Pioneered by the Journal of Medical Internet Research and Discouraging Fraudulent Journals.

The Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) was an early pioneer of open access online publishing, and two decades later, some readers and authors may have forgotten the challenges of previous scientific publishing models. This commentary summarizes the many advantages of open access publishing for each of the main stakeholders in scientific publishing and reminds us that, like every innovation, there are disadvantages that we need to guard against, such as the problem of fraudulent journals. This paper then reviews the potential impact of some current initiatives, such as Plan S and JMIRx, concluding with some suggestions to help new open-access publishers ensure that the advantages of open access publishing outweigh the challenges.

Early History and Pioneers of Procedural Sedation and Analgesia

Early History and Pioneers of Procedural Sedation and Analgesia

PAN

Abstract In this text, the script of a performance/lecture, which combines live puppetry, digital film, and a lecture, is paired with a prefatory essay that seeks to address the theoretical questions raised by the play about embodiment, mind, AI, and the staging of consciousness. The play was performed at the Centre for the Less Good Idea, an arts laboratory, in Maboneng, Johannesburg, South Africa, in October 2018. In the play, two characters stand in as the early pioneers of primate research, Wolfgang Köhler (an early Gestalt psychologist) and Jane Goodall, whose observational fieldwork shifted primate studies profoundly. These two distinctive intellects advanced the commitment of the human species to work toward the preservation of, and engagement with, higher primates and in such ways altered our apprehension of the limits of the human through a challenge posed by our closest nonhuman kin. The play also explores the research of Norbert Wiener, the pioneer of the field of cybernetics (a term that he invented). Wiener inaugurated the massive proliferation of research into “feedback” theory, which he saw as fundamental to mechanic intelligence. In such terms, Wiener too was thinking about the limits of the human. The play introduces some discussion of artistic responses to these fields of inquiry through exploring the writings of Samuel Beckett and J. M. Coetzee. The play also addresses ethical questions about the uses of research. Both Wiener and Köhler used their work on the humanities in order to address our obligation to the human. At the same time, the play addresses our relations to those who, for reasons of ideology, “fall” outside of our definitions of the fully human. Much of the persuasive power of the work arises from the uncanny performances and in particular the staging of a life-sized wooden chimpanzee puppet. In this sense, the work makes an argument about meaning as embodied.

Barbara Kingsolver: Evaluating Her Contribution to the Eco-Feminist Novel

Climate change, together with terrorism, economic depressions, and mass-destructive weaponry, is a source of international phobia for many people. The advancement in technology increases the competition among world powers and economic systems to develop their industrial enterprises. The smoke that emits from the factories, the pollution caused by the industrial projects, the excessive use of green gas result in the increase of global warming and have catastrophic effects on the ecosphere of the planet. Besides, man’s wrong practices even in agricultural matters are exhausting the natural resources of the lands, and they badly affect the ecological diversity and the wellbeing of the humans and non-humans alike. Contemporary feminist writers treat this international crisis as a priority and start to devote their writings to address ecological issues. These eco-feminists believe that their suffering from patriarchal oppression is not different from man’s exploitation of nature. Through their ecological activism, they endeavor to protect the environment and the planet from the selfish practices of the industrial companies. Barbra Kingsolver is one of the early pioneers of this emerging fictional subgenre. As previous studies of her works focus on individual novels, this study is an evaluation of her contribution to eco-feminist fiction in three major works: Animals Dream, Prodigal Summer, and Flight Behavior.

Ørnfløya 1. En pionertidslokalitet fra tidlig eldre steinalder på yttersida av Kvaløya i Troms.

Ørnfløya 1. An early Older Stone Age pioneer locality on the outer coast of Kvaløya, Troms. During the past couple of decades both research projects and rescue excavations have contributed considerably to our understanding of the early Older Stone Age pioneer settlement along the entire Norwegian coast. However, understanding of the pioneers along the coast between northern Nordland and Finnmark counties is still rather limited. Excavations have largely taken place on sites within the middle and inner reaches of the fjord systems. The excavation of Ørnfløya 1 in 2013–14 offers new insights into the pioneer settlement on the outer coast facing the North Atlantic. The topographical and environmental settings of the site at the time of occupation are described, followed by a discussion of the excavation, chronology, raw material use, the artifacts, a possible dwelling, and the spatial organization of activities. The site is then interpreted in its regional, economic and settlement system setting, and in its national context.

The birth of an institute: A centennial jubilee of Prague’s Institute of Phonetics

The current issue of Phonetica Pragensia is published at the occasion of the Institute of Phonetics celebrating the 100th anniversary of its official foundation. The aim of this paper is to provide background to the contributions that follow, namely a historical perspective to the tradition of long-term experimental research set up in Prague by the early phonetic pioneers and continued until today. Drawing primarily on archival materials, the article brings a more detailed account of the constitutive years in comparison to the reviews published so far. It reveals the complexity that is involved in the process of establishing and sustaining a new (phonetics) institute, which might be informative to wider audiences as well.