Early Memory Research Articles

A New Contribution to Early Modern Memory Studies

Reviewed by: A New Contribution to Early Modern Memory Studies by Patricia Phillippy Andrew Hiscock (bio) Shaping Remembrance from Shakespeare to Milton by Patricia Phillippy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 269 pp. Hardcover $110.00. Patricia Phillippy's latest publication is a complex and intriguing project. Whereas many studies exploring the field of early modern memory studies have trained their readers' attentions resolutely upon the axis of time or space, Shaping Remembrance from Shakespeare to Milton places its discussions firmly in a situational logic, theoretically framed by the referencing of the phenomenological thinking of Merleau-Ponty—"the crisscrossing of the self and the world" (qtd. in Phillippy, 85)—among others. Phillippy acknowledges the widely held contention down the ages that memorial prowess might serve as an index to selfhood, but extends her study further by formulating the vision of collaborative cultural matrices in the early modern period whereby objects and their subjects emerge as "mutual partners in acts and performances of memory" (13). The quarries in this study are many and various, extending to the fields of architectural, monumental, textile, jewelry, textual, and literary interest as well as to the curiosities of wunderkammern. In this fluent and absorbing discussion, the dominant metaphor that guides the reader through one consideration of remembrance—"the retrieval and reuse of remnants of the past" (1)—speaking to another through multiple experiences of materiality is that of "bleeding through" a sequence of cultural planes: "I remove monuments from [End Page 297] limited antiquarian and parochial interests to locate them in provocative relationship with early modern texts" (9). The study begins by examining how material artefacts in the early modern period might, or might not, be seen to preserve and to renew the past. Here, the initial test case of humanist attitudes towards the perceived properties of amber—"capable of quasimiraculous works, valued for its curative properties, mysteriously endowed with a magnetism … and emitting a sweet smell" (5)—remains highly illuminating and offers an excellent base from which to launch an ambitious investigation into early modern material culture in seventeenth-century England. Phillippy's account of the post-Reformation island realm negotiating a change of focus in its cultures of worship "from the spiritual efficacy of remembrance toward a proliferation of its material displays" (8) remains highly readable and complements in its meticulous detail other key contributions that have already been made to this lively field of scholarly studies. In her first chapter, Phillippy explores early modern cultural discourses of iconography and iconoclasm as sometimes remarkably evenly matched in a number of narratives of post-Reformation religious communities. Equally illuminatingly, in the same way that some studies of Medieval drama have pointed to the ways in which materials and properties by companies were rescued and recycled for alternative forms of performance, this study looks at how certain ecclesiastical practices and objects might be discarded, recovered, and redeployed according to the changeful environments of parish and household affiliations. Detailed accounts of the architectural and monumental spaces of church buildings (notably an enquiry into the reported motivations and actions that characterized the violent transformation of Peterborough cathedral) as well as revealing insights into the commemorative practices identified at the heart of early modern family life (especially that of the Northamptonshire Puritan family of the Montagus) build incrementally to offer the reader a rich and complex panorama of early modern society's theatres of remembrance. Phillippy's emphases upon the staging and performance of memory in such locales seamlessly leads to a sequence of insights into selected dramatic works such as Shakespeare's late romances (Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale) and Milton's Comus. The initial account of Cymbeline is among the most intriguing, foregrounding the motifs of "dispersal and reincorporation" (94) linked to Innogen's roles as wife, daughter, and sister. Exploring how the romance's narrative may be seen to be structured [End Page 298] around attempted sacraments and rites (and, on occasions, their failures), Phillippy draws attention to the ways in which figures come back and forth from perceived afterlives to shape present experience: thus, "when her brothers lay Innogen (as Fidele) to rest, they perform a ritual that is improvised, yet recycled; natural, but...

Isolation, Foreign Places, and Van Morrison’s “Saint Dominic’s Preview”

Isolation, Foreign Places, and Van Morrison’s “Saint Dominic’s Preview” Geoff Munns (bio) In the late 1970s Greil Marcus invited twenty writers to contribute an essay about what rock and roll record they would take to a desert island. The essays came together in the collection Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island.1 I came to this book about thirty years after it was first published, at a time when I was seeking out and researching critical writing about Van Morrison for a study I was doing on the use of place in his songwriting. So M. Mark’s discussion on Morrison’s 1974 live album, It’s Too Late To Stop Now, and Lester Bang’s delving into the lyrical depths of Morrison’s seminal 1968 recording, Astral Weeks, were among those pieces that helped me get closer to an understanding of the ways the songwriter deploys place as a poetic and aural device, and how that both defines and distinguishes his work.2 I was reminded of Stranded in mid-2020 as I sat in my Sydney apartment in COVID-19 isolation and talked over the phone with a friend about how we were both handling the lockdown. “I’m reading that Greil Marcus desert island book,” he told me, “and it seems to be perfect for these times.” He was right, and it got me thinking about my Van Morrison study, and what song of his I would take with me to a desert island that would not only work for me in isolation but would also widely capture his sense of place. My attention was drawn to “Saint Dominic’s Preview” (1972) and the expression of isolation marked out through differences between early Belfast memories and the concerns that now press into the isolation of the San Francisco apartment block. The words and the image of the lonely artist caught within doubts and misgivings seemed, in mood, to capture something of the uncertainties of the current 2020 world. If we accept the suggestion that a song with social isolation as one of its central ideas is a good desert island companion, then I reasoned “Saint Dominic’s Preview” would be a fitting choice. [End Page 44] Furthermore, it is a song that provides a concrete example of the different ways that Morrison utilizes place in his songwriting, highlighting how his songs very often return to and reimagine places through memory, and how there is frequently a fluidity of place and time in their lyrical energies. Added to this, in the song’s often oblique and unsettled series of emblematic spaces are embedded many of the songwriter’s major themes that focus on place—childhood memories, formative musical influences, isolated exile thoughts, music industry blues, and a sense of social and cultural dislocation. “Saint Dominic’s Preview,” then, becomes my Stranded desert island song. ________ When the locations of “Saint Dominic’s Preview” are considered, a picture emerges that highlights many of the different ways Van Morrison employs place. From the opening lines there is a sense of movement that edges restlessly across different places—from the first image of a domestic chore, a city street and a church across the way, to that of a “jagged story block” and a city far removed in distance and time from the comfort of friends and home. Later in the song the scene shifts urgently again between supermarket car parks, country crossroads, railway lines, restaurants, and high-class apartments. As the song proceeds what becomes apparent is that these are also places marking out spaces that are both familiar and foreign, where tensions play out across location and time, between past memories and more immediate and pressing experiences. Beyond descriptive words and phrases, they are also lived “social places,” echoing with the sounds of music and conversation, filled with symbolic objects, caught up with interpersonal relationships. As such, they are embedded with meanings, capturing a range of emotions, including nostalgia, uncertainty, and dislocation. Place thus emerges as a key feature of “Saint Dominic’s Preview.” And this evidence aligns with the general agreement among scholars and critics that “place” is a key poetic device and thematic...

Fellini's 8½: Dreams, guilt, casting and 'the code of codes' of the cinematographic image

Abstract This article argues that Guido's two dreams in Federico Fellini's 8½ reflect guilt stemming from his inability to meet his mother's expectations to remain chaste and pure. This is a faulty belief based on an early childhood memory representing Guido's mixed feelings of sexual exaltation and shame, resulting in fantasies that attempt to solve the riddle of his mother's desire. The film thus raises the question of fantasy 'what does the Other want from me?' and shows that assuming to know the answer involves guilt, stagnation and indecisiveness. This becomes evident in the screentests scene near the end of the film, when Guido cannot decide which actresses will play the roles of the characters duplicating the women in his life. The screen tests are 'textual mise en abymes', reflecting not only Guido's life but also the basic code of the medium, i.e., the cinematographic image: reproduction, which precedes the cinematic language, is composed of a denotative code (a referent – the actor in front of the camera) and a connotative code (cultural, including film iconography). Film can thus materialize fantasy through casting, which involves a level of concretization, by predicting what the audience wants. Therefore, guilt is an inherent part of the cinematographic image. Where Guido fails in choosing the 'right' actresses, because of his guilt, Fellini, having worked through his own guilt, thrives. This suggests that setting free the filmmaker's imagination and creative forces depends on ridding oneself of the guilt inherent in the translation of an image from fantasy to film.

Lifestyles of Modern Student Youth

The article is devoted to the problem of modern youth lifestyle constructing which is actual and deals with active transformations taking place in the socio-cultural space of Ukraine. The main construct which is the theoretical basis of the study is “lifestyle” as an integral characteristic of individuality which is considered in A. Adler’s approach. Lifestyle is understood as a multidimensional phenomenon that unites different levels and aspects of personality development: early personality’s experience, level of personality’s maturity, features of personality’s emotional traits, stable interpretations of the world, features of social interaction and relationships’ maintaining. The aim of the work was to find out typical patterns of lifestyle constructing by modern student youth. The empirical research was carried out on a student sample (21-27 years old) of both sexes; the total number of the studied people was 195. The method of early memories’ analysis and its quantitative assessment by the parameters of social interest, life position questionnaire, self-assessment of personality’s maturity, method of diagnosis of personality’s maturity, world assumptions scale, diagnosing of interpersonal relationships’ style, differential emotions scale were used in the investigation. Result in six typical models lifestyles constructing were identified: "Avoidance of contact", "Superiority Complex", "Assertiveness", "Mimetism", "Maturity", "Interpersonal dependence". The revealed styles can be presented as a model with three dimensions: "orientation from people – to people" ("Avoidance of contact" and "Interpersonal dependence"); " external orientation – internal orientation "("Mimetism" and "Maturity"); “Self-grandiosity – healthy self-esteem” (“Superiority Complex” and “Assertiveness”). The article reveals the content of each style, provides data on gender differences and the main trends in the life structuring at modern youth space. It has been shown that young women are characterized by a greater tendency to imitate external norms and behavior patterns, which makes them vulnerable to social influences, especially in crisis periods during their life. Modern young men experience difficulties in assimilating masculinity, which leads to models of codependency assimilation in relations with a close social environment and fixes the personality in an immature life position. The revealed patterns do not cover all possible diversity, but determine the main trends in the life structuring in the modern youth space.

Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induces behavioral impairments and increases short-term C3 gene expression in the hippocampus of Wistar rats

A non‑transgenic rat model based on intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ) has been used as an animal model to investigate mechanisms associated to the late onset of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, such as anatomical and behavioral impairments. However, molecular aspects related to gene expression, mainly in the hippocampus, require more investigation. Thus, this study evaluated the early and late cognitive functions and hippocampal gene expression after STZ administration. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: STZ (injected bilaterally), control group for the early memory function evaluation (1 month after surgery = phase 1, same volume of vehicle), and the same treatment for the late memory function evaluation (4 months after surgery = phase 2). The animals were observed in the elevated plus maze to assess behaviors related to anxiety, risk‑assessment and fear‑related memories. The behavioral tests were followed by brain removal and hippocampal dissection for RNA extraction and qRT‑PCR to assess the expression levels of 4 Alzheimer's disease related genes: Mapt, Apoe, C3 and Ps‑1. Animals from both phases showed increased time percentage and number of entries into the open arms, indicating risk behavior associated with anxiety, and an increased time percentage in the center square for both exposures (re‑test) when compared to the control group, suggesting working memory impairment related to an aversive event. Statistical analyses indicated that the STZ group presented alterations in anxiety, memory and risk assessment responses. Additionally, one month after STZ administration, C3 gene assays revealed an increased expression. Therefore, current data indicate that neuroinflammatory events linked to the expression of pro inflammatory cytokines such as C3 are related to memory, anxiety and decision-making alterations.

Delivery of exogenous proteins by mesenchymal stem cells attenuates early memory deficits in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease

A promising intervention for Alzheimer's disease (AD) would ideally target key pathological factors that are involved in AD pathogenesis. Soluble factors produced by engrafted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mediate potential therapeutic effects in AD. However, these therapeutic benefits are largely hampered by the limited paracrine capacity of MSCs. In this study, we used adenovirus-mediated gene transduction of bone marrow MSCs to deliver exogenous proteins into the brain of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice in the early stage of impairment. We observed that engrafted MSCs carrying exogenous (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1) alone reduced the production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-ɑ and improved synapse-related protein expression but not cognitive function. Transplantation of MSCs carrying CX3CL1 and Wnt3a (CX3CL1-Wnt3a-MSC) significantly attenuated the learning and memory impairment when compared with a control group. The improvement of neurobehavioral functions in APP/PS1 mice treated with CX3CL1-Wnt3a-MSC was related to the inhibition of microglial neurotoxicity and promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis. Transplantation of CX3CL1-Wnt3a-MSC also regulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/activated protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling to inhibit the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). Taken together, these results indicate that the delivery of exogenous proteins via MSCs can modulate microglial function and enhance neurogenesis, thereby providing new insights into AD intervention.

Cultural self-goals influence how much is remembered from early childhood events.

Prior work examining the role of cultural self-goals on the retrieval of early memories treated the presence of self-goals; such as autonomy and relatedness, as a binary category which has led to overlooking within-group nuances. Here, based on the idea that these goals co-exist in varying degrees in individuals, we explore the relative contributions of self-goals on age-at-event and the level of detail in positive and negative early memories. Participants (N=119) recalled and dated two earliest positive and negative memories that they were highly confident were memories, and answered a set of questions about event-specific details. They also completed a self-construal scale. For positive memories, Autonomous-Related Self scores predicted both the age-at-event and the amount of detail in early memories, while. no such relationship was observed for negative memories. Together these findings indicate that cultural self-goals operate on the accessibility of early memories not only at the level of the boundaries of childhood amnesia but also on how much is recalled from early experiences.

"Longitudinal socioemotional pathways between retrospective early life maternal relationship quality and episodic memory in older adulthood": Correction to Sharifian et al. (2019).

Reports a correction to "Longitudinal socioemotional pathways between retrospective early life maternal relationship quality and episodic memory in older adulthood" by Neika Sharifian, A. Zarina Kraal, Afsara B. Zaheed, Ketlyne Sol and Laura B. Zahodne (Developmental Psychology, 2019[Nov], Vol 55[11], 2464-2473). In the article "Longitudinal Socioemotional Pathways Between Retrospective Early Life Maternal Relationship Quality and Episodic Memory in Older Adulthood," by Neika Sharifian, A. Zarina Kraal, Afsara B. Zaheed, Ketlyne Sol, and Laura B. Zahodne (Developmental Psychology, 2019, Vol. 55, No. 11, 2464-2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000805), the covariate, respondent's maternal education, was miscoded in the original analyses as spouse's mother's education. Correction of this covariate did not change any of the findings of the original analyses. Corrections regarding the means, standard deviations, attrition and standardized coefficients are noted in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2019-48985-001.) Prior research suggests that social relations may play a role in explaining individual differences in cognitive functioning in older adulthood. In particular, early life maternal relationship quality (MRQ) has been shown to be a strong predictor of later-life socioemotional outcomes and may also contribute to later-life cognitive outcomes. The current study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between retrospective early life MRQ and later-life episodic memory directly and indirectly through socioemotional pathways. Three waves of data spanning 6 years of the Health and Retirement Study were used (T1: 2008, T2: 2012, T3: 2014; n = 5,263, Mage = 69.31, SD = 10.75 at T1). A longitudinal mediation model tested the direct and indirect effects of retrospectively reported MRQ at T1 on T2 memory and latent change in memory from T2 to T3 through depressive symptoms, social network size, and loneliness at T2. Analyses revealed that better MRQ at T1 was associated with less loneliness and fewer depressive symptoms at T2, and in turn, each was independently associated with less decline in memory from T2 to T3. Overall, findings suggest an enduring effect of early life social experiences on later-life cognitive functioning through socioemotional pathways. These findings further highlight the necessity of taking an integrative and life course perspective when examining the relationship between social relations and cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A Critical and Theoretical Re-imagining of ‘Victimhood Nationalism’: The Case of National Victimhood of the Baltic Region

Abstract There are many arguments to support the idea that the Baltic nations (and other “victimized” areas) adhere to ‘victimhood nationalism’, a form of nationalism that explains the region’s recognition of its history and the related problems. Since the start of the 21st century, memory and area studies experts have used the concept of ‘victimhood nationalism’. However, the framework of victimhood nationalism is critically flawed. Its original conceptual architecture is weak and its effectiveness as an explanatory variable requires critical examination. This paper presents a theoretical examination of victimhood nationalism from the perspective of political and social historiology. Further, the paper criticizes the concept from the perspective of the empirical area studies of the Baltic region. First, it argues that the killing or damaging of one community by another does not automatically transform into a nationalism of victimhood. Unless it has been established that one community was the ‘victim’ and the other the perpetrator of the crime, these events will not be remembered as the basis of victimhood nationalism. Second, the effectiveness of this concept is criticized from two perspectives: “tangle” as an explanatory variable and its doctrinal history. It is tautological to claim that victimhood nationalism explains political issues, as was already being implied in the early twentieth-century collective memory studies. In conclusion, the assumption of victimhood is a preliminary necessity to a community claiming victimhood nationalism. Victimhood nationalism is not an explanatory, but an explained, variable. Therefore, the concept should be renamed otherwise. The alternative framework of collective memory studies framework of “victimhood” is needed. This research argues that Baltic area studies, particularly regarding history recognition, should be phenomenologically reconsidered to reimagine the framework of “victimhood”.

Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Protects Hippocampal Neurons from the Toxicity of Aβ Oligomers and Prevents Memory Loss in an Alzheimer Mouse Model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia in the elderly. Although activation of brain insulin signaling has been shown to be neuroprotective, to preserve memory in AD models, and appears beneficial in patients, the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) remains incompletely understood. We found reduced active/inactive IGF1 ratio and increased IGF1R expression in postmortem hippocampal tissue from AD patients, suggesting impaired brain IGF1 signaling in AD. Active/inactive IGF-1 ratio was also reduced in the brains of mouse models of AD. We next investigated the possible protective role of IGF1 in AD models. We used a recombinant adenoviral vector, RAd-IGF1, to drive the expression of IGF1 in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures prior to exposure to AβOs, toxins that accumulate in AD brains and have been implicated in early synapse dysfunction and memory impairment. Cultures transduced with RAd-IGF1 showed decreased binding of AβOs to neurons and were protected against AβO-induced neuronal oxidative stress and loss of dendritic spines. Significantly, in vivo transduction with RAd-IGF1 blocked memory impairment caused by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of AβOs in mice. Our results demonstrate altered active IGF1 and IGF1R levels in AD hippocampi, and suggest that boosting brain expression of IGF1 may comprise an approach to prevent neuronal damage and memory loss in AD.

The Immune System Drives Synapse Loss During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice.

Although lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been used to establish animal models of memory loss akin to what is observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the exact mechanisms involved have not been substantiated. In this study, we established an animal model of learning and memory impairment induced by LPS and explored the biological processes and pathways involved. Mice were continuously intraperitoneally injected with LPS for 7 days. Learning- and memory-related behavioral performance and the pathological processes involved were assessed using the Morris water maze test and immunostaining, respectively. We detected comprehensive expression of C1q, C3, microglia, and their regulatory cytokines in the hippocampus. After 7 days of LPS administration, we were able to observe LPS-induced learning and memory impairment in the mice, which was attributed to neural impairment and synapse loss in the hippocampus. We elucidated that the immune system was activated, with the classical complement pathway and microglial phagocytosis being involved in the synapse loss. This study demonstrates that an LPS-injected mouse can serve as an early memory impairment model for studies on anti-AD drugs.

Identification and Validation of Predictive Biomarkers to CD19- and BCMA-Specific CAR T-Cell Responses in CAR T-Cell Precursors

Identification and Validation of Predictive Biomarkers to CD19- and BCMA-Specific CAR T-Cell Responses in CAR T-Cell Precursors

Despite early antiretroviral therapy effector memory and follicular helper CD4 T cells are major reservoirs in visceral lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected macaques

Whereas antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication, ART discontinuation results in viral rebound, indicating the presence of viral reservoirs (VRs) established within lymphoid tissues. Herein, by sorting CD4 T-cell subsets from the spleen, mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) of SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), we demonstrate that effector memory (TEM) and follicular helper (TFH) CD4+ T cells harbor the highest frequency of viral DNA and RNA, as well of early R-U5 transcripts in ART-naïve RMs. Furthermore, our results highlight that these two CD4 T cells subsets harbor viral DNA and early R-U5 transcripts in the spleen and mesenteric LNs (but not in peripheral LN) of RMs treated with ART at day 4 post infection suggesting that these two anatomical sites are important for viral persistence. Finally, after ART interruption, we demonstrate the rapid and, compared to peripheral LNs, earlier seeding of SIV in spleen and mesenteric LNs, thereby emphasizing the importance of these two anatomical sites for viral replication dynamics. Altogether our results advance understanding of early viral seeding in which visceral lymphoid tissues are crucial in maintaining TEM and TFH VRs.

Story Learning Test: Decelerated Learning and Accelerated Forgetting in Children with Epilepsy

IntroductionIncreasing interest is seen for early and late memory consolidation and accelerated forgetting, but little is known about these phenomena in children with epilepsy. The present study analysed the trajectory of learning and retention in typically developing children and children with epilepsy on a story learning test.Methods285 children, 126 typically developing children and 159 children with epilepsy, in ages between 4 and 10 years and Full-Scale IQs ≥ 75, were given a specifically designed story learning test (iter-sein). The learning phase included Initial reading and a Free Recall trial with 10 Questions, and up to three repetition trials with Questions. Trials of Delayed Free Recall and Questions followed after half an hour, the next day and 1 week later. With several repeated measures analyses of variance, level of performance and gains or losses over time were analysed.ResultsAge-dependent learning was seen after repetitions. On the Questions, typically developing children outperformed children with epilepsy increasingly, due to smaller gains after the second trial. Learned information was similarly preserved. Free Recall showed similar performance for both groups up to day 2. A week later, a conspicuous loss of information was observed in the children with epilepsy, whilst typically developing children retained the information. On index scores, reliable cognitive loss of information was seen in epilepsy in 24.5% of the children. Semantic neuropsychological tasks and severity measures of epilepsy were associated with level of performance.DiscussionThe results provided evidence for early decelerated learning and late accelerated forgetting in children with epilepsy.

Fallos de memoria y factores de riesgo en adultos de 40 a 75 años

Los fallos de memoria en la vida cotidiana son un síntoma que preocupa sobre todo a los mayores, pero está obteniendo cada vez más relevancia entre los adultos jóvenes. Son fallos de memoria u olvidos cotidianos: olvidar los nombres, donde se ponen las cosas, olvidar un recado, olvidar caras de las personas, lo que hemos hecho últimamente, lo que hemos leído, no recordar un recorrido, entre otros. Este artículo analiza los fallos de memoria y los factores de riesgo en los adultos de 40 años y más, en la población docente y administrativa del Centro Regional Universitario de Azuero (CRUA). Es un estudio descriptivo, no experimental de tipo transversal, retrospectivo. La muestra fue evaluada a través de la encuesta sobre Cuestionario de Fallos de Memoria de la Vida Cotidiana (MFE) de los autores Montejo, Montenegro, Sueiro-Abad, Huertas (2012), que incluye apartados que valoran los fallos de memoria temprana en tres factores: Recuerdo de actividades, reconocimiento y monitorización de la comunicación y estos dan indicios de algunas fallas. La selección de la muestra se realizó de forma aleatoria simple al azar, con un nivel de confiabilidad de 95% y un margen de error de 0.5%. Los resultados indican que la media de edad agrupada de los encuestados y donde hay más fallos de memoria está entre las edades de 40 a 60 años. Estos fallos de memoria responden al factor 1: recuerdo de las actividades diarias. Al agrupar los factores encontramos datos relevantes que se relacionan con el consumo de alcohol, con el nivel de escolaridad, la menopausia y enfermedades crónicas de la muestra.

ASKING THE PEOPLE WHO MATTER THE MOST: DESIGNING A VALUE-BASED DEMENTIA SPECIALTY CLINIC

This presentation will highlight our research which uses a qualitative methodology to incorporate the voices and experiences of people impacted by dementia into the value-based health model. This model is characterized by a team-based approach as well as the measurement of outcomes. The aim of value-based care is to provide individuals meaningful and compassionate care that helps them achieve the health outcomes that matter most to them. Foundational to creating this person-centered model is the incorporation of the perspectives of individuals with dementia and their care partners. Experience Groups offer an opportunity for those affected by dementia to share their expertise and describe their daily challenges and successes so we are able to learn from their experiences and better understand unmet and unarticulated needs. The findings of this research—consisting of 41 patients and 11 care partners—enabled the development of outcome measurement tools implemented at the clinical level, and the design of a care delivery model that addresses unmet needs. Some of the key findings from the research that have been implemented at the Cognitive Disorders Clinic and that will be highlighted in this poster are: 1. Care partners would like more emotional support from their medical team; 2. Individuals want more information about the trajectory of the disease and an actionable “roadmap-of-care”; 3. Care partners and those with early stage memory loss desire counseling and team-based care versus strictly physician-provided care.

Longitudinal socioemotional pathways between retrospective early life maternal relationship quality and episodic memory in older adulthood.

Prior research suggests that social relations may play a role in explaining individual differences in cognitive functioning in older adulthood. In particular, early life maternal relationship quality (MRQ) has been shown to be a strong predictor of later-life socioemotional outcomes and may also contribute to later-life cognitive outcomes. The current study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between retrospective early life MRQ and later-life episodic memory directly and indirectly through socioemotional pathways. Three waves of data spanning 6 years of the Health and Retirement Study were used (T1: 2008, T2: 2012, T3: 2014; n = 5,263, Mage = 69.31, SD = 10.75 at T1). A longitudinal mediation model tested the direct and indirect effects of retrospectively reported MRQ at T1 on T2 memory and latent change in memory from T2 to T3 through depressive symptoms, social network size, and loneliness at T2. Analyses revealed that better MRQ at T1 was associated with less loneliness and fewer depressive symptoms at T2, and in turn, each was independently associated with less decline in memory from T2 to T3. Overall, findings suggest an enduring effect of early life social experiences on later-life cognitive functioning through socioemotional pathways. These findings further highlight the necessity of taking an integrative and life course perspective when examining the relationship between social relations and cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Pharmacological and chemogenetic orexin/hypocretin intervention ameliorates Hipp-dependent memory impairment in the A53T mice model of Parkinson\u2019s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD), classically defined as a progressive motor disorder accompanied with dopaminergic neuron loss and presence of Lewy bodies, is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD also has various non-classical symptoms, including cognitive impairments. In addition, inflammation and astrogliosis are recognized as an integral part of PD pathology. The hippocampus (Hipp) is a brain region involved in cognition and memory, and the neuropeptide orexin has been shown to enhance learning and memory. Previous studies show impairments in Hipp-dependent memory in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (A53T mice), and we hypothesized that increasing orexin tone will reverse this. To test this, we subjected 3, 5, and 7-month old A53T mice to a Barnes maze and a contextual object recognition test to determine Hipp dependent memory. Inflammation and astrogliosis markers in the Hipp were assessed by immuno-fluorescence densitometry. The data show that early cognitive impairment is coupled with an increase in expression of inflammatory and astrogliosis markers. Next, in two separate experiments, mice were given intra-hippocampal injections of orexin or chemogenetic viral injections of an orexin neuron specific Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug (DREADD). For the pharmacological approach mice were intracranially treated with orexin A, whereas the chemogenetic approach utilized clozapine N-oxide (CNO). Both pharmacological orexin A intervention as well as chemogenetic activation of orexin neurons ameliorated Hipp-dependent early memory impairment observed in A53T mice. This study implicates orexin in PD-associated cognitive impairment and suggests that exogenous orexin treatment and/or manipulation of endogenous orexin levels may be a potential strategy for addressing early cognitive loss in PD.

An Integrated Multi-Omic Single Cell Atlas to Redefine Human B Cell Memory

To evaluate the impact of heterogeneous B cells in health and disease, comprehensive profiling is needed at a single cell resolution. We developed a highly- multiplexed screen to quantify the co-expression of 351 surface molecules on low numbers of primary cells. We identified dozens of differentially expressed molecules and aligned their variance with B cell isotype usage, metabolism, biosynthesis activity, and signaling response. Here, we propose a new classification scheme to segregate peripheral blood B cells into ten unique subsets, including a CD45RB+ CD27- early memory population and a CD19hi CD11c+ memory population that is a potent responder to immune activation. Furthermore, we quantify the contributions of antibody isotype and cell surface phenotype to various cell processes and find that phenotype largely drives B cell function. Taken together, these findings provide an extensive profile of human B cell diversity that can serve as a resource for further immunological investigations.

Evaluation of Dietary Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane Supplementation on Growth, Serum Cholesterol and Lipoproteins, and Neurodevelopment in the Young Pig.

Introduction: Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a protein- and phospholipid-rich membrane that surrounds the lipid droplet in milk. We have previously reported that a diet composed of a combination of prebiotics, bovine MFGM (bMFGM), and lactoferrin (bLf) supported brain development in young pigs. Due to the growing interest of its potential benefits in neurodevelopment, the present study focused on the effects of dietary bMFGM alone using the pig as a translational model.Methods: Male pigs were provided ad libitum access to milk replacer with added whey protein-lipid concentrate (source of bMFGM) at 0 (CONT), 2.5 (MFGM-2.5), or 5 (MFGM-5.0) g/L from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 31. Blood was collected from pigs at PND 15 and 31, and pigs underwent behavioral testing using the novel object recognition task starting at PND 25. At PND 31, magnetic resonance imaging was conducted and animals were subsequently euthanized for tissue collection.Results: No group differences in body weight gain or milk intake were observed. At PND 31, few group differences were detected in absolute and relative brain volumes, brain water diffusivity outcomes, or behavioral parameters using the novel object recognition task. Serum lipoprotein was higher in pigs receiving diets with added dietary bMFGM compared with the CONT group. Serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein significantly higher (all P < 0.05) in the MFGM-2.5 compared with the CONT group. However, cholesterol concentrations within the brain prefrontal cortex and hippocampus did not differ among dietary groups.Conclusion: In this pig model, dietary supplementation with bMFGM was well-tolerated and supported growth and dietary intake similar to the control formula. Added dietary bMFGM was associated with increased serum lipoprotein, but no group differences in early brain cholesterol concentrations, macrostructure, microstructure, or recognition memory pigs at 31 days of age. Further examination of longitudinal brain development and myelination in the pig, particularly at later ages/maturation, is warranted.