Earlier Interpretations Research Articles

The Textual Architecture of Empire in Two Early Qing Anthologies

Abstract During the first half century of the Qing dynasty, Manchu emperors commissioned massive publication projects on the Chinese classics. In early Qing interpretations of classics on the family, negotiations between Manchu and Han family and gender norms furthered the empire-building project. This article compares the spatial form of the Yuding Nei ze yanyi 御定内則衍義 (1656), an expansion of the “Inner Standards” chapter of the Classic of Rites commissioned by the Shunzhi emperor, to that of the Yuding Xiao jing yanyi 御定孝經衍義 (1682), an expansion of the Classic of Filial Piety commissioned by the Kangxi emperor. These works are textual spaces where the cultural and political negotiations of the early Qing empire play out; they use spatial strategies of juxtaposition and hierarchy to balance different messages for different constituencies, creating textual models of empire.

Ian Maclaren's Scottish Local-Colour Fiction in Transnational Contexts: Networks of Reception, Circulation, and Translation in the United States and Europe

This article analyses the early circulation, reception, and translation history of Ian Maclaren's bestselling Scottish local-colour fiction in the United States, the Netherlands, France, and Switzerland. It sketches a comparative model which illuminates the agents of transnational cultural mediation crucial to the international popularity of local-colour fiction in the late nineteenth century. In the USA, key factors for Maclaren's popularity were the interconnected transatlantic publishing world and audiences already receptive to dialect literature. In Europe, while the bestselling quality of his collections and readers’ previous familiarity with regional fiction played a significant role, additional factors included: in the Netherlands, Maclaren's clerical background and the place of established religion in publishing; in France and Switzerland, periodicals attentive to international trends in fiction and to internal regionalist phenomena, along with the initiative of a translator with a flair for Breton regionalism and well connected to the Swiss and Parisian literary milieux.

The Gothic Tradition in Jane Eyre and The Woman in White in Russian Translations, 1849–1860

Elements drawn from the Gothic tradition were of particular interest to the mid-nineteenth-century Russian translators of Jane Eyre and The Woman in White. That interest was stimulated by the democratization of literature, the expanding market for popular fiction, and the consequent search for models from abroad. In this article, we consider how these early translators rendered the Gothic features of these novels, and especially how they intensified and exaggerated the elements of mystery and terror. We also consider contrasts in the reviewers’ responses to Brontë’s and Collins’s texts, contrasts that we argue were based on an implicit gender bias.

Translation, ideology, and creativity

Early translation studies scholars explored the relationship between translation and literary creation, showing that translation serves innovative purposes in literary systems that are in crisis, or that are weak or relatively young. Translation also acts as an ‘alibi ’for the introduction of difference. These early explorations leave out the role of ideology in the creative aspects of translation, a role articulated in both discourse theory and postcolonial theory. As a form of linguistic interface, translation introduces discourse shifts, destabilizes received meanings, creates altern ate views of reality, establishes new representations, and makes possible new identities. All these changes can produce creative results in a literary system and a culture. These creative dimensions of translation are particularly apparent in post-colonial contexts, illustrated here by the nexus of language interface, translation, and literary creativity in Ireland from the end of the nineteenth century to the present.

Aleramo’s Una donna via Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

This article provides a detailed comparison of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House (1879) and Sibilla Aleramo's novel Una donna (1906), focussing specifically on the similar endings of both works where the respective protagonist walks out on her family. It begins by examining the various contexts and collaborative networks that enabled the theatre of Ibsen to travel into late nineteenth-century Italy, namely Luigi Capuana's translation of the play, Casa di bambola, and early interpretations of the lead role by Italy's star actress, Eleonora Duse. The article proceeds to offer a close reading of Casa di bambola and Una donna, elucidating how Aleramo's first-person novel is able to expand on key issues which are only dealt with briefly in Ibsen's play. In so doing, the analysis illustrates what it was about Aleramo's narrative technique which both aligns her with, but also sets her apart from, her predecessor, shedding new light on the connective associations between the two authors.

A dated phylogeny shows Plio-Pleistocene climates spurred evolution of antibrowsing defences in the New Zealand flora.

Summary Some plant traits may be legacies of coevolution with extinct megafauna. One example is the convergent evolution of ‘divaricate’ cage architectures in many New Zealand lineages, interpreted as a response to recently extinct flightless avian browsers whose ancestors arrived during the Paleogene period. Although experiments have confirmed that divaricate habit deters extant browsers, its abundance on frosty, droughty sites appears consistent with an earlier interpretation as a response to cold, dry Plio‐Pleistocene climates.We used 45 protein‐coding sequences from plastid genomes to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the divaricate habit in extant New Zealand lineages. Our dated phylogeny of 215 species included 91% of New Zealand eudicot divaricate species.We show that 86% of extant divaricate plants diverged from non‐divaricate sisters within the last 5 Ma, implicating Plio‐Pleistocene climates in the proliferation of cage architectures in New Zealand.Our results, combined with other recent findings, are consistent with the synthetic hypothesis that the browser‐deterrent effect of cage architectures was strongly selected only when Plio‐Pleistocene climatic constraints prevented woody plants from growing quickly out of reach of browsers. This is consistent with the abundance of cage architectures in other regions where plant growth is restricted by aridity or short frost‐free periods.

Andrea De Leeuw van Weenen: AM 677 4°. Four Early Translations of Theological Texts: Gregory the Great’s Gospel Homilies, Gregory the Great’s Dialogues, Prosper’s Epigrams, De XII Abusivis Saeculi, edited and morphologically analysed by Andrea de Leeuw van Weenen

Article Andrea De Leeuw van Weenen: AM 677 4°. Four Early Translations of Theological Texts: Gregory the Great’s Gospel Homilies, Gregory the Great’s Dialogues, Prosper’s Epigrams, De XII Abusivis Saeculi, edited and morphologically analysed by Andrea de Leeuw van Weenen was published on October 1, 2021 in the journal European Journal of Scandinavian Studies (volume 51, issue 2).

The Role of Lexical Collocation in Luther’s Translation of עָמָל (ʿāmāl) in Eccl. 1:3

Abstract This article investigates an unexplored facet of Luther’s translation of the Book of Ecclesiastes. It shows how he identified a technical linguistic phenomenon in the Hebrew text known as lexical collocation and how this ultimately shaped a number of his German renderings. This helps to solve an enigma concerning his translation of עָמָל (ʿāmāl) in Eccl. 1:3 in his Deutsche Bibel. This article also illuminates the role of intertexts in Luther’s Bible translation method, demonstrating how he frequently consulted, compared, and ultimately borrowed from multiple texts and languages to formulate his German renderings, far beyond the simple colloquial German of his day—the language of the ‘common man in the market’ and the ‘mother in the home’, which biographers of Luther so often cite. It also furthers the scholarly understanding of certain linguistic aspects of intertextuality which have not been discussed before. Finally, it identifies a number of important implications for Hebrew and German linguistics, Luther studies, and the history of medieval and early modern Bible translation. In short, this research opens up a new window, in an area never before addressed, for studies on one of the most important and influential Bible translators of all time.

Advancing tools for human early lifecourse exposome research and translation (ATHLETE): Project overview.

Early life stages are vulnerable to environmental hazards and present important windows of opportunity for lifelong disease prevention. This makes early life a relevant starting point for exposome studies. The Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation (ATHLETE) project aims to develop a toolbox of exposome tools and a Europe-wide exposome cohort that will be used to systematically quantify the effects of a wide range of community- and individual-level environmental risk factors on mental, cardiometabolic, and respiratory health outcomes and associated biological pathways, longitudinally from early pregnancy through to adolescence. Exposome tool and data development include as follows: (1) a findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) data infrastructure for early life exposome cohort data, including 16 prospective birth cohorts in 11 European countries; (2) targeted and nontargeted approaches to measure a wide range of environmental exposures (urban, chemical, physical, behavioral, social); (3) advanced statistical and toxicological strategies to analyze complex multidimensional exposome data; (4) estimation of associations between the exposome and early organ development, health trajectories, and biological (metagenomic, metabolomic, epigenetic, aging, and stress) pathways; (5) intervention strategies to improve early life urban and chemical exposomes, co-produced with local communities; and (6) child health impacts and associated costs related to the exposome. Data, tools, and results will be assembled in an openly accessible toolbox, which will provide great opportunities for researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders, beyond the duration of the project. ATHLETE’s results will help to better understand and prevent health damage from environmental exposures and their mixtures from the earliest parts of the life course onward.

Pratibhā as Vākyārtha? Bhartr̥hari’s Theory of “Insight” as the Object of a Sentence and Its Early Interpretations

Pratibhā as Vākyārtha? Bhartr̥hari’s Theory of “Insight” as the Object of a Sentence and Its Early Interpretations

Http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/122

From the beginning of Islam to date, the scholars interpreted the Holy Qurʾān, all over the world. They performed their responsibilities of explaining the Holy Qurʾān according to the circumstances. As result of this, they left massive heritage in the field of Tafsir. However a large number of these books could not be pupblished and vanished with the pasage of time and huge number of these scholarly works is available in two forms; published and manuscript. Libraries of Turkey, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Berlin, Leiden and Sub-continent, are proud to have antique manuscripts. Tafsir Talkhis-ud-Durar of Allama Abdul Hameed Bin Abdul Majeed Al-Hakimi (514 A.H) is one of the notable manuscripts scholarship in the field of Tafsir. The manuscript is available in Noor-e-Usmania Library, Istanbul, Turkey, which is famous for the preservation of Islamic literature. The manuscript of Tafsir Talkhis-ud-Durar, exists in one volumes of 425 sheets, each sheet contain two parallel pages. The language of the manuscript is Arabic, and scribe style is Arabic Naskh, while scribe used red color for Qurʾānic words and the black for the interpretation. This corpus of Tafsir is a valuable treasure of a well-learned and prolific brain of Allama Abdul Hameed Bin Abdul Majeed Al-Hakimi. He not only interprets the text of the Holy Qurʾān literally but also tries to relate the Qurʾānic message to the contemporary problems of his era, ranging from the life of individual to the broad spectrum of the collective sphere life. We may consider it among early interpretations of the Holy Qurʾān, which are far away from sectarianism and focus on message of the Holy Qurʾān and deal specifically with the social problems of the Muslims world. In the view of its important the Department of Tafsir and Quranic Sciences at the Faculty of Usuluddin, Internationa Islamic University made it a research project to be edited by four PhD students of the Department; the details are as follow: . Muhammad Esmaeel Haqani; from Sheet: 1 to 74 (Surah Al-Fatiha to Surah Al-Maida and first pard of the thesis containg introduction of the manuscript and the author and the scribe and mathodology of the author in detail.) Nasrullah tend to edit the manuscript of this interpretation and devided in to fifteen chapber beginning from Surah al-An’am to end of Surah Taha, (sheet no: 74 to 189 of the manuscript). The thesis also contains a a brief preface containing basic information about the manuscript, the scribe, the auhor and his mathodology in his Tafsir. Abdul Rahman tend to edit the manuscript of this interpretation beginning from Surah al-Anbia to end of Surah Ghafir, (sheet no: 189 to 306 of the manuscript). The thesis also contains a a brief preface containing basic information about the manuscript, the scribe, the auhor and his mathodology in his Tafsir 4 Jawed Ahmed tend to edit the manuscript of this interpretation, as a research project in terms of editing, annotating, clarification, critical analysis in the foot notes where necessary. The present thesis is from Sheet: 1 to 74 (Surah Al-Fatiha to Surah Al-Maida and first pard of the thesis containg introduction of the manuscript and the author and the scribe and mathodology of the author in detail.)

Consciousness with Body and Soul: an Attempt at Cohen’s Never-Written Psychology

There are contemporary tendencies to regard the human consciousness as an algorithm, or to reduce the human subjective to organic-natural processes or to see it as a social construction depending on cultural conditions. Such approaches pose a challenge to ethical humanism, as it seems, as if it requires new justification and groundings. How can we grasp and defend the concept of embodied subjectivity of man and its freedom to act? How can we think of its unity including thought, will and feeling, preventing it from getting lost in specialized potentials, and maintaining the person as an alert, responsible and self-founded unit? Furthermore, how is it possible to preserve the meaning of the name of the soul, since the notion of this traditional limit concept of the human subjective has fallen into disuse and likely vanished from the horizon? The essay asks for answer with the help of Hermann Cohen, the great Jewish philosopher of Neo-Kantianism, following the traces of his repeatedly stated, however never written systematic psychology. This first part of investigation confines itself to understand Cohen's early interpretation of Plato as the "primordial cell" of his psychology in order to show how the first three parts of his system of philosophy (Logic, Ethics, Aesthetics) answer to some of the questions and problems the early work had raised, with special attention to Cohens philosophy of religion. Self-movement of soul and its deep connection with the human body could be viewed and grasped from the unity of human culture as well as of the allness of man.

Seven Amino Acid Types Suffice to Create the Core Fold of RNA Polymerase.

The extant complex proteins must have evolved from ancient short and simple ancestors. The double-ψ β-barrel (DPBB) is one of the oldest protein folds and conserved in various fundamental enzymes, such as the core domain of RNA polymerase. Here, by reverse engineering a modern DPBB domain, we reconstructed its plausible evolutionary pathway started by "interlacing homodimerization" of a half-size peptide, followed by gene duplication and fusion. Furthermore, by simplifying the amino acid repertoire of the peptide, we successfully created the DPBB fold with only seven amino acid types (Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, Lys, Arg, and Val), which can be coded by only GNN and ARR (R = A or G) codons in the modern translation system. Thus, the DPBB fold could have been materialized by the early translation system and genetic code.

Detecting microstructural deviations in individuals with deep diffusion MRI tractometry

Most diffusion magnetic resonance imaging studies of disease rely on statistical comparisons between large groups of patients and healthy participants to infer altered tissue states in the brain; however, clinical heterogeneity can greatly challenge their discriminative power. There is currently an unmet need to move away from the current approach of group-wise comparisons to methods with the sensitivity to detect altered tissue states at the individual level. This would ultimately enable the early detection and interpretation of microstructural abnormalities in individual patients, an important step towards personalized medicine in translational imaging. To this end, Detect was developed to advance diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractometry towards single-patient analysis. By operating on the manifold of white-matter pathways and learning normative microstructural features, our framework captures idiosyncrasies in patterns along white-matter pathways. Our approach paves the way from traditional group-based comparisons to true personalized radiology, taking microstructural imaging from the bench to the bedside.

Retrieving At-one-ment in the English Soteriological Tradition

This article examines the use of the word atonement in biblical-theological discourse in the English language and early English translations of the Bible. It traces the word’s origin and development, and it uncovers its original signification and the meaning of the words from which it derives. It suggests that modern English-speaking theologians could benefit from a re-evaluation of this word given that it was first introduced in English translations of the Bible and subsequently used in Christian theological discourse for a specific purpose which is no longer operative. It suggests that a recovery of its original signification can be helpful to understanding how some medieval and early Renaissance English Christians interpreted that word, scriptural passages, and Christ’s salvific work.

Overview of featurization techniques used in traditional versus emerging deep learning-based algorithms for automated interpretation of the 12-lead ECG

Automated interpretation of the 12-lead ECG has remained an underpinning interest in decades of research that has seen a diversity of computing applications in cardiology.The application of computers in cardiology began in the 1960s with early research focusing on the conversion of analogue ECG signals (voltages) to digital samples. Alongside this, software techniques that automated the extraction of wave measurements and provided basic diagnostic statements, began to emerge. In the years since then there have been many significant milestones which include the widespread commercialisation of 12-lead ECG interpretation software, associated clinical utility and the development of the related regulatory frameworks to promote standardised development.In the past few years, the research community has seen a significant rejuvenation in the development of ECG interpretation programs. This is evident in the research literature where a large number of studies have emerged tackling a variety of automated ECG interpretation problems. This is largely due to two factors. Specifically, the technical advances, both software and hardware, that have facilitated the broad adoption of modern artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and, the increasing availability of large datasets that support modern AI approaches.In this article we provide a very high-level overview of the operation of and approach to the development of early 12-lead ECG interpretation programs and we contrast this to the approaches that are now seen in emerging AI approaches. Our overview is mainly focused on highlighting differences in how input data are handled prior to generation of the diagnostic statement.

Further Reflections on Zhi Qian’s Foshuo Pusa Benye Jing: Some Terminological Questions

Zhi Qian (支謙, fl. ca. 220–257 CE), a prolific Yuezhi-Chinese translator of Indian Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, is widely known for his broad range of styles and terminology. For several decades, his translation activities and his legacy in the history of Chinese Buddhist literature have been a rich field of research, particularly within the context of the transmission of Buddhism from India to China. In the present article, as a follow-up study to “Buddhism for Chinese readers: Zhi Qian’s Literary Refinements in the Foshuo pusa benye jing,” recently published by the authors in this journal, we offer additional reflections on distinctive features of Zhi Qian’s language. We focus on four unusual and interesting renderings in the Foshuo pusa benye jing (佛說菩薩本業經, T. 281), namely (1) santu 三塗; (2) shezui 捨罪; (3) kong 空, wu xiang 無想 and bu yuan 不願; and (4) sishi buhu 四時不護. Through an analysis of these words and phrases, we discuss Zhi Qian’s translation techniques and lexical idiosyncrasies, highlighting their significance in our understanding of the dynamics of language contact and change in the early period of the Chinese Buddhist tradition. Thus, the paper investigates some key Buddhist terms as coined by the early translators on the basis of the classical Chinese and illustrates the semantic changes of the Chinese language taking place in the period as well as influence of Buddhist regimes of knowledge.

Data-Driven Subgroup Identification in Confirmatory Clinical Trials.

Data-driven subgroup analysis plays an important role in clinical trials. This paper focuses on practical considerations in post-hoc subgroup investigations in the context of confirmatory clinical trials. The analysis is aimed at assessing the heterogeneity of treatment effects across the trial population and identifying patient subgroups with enhanced treatment benefit. The subgroups are defined using baseline patient characteristics, including demographic and clinical factors. Much progress has been made in the development of reliable statistical methods for subgroup investigation, including methods based on global models and recursive partitioning. The paper provides a review of principled approaches to data-driven subgroup identification and illustrates subgroup analysis strategies using a family of recursive partitioning methods known as the SIDES (subgroup identification based on differential effect search) methods. These methods are applied to a Phase III trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The paper discusses key considerations in subgroup exploration, including the role of covariate adjustment, subgroup analysis at early decision points and interpretation of subgroup search results in trials with a positive overall effect.

The Akan Traditional Leadership Formation: Some Lessons for Christian Leadership Formation

Traditional and Christian leaders in Akan communities in Ghana provide leadership services for the same Akan people. For proper internal harmony and identity devoid of identity crises, the two leadership systems should not only understand each other but must be willing to learn relevant values and lessons from each other. The integration which has already taken place among Akan traditional leaders as they have over the years learnt Christian leadership values and lessons from churches and mission schools is yet to take place properly in Christian leadership formation. This article seeks to analyse the values and lessons in Akan traditional leadership formation and its significance for Christian leadership formation. Observation and interviews of the Akan traditional leadership institution at Akuapim, Akyem and Asante and examination of secondary materials on early interpreters of the interaction between the Akan traditional leadership institution with the Christian faith are used to gather qualitative data. Akan traditional leadership formation pays much attention to matters of royal consciousness, leadership as service, mentoring, the celebration of the Adae festival and oath swearing. Christian leadership formation that seeks to avoid the church being alien on Akan cultural soil will need to pay attention to the indigenous leadership formation when addressing issues on institutional memory, stewardship, women in leadership, leadership as service and accountability in Christian leadership. Keywords: Akan, Christian, Traditional Leadership, Leadership Formation.

Interpreting in Early Modern Diplomacy: Occasional Mobility and the Liminal Spaces of Trust

In this article, I examine the relationship between mobility and trust in the work and life of a wide range of early modern diplomatic interpreters. I address this relationship by bringing together archival material unearthed by literary scholars and social historians: specifically, historians of diplomacy, translation, and interpreting. I seek to address these documents from the perspective of occasional dragomans who found themselves performing the often-dangerous role of intercultural mediation in exchange for money, an improved social status, or freedom.