Earlier Rounds Research Articles

Ambiguity potentiates effects of loneliness on feelings of rejection

ABSTRACT For social species, having strong and high-quality social relationships is an important safety cue. Loneliness occurs when an individual perceives they have insufficient relationships resulting in feelings of lack of safety. States of perceived unsafety are linked to an increased tendency to construe ambiguous information – information lacking a unique clear interpretation – as threatening. Here, we explore whether the ambiguity of social cues of interpersonal rejection moderates effects of loneliness on feelings of rejection while undergoing social exclusion. Data were collected in 2021; 144 adults completed a progressive social exclusion paradigm where they were randomly assigned to be equally included, excluded, or over-included. Social exclusion/inclusion cues became more pronounced over the course of multiple rounds of a ball-tossing game (Cyberball) resulting in a scenario where ambiguity was highest in earlier rounds and decreased over time. Participants reported feelings of loneliness prior to the task and feelings of rejection throughout the task. Results demonstrated that higher loneliness predicted increased feelings of rejection regardless of exclusion condition. Notably, this positive relationship was strongest during earlier rounds when social cues were most ambiguous. These findings contribute to our understanding of how loneliness modulates social perception to enable organisms to adequately adapt to changing circumstances.

Industrial policy and governmental venture capital: Evidence from China

This paper examines the role of governmental venture capital firms (GVCs) in supporting industries endorsed by the government. Specifically, we find that GVCs are more likely to invest in industries targeted by the industrial policy compared to non-GVCs. Further analyses on investment behavior suggest that GVCs make larger investments, invest in earlier rounds, and have longer holding periods in government-endorsed industries compared with non-GVCs. In terms of investment outcome, although GVCs have poorer financial performance while supporting targeted industries, they do play a positive role in promoting corporate innovation. Taken together, this paper provides novel empirical evidence on the important role of GVCs in facilitating the implementation of industrial policies.

Years of education and research driven in sustainable architecture: Where do we stand and where do we go?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to give an informative map of sustainable architectural education by focusing on publishing trends, prominent publications, prolific contributors, research challenges and future research prospects. As a consequence, an efficient framework for collecting significant knowledge and identifying prevalent topics in sustainable architectural education towards more sustainable environments at the urban and building scales may be provided.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology adopted in this study is based on examining the subjects of many consecutive rounds of the Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA) conference, with an emphasis on the most recent five rounds. The PLEA's official website served as the main source for gathering all proceedings. Earlier rounds from 2016 to 2020, which cover a time span of five years, were utilized to analyze patterns during that time period. The rationale for selecting this time period was the limited availability of data required to observe the trends, area of interest and emerging themes in these fields that could be analyzed qualitatively.FindingsThe findings show that the following drive themes emerged around education and research-driven sustainable architecture: emerging design as a core idea; concentration on the way of delivering and developing education; constructing and shaping the building; assessing current practices; acquiring and recruiting knowledge and new concepts; reporting on the current condition; portraying the target audience and ensuring the long-term viability of the architectural educational process. This insight provides academics and professionals a greater grasp of the state of the art, allowing them to direct their research toward developing concerns in education and research-driven sustainable design.Originality/valueThe study results provide an effective framework for collecting relevant content and identifying prominent topics in sustainable, passive and passive low-energy architecture for the creation of more sustainable urban and building environments. Furthermore, this qualitative and exploratory study may serve as a framework for those researching, creating and verifying different research approaches in education and research-driven sustainable architecture.

Automatic Search of Meet-in-the-Middle Differential Fault Analysis on AES-like Ciphers

Fault analysis is a powerful technique to retrieve secret keys by exploiting side-channel information. Differential fault analysis (DFA) is one of the most powerful threats utilizing differential information between correct and faulty ciphertexts and can recover keys for symmetric-key cryptosystems efficiently. Since DFA usually targets the first or last few rounds of the block ciphers, some countermeasures against DFA only protect the first and last few rounds for efficiency. Therefore, to explore how many rounds DFA can affect is very important to make sure how many rounds to protect in practice. At CHES 2011, Derbez et al. proposed an improved DFA on AES based on MitM approach, which covers one more round than previous DFAs. To perform good (or optimal) MitM DFA on block ciphers, the good (or optimal) attack configurations should be identified, such as the location where the faults inject, the matching point with differential relationship, and the two independent computation paths where two independent subsets of the key are involved. In this paper, we formulate the essential ideas of the construction of the attack, and translate the problem of searching for the best MitM DFA into optimization problems under constraints in Mixed-Integer-Linear-Programming (MILP) models. With the models, we achieve more powerful and practical DFA attacks on SKINNY, CRAFT, QARMA, PRINCE, PRINCEv2, and MIDORI with faults injected in 1 to 9 earlier rounds than the best previous DFAs.

Public conformism with health regulation is crumbling as COVID-19 becomes a chronic threat: Repeated Cross-sectional Studies

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to analyze the long terms trends in public attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with self-quarantine regulations.MethodsRepeated cross-sectional studies looking into data collected from nationally representative samples (N = 2568) of the adult population in Israel at five points in time representing the five morbidity waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined public trust in Israeli health regulations, levels of public panic, feelings of personal worry, and compliance with health regulations, specifically self-quarantine.ResultsPublic trust in health regulations in January 2022 is at an all-time low (25%) compared to the maximum value of nearly 75% measured in March 2020. While reported worry is steadily reducing, the perception of public panic is increasing. In earlier rounds, public compliance with self-quarantine was reported close to 100%; however, it has dropped to 38% by January 2022 when compensation is not assumed. Regression analysis suggests that trust is a major predictor of compliance with health regulations.ConclusionsThe “fifth wave” of the COVID-19 pandemic brought about an all-time low in public trust in health regulations. The Israeli public, normally a highly compliant one, is showing signs of crumbling conformity.

Central environmental inspection and corporate environmental investment: evidence from Chinese listed companies.

As a new type of environmental policy, the central environmental inspection (CEI) policy is an important innovative strategy in economic transition. Using the panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2011 to 2018, we apply the extended STIRPAT model to examine the direct impact of CEI policy on corporate environmental investment and its heterogeneity effects. The main findings are as follows: (1) The CEI policy has a positive influence on the environmental investment of all listed companies. (2) The promotion effect of CEI policy is quite different among five-round campaigns; while companies in later rounds fails to learn some experiences and lessons from the earlier rounds. (3) Due to the differences in property rights, industries, and environmental situations, the positive effect of CEI policy will be more significant in non-SOEs, companies in non-heavy-pollution industries, and companies in provinces with poor environment performance. This study supplements the research of environmental regulations, potentially contributing to the next stage of green and sustainable development in China.

Are spectator preferences weaker for cup compared to league competitions? Evidence from Irish soccer

ABSTRACT This paper exploits data from eight recent playing seasons to examine the spectator appeal for League of Ireland fans of the national soccer challenge cup competition (the FAI cup). The study finds a sizable spectator attendance penalty for Premier Division clubs in FAI cup games for the earlier rounds of the tournament compared to league fixtures against the same opposition. However, this is reversed by the penultimate stage of the tournament. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Defusing Land Disputes? The Politics of Land Certification and Dispute Resolution in Burundi

ABSTRACTThere is a growing interest in localized land registration, in which user rights are acknowledged and recorded through a community‐based procedure, as an alternative to centralized titling to promote secure tenure in sub‐Saharan Africa. Localized land registration is expected to reduce land disputes, yet it remains unclear how it impacts disputes in practice. This is an urgent question for war‐affected settings that experience sensitive land disputes. This article discusses findings from ethnographic fieldwork in Burundi on pilot projects for land certification. It identifies three ways in which certification feeds into land conflicts rather than preventing or resolving them. First, land certification represents a chance for local people to enter a new round of claim making, as those ignored or disenfranchised in earlier rounds see new opportunities. Second, it offers an avenue for institutional competition between different land‐governing institutions. Third, certification provides politicians with openings to interfere in tenure relations and to expand their support base. The authors conclude that these problems are not simply a matter of inadequate policy design. Rather, there are crucial political dimensions to land conflicts and land tenure in Burundi, which means that land registration programmes run the risk of inflaming conflictive property relations in rural communities.

M85. LIGHT-DARK AND ACTIVITY RHYTHM THERAPY TO IMPROVE SLEEP IN SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS: EXPERT CONSENSUS, INTERVENTION DEVELOPMENT AND FEASIBILITY TESTING

BackgroundSleep problems are prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and include psychophysiological insomnia, and sleep disturbances caused predominantly by circadian dysregulation. Studies using motion sensing wearables (including actigraphy) have shown a diverse range of rest activity patterns, including mis-timed sleep, irregular sleep, or non-24hr (free-running) sleep patterns. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances impact negatively on functioning and quality of life, and long term poor sleep is linked to weight gain, and other serious physical health conditions. Many of the factors supposed to cause or maintain poor sleep in this group are modifiable through behavioural and environmental alterations.MethodsAn expert consensus study (Delphi study) was conducted to examine and explore the views of relevant experts, regarding the appropriate contents and format of an occupational therapy intervention to improve sleep in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experts were recruited with expertise in: occupational therapy, sleep, insomnia, circadian rhythm, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experts with clinical and/or research expertise were sought, as well as service users and carers. We conducted three rounds of online surveys, individual interviews, and a day of content presentation, comments and voting, and discussion groups with service users and carers. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and presented graphically for comparisons. Qualitative data (survey comments and interviews) was analysed using thematic analysis. Analysis and data collection was iterative; with later rounds exploring views raised during earlier rounds. The results informed the development of the intervention now being tested in a single group feasibility study recruiting twenty participants. Using mixed methods, this study will evaluate acceptability, homework adherence and trial related procedures, informing adjustments prior to larger scale testing.ResultsThe Delphi study recruited and retained participants well (n=82 of target=85, 66% uptake from professionals approached, 97% completion), suggesting a high level of interest in this topic. Participants reached consensus regarding relevant content within the initial assessment, increasing daytime natural light exposure (when possible), approaches to evening routine, and the approach to activity and occupation. Views varied regarding the relative importance of sleep restriction and building ‘sleep drive’, versus reducing arousal such as through relaxation, mindfulness, or cognitive approaches to anxiety. Often service users’ and carers’ views reflected those of professionals, however on some areas views between these groups differed, such as acceptable levels of intervention burden, and regarding wearables. Overall views highlighted the importance of a tailored intervention, with adjustable and selectable elements. The tailoring of recommendations will be achieved through a thorough assessment, including longitudinal use of light and movement sensing wearables, and a detailed initial interview. Many intervention components are optional based on needs, and the homework recommendations from ‘core’ intervention elements will vary depending upon individual needs, preferences, and baseline problems and situation.DiscussionThe diversity of sleep disturbance presentations within this group poses a unique challenge when developing a brief first-line intervention. Individually tailored recommendations can be derived through the combination of wearable technology and self-report, and a growing body of work informing models of sleep disturbance in this group.

Disease detection at the 48-month exit round of the HPV FOCAL cervical cancer screening trial in women per-protocol eligible for routine screening.

HPV FOCAL is a randomized control trial of cervical cancer screening. The intervention arm received baseline screening for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and the control arm received liquid-based cytology (LBC) at baseline and 24 months. Both arms received 48-month exit HPV and LBC cotesting. Exit results are presented for per-protocol eligible (PPE) screened women. Participants were PPE at exit if they had completed all screening and recommended follow-up and had not been diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) earlier in the trial. Subgroups were identified based upon results at earlier trial screening. There were 9,457 and 9,552 and women aged 25-65 randomized to control and intervention and 7,448 (77.8%) and 8,281 (86.7%), respectively, were PPE and screened. Exit cotest results were similar (p = 0.11) by arm for PPE and the relative rate (RR) of CIN2+ for intervention vs. control was RR = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.56-1.23). The RR for CIN2+ comparing intervention women baseline HPV negative to control women with negative cytology at baseline and at 24 months, was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.43-1.06). PPE women who had a negative or CIN1 colposcopy in earlier rounds had elevated rates (per 1,000) of CIN2+ at exit, control 31 (95% CI: 14-65) and intervention 43 (95% CI: 25-73). Among PPE women HPV negative at exit LBC cotesting identified little CIN2+, Rate = 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1-0.7). This per-protocol analysis found that screening with HPV using a 4-year interval is as safe as LBC with a 2-year screening interval. LBC screening in HPV negative women at exit identified few additional lesions.

Empirical Study on Value Drivers of Angel Backed Start-up Companies in Bangalore

Business angels engage themselves in providing capital to nascent ventures. Startup ventures generally employ personal funds for setting up venture. In spite of sound financial ecosystem available for startups, limited number ventures attract angel investment. Most of the startups depend upon personal funds. Angel investors play key role in financial eco-system of start-ups. Angel investors hunt for high growth potential ventures for investment. The objective of this study was to identify different criteria for angel investments. This study was conducted in the leading start-up hub Bengaluru. Data were collected through responses taken from 72 angel funded startups operating in Bengaluru. SPSS exploratory factor analysis and correlation were used for identifying the key factors influencing angel investments. The study revealed that entrepreneur experience and funding obtained from earlier rounds, external finance, past experience of handling challenges, and industry knowledge were the main criteria for angel investments. Overall, results show that entrepreneurial skills play a major role in attracting angel investment.

Asset pricing when trading is for entertainment

PurposeHigh levels of turnover in financial markets are consistent with the notion that trading, like gambling, yields direct utility to some agents. The purpose of this paper is to show that the presence of these agents attenuates covariance risk pricing and volatility, and implies a negative relation between volume and future returns. Since psychological literature indicates that the desirability of a gamble arises from the ex ante volatility of the outcome, the authors propose that agents derive greater utility from trading more volatile stocks. These stocks earn lower average returns in equilibrium, although the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive. The authors then consider a dynamic setting where agents’ utility from trading increases when they make positive profits in earlier rounds (e.g. due to an endowment effect). This leads to “bubbles,” i.e. disproportionate jumps in asset returns as a function of past prices, higher volume in up markets relative to down markets, as well as a leverage effect, wherein down markets are followed by higher volatility than up markets.Design/methodology/approachAnalytical.FindingsThe presence of gamblers attenuates covariance risk pricing and volatility, and implies a negative relation between volume and future returns. If gamblers prefer more volatile stocks, these stocks earn lower average returns in equilibrium. If agents’ utility from trading increases when they make positive profits in earlier rounds (e.g. to an endowment effect), this leads to higher volume and lower volatility in up markets relative to down markets.Originality/valueNo paper has previously modeled agents who derive direct utility from trading.

Peer Monitoring, Syndication, and the Dynamics of Venture Capitalist Interactions

We develop a new rationale for the formation of syndicates by financial intermediaries, theoretically analyze the dynamics of interactions by syndicate members, and test the implications of our theory. The specific context in which we develop our analysis is that of venture capital (VC) syndicates. In our model, an entrepreneur needs financing from a VC investor to implement his firm’s positive net present value project. In addition to financing, VCs can provide the firm with two inputs (each in a different area of activity), which can increase the probability of project success: these inputs can be provided either by a single VC, or by two different VCs, each operating in his own area of expertise. The effort exerted by a VC in providing the above inputs is unobservable to the entrepreneur but observable to other VCs who may form part of a syndicate with him. We analyze the firm’s equilibrium choice between financing the project by contracting with a single VC, by contracting individually with two VCs, or by contracting with a syndicate consisting of two VCs. Our analysis generates several testable predictions for the equilibrium choice of the structure of VC financing, for the evolution of this structure across financing rounds, and for the dynamics of the composition of VC syndicates. First, firms with more complex projects are more likely to seek financing from a VC syndicate. Second, while VC specialists are more likely to join in a VC syndicate to finance an entrepreneurial firm, VC generalists are more likely to finance the firm alone. Third, firms obtaining financing from a VC syndicate throughout various financing rounds are more likely to have a successful exit compared to those which have syndicate financing in earlier rounds but switch to financing from a single VC in later rounds. Fourth, firms financed by a syndicate consisting of the same set of VC investors throughout various financing rounds are more likely to have a successful exit compared to those which are financed by VC syndicates whose membership changes across financing rounds. Finally, VCs forming part of a syndicate which financed a successful firm are more likely to form a syndicate again financing future projects. We present empirical evidence consistent with the above predictions of our model.

Diagnosing and Minimizing Semantic Drift in Iterative Bootstrapping Extraction

Semantic drift is a common problem in iterative information extraction. Previous approaches for minimizing semantic drift may incur substantial loss in recall. We observe that most semantic drifts are introduced by a small number of questionable extractions in the earlier rounds of iterations. These extractions subsequently introduce a large number of questionable results, which lead to the semantic drift phenomenon. We call these questionable extractions Drifting Points (DPs). If erroneous extractions are the “symptoms” of semantic drift, then DPs are the “causes” of semantic drift. In this paper, we propose a method to minimize semantic drift by identifying the DPs and removing the effect introduced by the DPs. We use isA (concept-instance) extraction as an example to describe our approach in cleaning information extraction errors caused by semantic drift, but we perform experiments on different relation extraction processes on three large real data extraction collections. The experimental results show that our DP cleaning method enables us to clean around 90 percent incorrect instances or patterns with about 90 percent precision, which outperforms the previous approaches we compare with.

An energy aware competition based clustering for cluster head selection in wireless sensor network with mobility

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are resource constrained networks wherein every sensor node in the network possesses restricted amount of resources. For saving resources as well as energy, data should be collated for reducing quantity of traffic in the network. Data aggregation is to be carried out with the assistance of a clustering strategy. Cluster-based routing in WSNs is an effective solution for enhancing energy efficacy of nodes as well as resourceful data aggregation. Several studies on network life time as well as data aggregation are suggested with low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme which permits the part of the cluster head (CH) to be rotated amongst the sensor nodes and focuses on the distribution of energy use throughout all nodes. Life time of WSNs are impacted by the choosing of CHs; this is due to the fact that CH consumed more energy than other member nodes. In the current work, an energy effective CH election in mobile WSNs is suggested, analysed as well as evaluated based on residual energy as well as randomized election of nodes that were not designated as CHs in earlier rounds. The study proposes random competition based clustering (RCC) strategy which is more stable than the traditional clustering strategies like Lower ID (LID). IWO or Invasive Weed Optimization is a metaheuristic that has been developed recently to mimic the behaviour of the weeds. But the spatial dispersal operators and reproduction in the IWO that was originally used can make the seeds stay around the weed that is considered best that can result in convergence prematurely. In order to overcome this, EIWO or Enhanced IWO algorithm has been developed using TS or Tabu Search. Furthermore, the suggested method reveals considerable improvement in contrast to IWO LID as well as IWO-TS LID with regard to average end to end delays of sensor nodes, average packet delivery ratio of sensor nodes as well as improved network life time at the time of transmitting information.

Recognizing RNA structural motifs in HT-SELEX data for ribosomal protein S15

BackgroundProteins recognize many different aspects of RNA ranging from single stranded regions to discrete secondary or tertiary structures. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of in vitro selected populations offers a large scale method to study RNA-proteins interactions. However, most existing analysis methods require that the binding motifs are enriched in the population relative to earlier rounds, and that motifs are found in a loop or single stranded region of the potential RNA secondary structure. Such methods do not generalize to all RNA-protein interaction as some RNA binding proteins specifically recognize more complex structures such as double stranded RNA.ResultsIn this study, we use HT-SELEX derived populations to study the landscape of RNAs that interact with Geobacillus kaustophilus ribosomal protein S15. Our data show high sequence and structure diversity and proved intractable to existing methods. Conventional programs identified some sequence motifs, but these are found in less than 5-10% of the total sequence pool. Therefore, we developed a novel framework to analyze HT-SELEX data. Our process accounts for both sequence and structure components by abstracting the overall secondary structure into smaller substructures composed of a single base-pair stack, which allows us to leverage existing approaches already used in k-mer analysis to identify enriched motifs. By focusing on secondary structure motifs composed of specific two base-pair stacks, we identified significantly enriched or depleted structure motifs relative to earlier rounds.ConclusionsDiscrete substructures are likely to be important to RNA-protein interactions, but they are difficult to elucidate. Substructures can help make highly diverse sequence data more tractable. The structure motifs provide limited accuracy in predicting enrichment suggesting that G. kaustophilus S15 can either recognize many different secondary structure motifs or some aspects of the interaction are not captured by the analysis. This highlights the importance of considering secondary and tertiary structure elements and their role in RNA-protein interactions.

Return to Play After Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Football League Players.

Background:National Football League (NFL) players who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have been shown to have a lower return to play (RTP) than previously expected. However, RTP in the NFL after revision ACL reconstruction (RACLR) is not well defined.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study is to determine the RTP of NFL players after RACLR and evaluate factors that predict RTP. Our hypothesis was that more experienced and established players would be more likely to RTP after RACLR.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A total of 24 NFL players who underwent RACLR between 2007 and 2014 were reviewed and evaluated. Return to NFL play, time to return, seasons and games played prior to and after revision surgery, draft status, and demographic data were collected. Overall RTP was determined, and players who did RTP were compared with those unable to RTP. Data were also compared with control players matched for age, position, size, and experience.Results:After RACLR, 79% (19/24) of NFL players returned to NFL regular-season play at an average of 12.6 months. All players who were drafted in the first 4 rounds, played in at least 55 games, or played 4 seasons of NFL play prior to injury were able to RTP. Players drafted in the first 4 rounds of the NFL draft were more likely to RTP than those who were not (odds ratio, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.01-1.00; P = .05). Those who returned to NFL play played in significantly less games and seasons after their injury than before (P = .01 and P = .01, respectively). However, these values did not differ when compared with matched controls (P = .67 and P = .33).Conclusion:NFL players who RTP after RACLR do so at a similar rate but prolonged time period compared with after primary ACL reconstruction. Athletes who were drafted in earlier rounds were more likely to RTP than those who were not. Additionally, player experience prior to injury is an important factor when predicting RTP after RACLR.

Asset Pricing When Trading Is Entertainment

We analyze a model where agents derive direct utility from the act of trading. The resulting equilibrium shows that trading for entertainment creates an excessive tendency to buy low and sell high, and causes attenuation of covariance risk pricing and return volatility. The model also implies a negative relation between volume and future returns, consistent with the empirical evidence. Further, if agents derive greater utility from trading more volatile stocks, our model is consistent with the volatility anomaly'' wherein more volatile stocks earn lower average returns in the cross-section, although the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive. Agents who derive greater utility from trading trade more aggressively on private information and raise the informational efficiency of prices. If agents' utility from trading increases when they make positive profits in earlier rounds, this leads to bubbles,'' i.e., disproportionate jumps in asset returns as a function of past prices.

Using the Internet in New Zealand elections and support for e-voting

The use of the Internet for voting and other related purposes is a key area of discussion worldwide, although only touched on in a few New Zealand publications. It is seen by many as something of a panacea – a ‘technical fix’ – that might repair the falling rates of participation in democratic elections, while others are horrified that it might subvert important aspects of democracy. In order to ascertain interest in e-voting in particular and also the broad pattern of the use of the Internet around elections, this article analyses portions of the data collected by the 2014 and earlier rounds of the New Zealand Election Study, together with data from other studies. As well as a considerable battery of questions relating to e-voting in the last two rounds, the New Zealand Election Study has had a measure of Internet access embedded within a question of Internet use in relation to the preceding election. This goes back to the 1999 survey round and so long-term trends can be documented.

Tight bound on mobile Byzantine Agreement

This paper investigates the problem of Byzantine Agreement in a synchronous system where malicious agents can move from process to process, corrupting their host. Earlier works on the problem are based on biased models which, as we argue in the paper, give an unfair advantage either to the correct processes or to the adversary controlling the malicious agents. Indeed, earlier studies of the problem assume that, after a malicious agent has left a process, that process, said to be cured, is able to instantly and accurately detect the fact that it was corrupted in earlier rounds, and thus can take local actions to recover a valid state (Garay's model). We found no justification for that assumption which clearly favors correct processes. Under that model, an algorithm is known for n>4t, where n is the number of processes and t the maximum number of malicious agents. The tightness of the bound is however unknown. In contrast, more recent works on the problem remove the assumption on detection and assume instead that a malicious agent may have left corrupted messages in the send queue of a cured process in addition to a corrupted state. As a result, the adversary controlling the malicious agents can corrupt the messages sent by cured processes, in addition to those sent by the newly corrupted ones, thus doubling the number of effective faults. Under that model, which favors the malicious agents, the problem can be solved if and only if n>6t. In this paper, we refine the latter model to avoid the above biases. While a cured process may send messages (based on a state corrupted by the malicious agent), it will behave correctly in the way it sends those messages: i.e., send messages according to the algorithm. Surprisingly, in this model we could derive a new non-trivial tight bound for Byzantine Agreement. We prove that at least 5t+1 processors are needed in order to tolerate t mobile Byzantine agents and provide a time optimal algorithm that matches this lower bound, altogether with a formal specification of the problem.