Earlier Rise Time Research Articles

Investigating the Effects of Applying Different Actigraphy Processing Approaches to Examine the Sleep Data of Patients With Neuropathic Pain

Individuals suffering from neuropathic pain commonly report issues associated with sleep. To measure sleep in this population, researchers have used actigraphy. Historically, actigraphy data have been analyzed in the form of counts; however, due to the proprietary nature, many opt to quantify data in its raw form. Various processing techniques exist to accomplish this; however, it remains unclear how they compare to one another. This study sought to compare sleep measures derived using the GGIR R package versus the GENEActiv (GA) R Markdown tool in a neuropathic pain population. It was hypothesized that the processing techniques would yield significantly different sleep outcomes. One hundred and twelve individuals (mean age = 52.72 ± 13.01 years; 60 M) with neuropathic pain in their back and/or lower limbs were included. While simultaneously undergoing spinal cord stimulation, actigraphy devices were worn on the wrist for a minimum of 7 days (GA; 50 Hz). Upon completing the protocol, sleep outcome measures were calculated using (a) the GGIR R package and (b) the GA R Markdown tool. To compare these algorithms, paired-samples t tests and Bland–Altman plots were used to compare the total sleep time, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, sleep onset time, and rise times. According to the paired-samples t test, the GA R Markdown yielded lower total sleep time and sleep efficiency and a greater wake after sleep onset, compared with the GGIR package. Furthermore, later sleep onset times and earlier rise times were reported by the GGIR package compared with the GA R Markdown.

Sensitivity to amplitude envelope rise time in infancy and vocabulary development at 3years: A significant relationship.

Here we report, for the first time, a relationship between sensitivity to amplitude envelope rise time in infants and their later vocabulary development. Recent research in auditory neuroscience has revealed that amplitude envelope rise time plays a mechanistic role in speech encoding. Accordingly, individual differences in infant discrimination of amplitude envelope rise times could be expected to relate to individual differences in language acquisition. A group of 50 infants taking part in a longitudinal study contributed rise time discrimination thresholds when aged 7 and 10months, and their vocabulary development was measured at 3years. Experimental measures of phonological sensitivity were also administered at 3years. Linear mixed effect models taking rise time sensitivity as the dependent variable, and controlling for non-verbal IQ, showed significant predictive effects for vocabulary at 3years, but not for the phonological sensitivity measures. The significant longitudinal relationship between amplitude envelope rise time discrimination and vocabulary development suggests that early rise time discrimination abilities have an impact on speech processing by infants.

Sleep Characteristics and Temperament in Preterm Children at Two Years of Age.

We aimed to compare 2-year-old children born preterm with children born full term regarding: (1) sleep characteristics, (2) temperament, and (3) relations between sleep pattern and habits and temperament. The study included 51 preterm children with normal cognitive, language, and motor development (mean = 20.94 months, standard deviation [SD] = 4.08) and 57 full-term children (mean = 21.19, SD = 4.32). To assess sleep-related difficulties and habits and child temperament, mothers completed the following questionnaires: the (1) Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children-adapted (SDSC); (2) Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ); and (3) Italian Temperament Questionnaires-version 12-36 months (QUIT). Preterm children needed less support to fall asleep and fell asleep more often alone in their own bed compared to those born at full term; however, preterm children showed more frequent sleep difficulties, such as restlessness and breathing problems during the night. In addition, preterm children had lower scores in the temperamental dimension of attention and higher scores in negative emotionality than full-term children. Finally, sleep problems were correlated with higher motor activity, lower social orientation and attention, and increased negative emotionality; a shorter nocturnal sleep duration was related to higher motor activity and lower inhibition to novelty whereas an earlier rise time was associated with lower attention and social orientation. Preterm children showed sleep pattern problems and disturbance, predominance of attention problems, and negative emotionality related to sleep disruption.

Normal Sleep from Infancy to Adolescence

Age is presumably the essential factor in determining how humans sleep. Sleep patterns evolve in complex ways. This review is aimed to collect literature data about normal sleep, considering most relevant sleep studies published in the last decades, covering subjective and objective parameters, as well as neurophysiological studies on arousal development and sleep spectral analysis studies on sleep and brain maturation. According to subjective studies, sleep duration expresses the highest interindividual variability during the first years of life, becoming more stable across preschool and school ages, especially during weekend days or holidays. All these studies reported differences between sleep duration during weekday and weekend days, mostly due to earlier rise time for school time. Moreover, literature data showed a significant and worldwide decline in sleep duration and a later bedtime compared with the last century. Polysomnographic studies indicate that total sleep time in children older than 5 years did not really change with age, in contrast to what was generally suggested in several small studies. Changes seemed to be related to environmental factors rather than to biological changes. Studies about sleep microstructure (arousal levels, slow-wave activity, cyclic alternating pattern [CAP] analysis) need to be encouraged, considering the evident correlation between these sleep markers and sleep quality, brain maturation and cognition. Despite these evidences, there is a paucity of sleep normative data about CAP across developmental age, and many questions remain open about the scoring of arousals.

Insomnia as a Moderator of Response to Time in Bed Restriction for Augmenting Antidepressant Treatment: A Preliminary Investigation

ABSTRACTBackground: There are complex, bidirectional associations between major depressive disorder and insomnia. In the present study, we evaluated insomnia as a moderator of response to antidepressant therapy in the context of a sleep manipulation (time in bed restriction) for major depressive disorder. Methods: Fifty-eight adults with major depressive disorder received 8 weeks of fluoxetine 20–40 mgs and were randomized to 8 hr time in bed (8h TIB) or 6 hr time in bed (6h TIB) for the first 2 weeks (participants in the 6h TIB condition were further randomized to a delayed bedtime (Late Bedtime) or advanced rise time (Early Rise Time) group). Insomnia was assessed at baseline using the Insomnia Severity Index. Depression symptom severity was determined by the clinician-rated 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), completed weekly. Results: A group by time interaction was observed whereby HAMD-17 scores were higher for participants assigned to the 6h TIB group (without insomnia, weeks 3 through 7; with insomnia from week 3 through 6, ps < .05) relative to participants without insomnia assigned to the 8h TIB group. There were no differences in HAMD-17 scores for participants with insomnia in the 6h TIB group relative to the 8h TIB group. Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that response to fluoxetine may be hindered by TIB restriction in individuals without insomnia. Individuals with insomnia respond similarly to fluoxetine regardless of whether their TIB is restricted. Limitations include exclusive use of self-report measures to categorize insomnia, and small sample sizes in several of the subgroups.

Influence of Day Length and Physical Activity on Sleep Patterns in Older Icelandic Men and Women.

To identify cross-sectional and seasonal patterns of sleep and physical activity (PA) in community-dwelling, older Icelandic adults using accelerometers. A seven-day free-living protocol of 244 (110 female) adults aged 79.7 ± 4.9 years was conducted as part of a larger population-based longitudinal observational-cohort study in the greater Reykjavik area of Iceland. A subpopulation (n = 72) repeated the 7-day measurement during seasonal periods with greater (13.4 ± 1.4 h) and lesser (7.7 ± 1.8 h) daylight. Cross-sectional analyses using multiple linear regression models revealed that day length was a significant independent predictor of sleep duration, mid-sleep, and rise time (all p < 0.05). However, the actual within-individual differences in sleep patterns of the repeaters were rather subtle between periods of longer and shorter day-lengths. Compared to women, men had a shorter sleep duration (462 ± 80 vs. 487 ± 68 minutes, p = 0.008), earlier rise time, and a greater number of awakenings per night (46.5 ± 18.3 vs. 40.2 ± 15.7, p = 0.007), but sleep efficiency and onset latency were similar between the two sexes. Daily PA was also similar between men and women and between periods of longer and shorter day-lengths. BMI, age, gender, and overall PA all contributed to the variations in sleep parameters using multiple regression analysis. The sleep and PA characteristics of this unique population revealed some gender differences, but there was limited variation in response to significant daylight changes which may be due to long-term adaptation.

Anxiety during adolescence: considering morningness–eveningness as a risk factor

Evening preference has recently been identified as a risk factor for depression and anxiety. In this study, the relationship between anxiety, morningness–eveningness and sleep habits were examined during adolescence. Adolescents aged 12–16 years (n = 1406; 50.9 % girls) completed the Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and open questions pertaining to their typical bedtime and rising time during weekdays and weekends. Anxiety was associated with age, eveningness, early risetime and shorter time in bed during weekdays. No significant correlations were found between anxiety, risetime and bedtime on the weekend, time in bed on the weekend and social jetlag. A greater proportion of evening types was found in the high anxiety group. With regard to sex, girls reported higher anxiety levels, an earlier risetime and bedtime during the weekdays, a later risetime on weekend, a greater time in bed during weekend and higher social jetlag.

Age-Related Effects on Circadian Phase in the Sleep of Patients with Depression and Insomnia

We examined whether an age-related phase advance was present in 60 patients with depression and insomnia (mean age 41.5 [12.5] years) using diaries and 5 weekdays of actigraphy. Actigraphy was analyzed with functional data analysis. The low point of activity (bathyphase) for each subject was fitted by cosine function with 24-hr cycle time. Linear regression analysis revealed that increasing age was associated with earlier bedtimes (p < 0.001), shorter sleep latencies (p < 0.05), and earlier bathyphase (p < 0.001). These findings are consistent with prior reports of age-dependent phase-advances in sleep behavior in self-reported good sleepers and reinforce the premise that individualized behavioral therapy of older persons with insomnia may require prescription of earlier bedtimes and earlier rise times than would be employed in younger persons with insomnia. Further, we demonstrate that aging of the sleep system, at least as reflected in actigraphy, occurs as early as the third decade.

Daily activities and sleep quality in college students

There is growing evidence that social rhythms (e.g., daily activities such as getting into or out of bed, eating, and adhering to a work schedule) have important implications for sleep. The present study used a prospective measure of daily activities to assess the relation between sleep and social rhythms. College students (n=243) 18 to 39 yrs of age, completed the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM) each day for 14 d and then completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The sample was divided into groups of good or poor sleepers, according to a PSQI cut‐off score of 5 points and was compared on the regularity, frequency, timing, and extent of social engagement during activities. There was a lower frequency and less regularity of social rhythms in poor sleepers relative to good sleepers. Good sleepers engaged more regularly in activities with active social engagement. Earlier rise time, first consumption of a beverage, going outdoors for the first time, and bedtime were associated with better sleep. Greater variability in rise time, consuming a morning beverage, returning home for the last time, and bedtime were associated with more disturbed sleep. The results are consistent with previous findings of reduced regularity in bedtime and rise time schedules in undergraduates, other age groups, and in clinical populations. Results augment the current thought that regulating behavioral zeitgebers may be important in influencing bed and rise times, and suggest that engaging in activities with other people may increase regularity.

Sleep habits and factors associated with short sleep duration among Japanese high-school students: A community study

To clarify the sleep habits, and predictors thereof, in Japanese high-school students, a community study was conducted. A total of 3833 students were selected randomly from the 34 full-time high schools in two suburban cities in Japan. The response rate was 90.7% (n = 3478). The students completed the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index (PSQI-J), the Japanese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12-J), and a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, daily life, domestic situations, and perceived physical health. Mean bed and rise times were found to be 00:03 and 06:33 h, respectively, resulting in a sleep duration of 380.0 min. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a short sleep duration (i.e. less than 6 h; prevalence: 25.6%) was significantly associated with a later bedtime, a higher global PSQI-J score, an earlier rise time, being female, a longer study duration outside school hours, and a longer commuting duration, but not with a higher GHQ12-J score. Short sleep duration in Japanese high-school students is associated with their lifestyle as well as sleep problems, but not with psychosomatic problems.

Urinary free cortisol and sleep under baseline and stressed conditions in healthy senior women: effects of estrogen replacement therapy.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a mild 24-h stress (indwelling IV catheter) on cortisol and sleep in postmenopausal women, and to evaluate differences due to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) status. This study, conducted in the General Clinical Research Center at the University of Washington Medical Center, examined sleep, cortisol and sleep-cortisol relationships in both baseline and stress conditions, and compared women on ERT with women not on ERT. Forty-two women (age=69.6 +/- 6.2 years [SD]), of whom 20 were on ERT, participated. Urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels and sleep polysomnography were measured over both 24-baseline and stress condition. Sleep was impaired in the stress condition for both groups; mean UFC levels were higher, sleep efficiency and minutes of stages 2, 3 and 4 sleep were reduced, and morning risetime was earlier in the stress than baseline condition. For the combined groups, age-controlled correlations between 24-h UFC and sleep were significant in both conditions: at baseline, UFC levels were associated with earlier time of rising and less REM sleep, and under stress with reduced sleep efficiency, there was reduced minutes of stages 2, 3, 4 sleep, reduced REM sleep, and an earlier risetime. The pattern of negative significant correlations between UFC and sleep/sleep timing remained when plasma estrogen was statistically controlled; however, when groups were examined separately, the significant negative UFC-sleep relationships were confined to the non ERT group. Elevated 24-h UFC is associated with impaired sleep and earlier awakening in older women not on ERT, but not in women on ERT.