Earlier Regimes Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Fluid Flow through Zinc Open-Cell Foams Produced by the Excess Salt Replication Process and Suitable as a Catalyst in Wastewater Treatment

The “excess salt replication process” is a new simple method of fabrication of open-cell metal foam based on the commonly known salt replication method. Porous materials with porosity between 46% and 66% result when the employed alloy is 25% antimonial lead alloy and when it is 58% to 65% zamak 5. These foams are proposed as structured catalysts instead of packed beds in the treatment of wastewater. The local regimes influencing macroscopic air flow behaviour through these foams are delimited and boundaries are analysed in terms of sample length. Most of the experimental tests in this work exhibited a general trend of air flow in ESR foams dominated by the “strong inertia regime”. It was established that the law governing the unidirectional air flow through these foams was the full cubic law. The permeability and inertia coefficient of five samples with a cell diameter between 2.5 and 4.5 mm were calculated, and an empirical correlation was fitted. The irregular cuboid shape of salt grains used in the ESR foam was the origin of the special cell form of ESR foams leading to an anisotropic ordered porous media. This can explain the macroscopic turbulence of air flow because there were many dead zones present in the corner of each cubic cell, thus causing kinetic energy loss starting at earlier regimes.

Introduction: Narendra Modi and India’s foreign policy

This article introduces the special issue on Narendra Modi and India’s foreign policy. It observes that there is little consensus about the effectiveness of the Modi government’s management of international relations. Some argue that since it first came to power in May 2014 it has transformed India’s foreign policy and proved far more successful than its predecessors in handling the country’s key relationships and challenges. Others contend that India’s basic strategy is unchanged and that New Delhi’s position is weaker today in important areas, notably regarding China and Pakistan than it was under earlier regimes. This article introduces this debate and the analytical questions addressed in the special issue concerning the extent of prime ministerial autonomy in foreign policymaking, the role of ideas and ideology, and the question of how far India’s agency is constrained by structural impediments, both in its immediate region and further afield.

Songs between cities: listening to courtesans in colonial north India

AbstractIn the aftermath of 1857, urban spaces and cultural practices were transformed and contested. Regional royal capitals became nodes in a new colonial geography, and the earlier regimes that had built them were recast as decadent and corrupt societies. Demolitions and new infrastructures aside, this transformation was also felt at the level of manners, sexual mores, language politics, and the performing arts. This article explores this transformation with a focus on women's language, female singers and dancers, and the men who continued to value their literary and musical skills. While dancing girls and courtesans were degraded by policy-makers and vernacular journalists alike, their Urdu compositions continued to be circulated, published, and discussed. Collections of women's biographies and lyrics gesture to the importance of embodied practices in cultivating emotional positions. This cultivation was valued in late Mughal elite society, and continued to resonate for emotional communities of connoisseurs, listeners, and readers, even as they navigated the expectations and sensibilities of colonial society.

Conflict and controversy in the development of the Oromo language

ABSTRACTThe Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus has played a significant role in developing the Oromo language. This article investigates the conflict that began in 1995 over the use of Oromo in the church context and its effect on the development of the language. It begins by unearthing the roots of the controversy through a brief historical examination of the church's attempts to develop the language when the vernaculars were proscribed by earlier regimes. The main thrust of the article, however, focuses on the conflict that arose after the change to a democratic government when the situation in Ethiopia became more favourable towards the use of vernacular languages. The article identifies the causes of the conflict, the way in which it was resolved and the effects which it had on the development of the language.

Is Putin's Regime Less Vulnerable than Monarchist Russia in 1916 or the Soviet Union in 1990?

Former president Vladimir Putin still appears to dominate an unassailable regime from the position of prime minister. However, parallels with imperial Russia shortly before the tsar's overthrow, and with its Soviet successor in the year before the union collapsed, suggest that the security of the regime should not be taken for granted. The failure of ‘experts’ to identify the weakness of the earlier regimes should teach us to be prepared for the unexpected. The parallels between tsarist Russia and the mature Soviet Union are strong, and Putin has publicly shown his appreciation of both previous regimes. In some respects, Putin's regime is close to its tsarist predecessor, and in some the parallels with the Soviet case are compelling; but the wealth of oil and gas appeared to give Putin's Russia a measure of invulnerability that neither earlier regime enjoyed. Yet technological disasters, the possible limits to the Russian nation's legendary patience, the expressed apprehensions on the part of the intelligentsia, and the shock of the global economic crisis of the autumn of 2008, place the regime's supposed invulnerability in a different light. In particular, it lacks a clear and inspiring ideology that could be used to unite the population round the regime. The sudden demise of the regime is not inevitable, but history teaches us not to be surprised by the unforeseen.

Sowing the Seeds of Corporate Agriculture: The Rise of Canada’s Third Seed Regime

The seeds that form the basis of all agricultural production are the focus of Devlin Kuyek’s article. Building on regime theory, he argues that, historically, the Canadian seed system has been marked by three “seed regimes.” The third regime, still being constructed, and contested, entails measures that transfer control of seeds to a few transnational corporations. While this involves relaxing some state regulations, he shows that it also involves reorienting many old regulations and creating a whole new set, in particular in the area of intellectual property rights, which protect corporate profits and prohibit farmer practices of earlier regimes. He suggests that the result of this regime, if stabilized, will be to make genetically modified (GM) crops, and enhanced corporate control, a permanent feature of Canadian agriculture.

Lock-in and change: Distributed generation in Denmark in a long-term perspective

There is a renewed attention for distributed generation (DG) in European electricity sectors, but implementing DG is often problematic. This article studies the current relative success of DG in Denmark. We take into account not only recent drivers of change such as energy policy and green activism, but also long-term stability and change in the electricity supply sector. In particular we analyse the lock-in on centralized electricity supply, that still frustrates DG development elsewhere. We discuss three successive national electricity regimes, analysing regime lock-in and change in terms of technologies, actors, institutions and the position of DG. Our analysis shows that Danish energy policy as well as innovative activity by key actors indeed were crucial to the recent DG revival in Denmark. On the other hand, our long-term perspective shows that Danish energy policy and actor strategies were tuned to specifically Danish opportunities and barriers created during earlier regimes. These include experience with wind turbines and CHP as well as urban municipal and rural cooperative involvement. Copying the Danish energy policy model to other countries, regardless of national specific opportunities and barriers, will therefore not guarantee a similar outcome.

Congress and the National Labor Relations Board: A review of the recent past

The evidence indicates that Congress has beem very active in monitoring and attempting to influence the NLRB. Although this has always been the case, the political environment of the Board has become even more unsettled since the late 1970s. The confirmation and appropriations processes havebecome at times extremely difficult with earlier regimes, memebers of Congress also seen quite willing to express their views directly to the Board, even on cases under review.

Theory of Melting With Natural Convection in an Enclosed Porous Medium

This paper reports a complete theory of the melting that occurs in a confined porous medium saturated with phase-change material and heated from the side. Darcy flow characteristics are assumed for the liquid phase. The solid phase is isothermal and at the melting point. The first part of the paper reports a matched boundary layer solution for natural convection dominated melting in the quasi-steady regime. The second part reports a solution for the heat transfer during the two earlier regimes, pure conduction followed by mixed conduction and convection. Together, the two solutions cover the entire history of transient heating administered from the side. This theory shows that the liquid-side Stefan number has a profound effect on the heat transfer and melting rates.

Regime of Oscillatory Flow

A regime of flow is defined as the transition from laminar to turbulent flow which is an inception of turbulence in the flow field. Knowledge of flow regime provides useful information for quantitative description of flow and its analysis. It also serves as the lower limit of sediment transport. Earlier regimes of flow are very compliated because of their various types of flow and bed roughness. In this study an analysis is made of regime of flow using known published data tested in oscillating beds, wave flumes and water tunnels over loose sediment beds and rigid ripple beds, as well as wave flume data tested by the author. The approach is based on a dimensional consideration and a derivation of theoretical regimes of flow. It is found that the theoretical regimes of flow which are expressed in terms of flow Reynolds number and relative smoothness of the bed can be used for loose sediment beds but cannot be used for ripple beds of larger roughness. A unique regime of flow which is expressed in terms of sediment Froude number and relative bed smoothness is obtained from its proper fitting to the experimental data from all types of flow and bed roughness. The appropriate dimensionless parameter “the relative bed smoothness” reveals automatically the condition of its roughness.

The Peruvian Experiment Reconsidered

Peru's self-proclaimed revolution--surprisingly extensive reforms initiated by the military government--has aroused great interest all over Latin America and the Third World. This book is the first systematic and comprehensive attempt to appraise Peru's current experiment in both national and regional perspective. It compares recent innovative approaches to Peru's problems with the methods used by earlier regimes, providing original and stimulating interpretations of contemporary Peru from the viewpoints of political science, sociology, history, economics, and education. Among the issues considered are the military regime's policies regarding income distribution, foreign investment, education, urbanization, worker-management relations, and land reform.Contributors: Abraham F. Lowenthal, Julio Cotler, Richard Webb, David Collier, Susan Bourque and Scott Palmer, Colin Harding, Robert Drysdale and Robert Myers, Shane Hunt, Peter T. Knight, Jane Jaquette.Originally published in 1983.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

A Sketch of the Development of the Legal Profession in India

The legal profession as it exists in India today had its beginnings in the first years of British rule. The Hindu pandits, Muslim muftis and Portuguese lawyers who served under earlier regimes had little effect upon the system of law and legal practice that developed under British administration. At first, the prestige of the legal profession was very low. From this low state and disrepute the profession developed into the most highly respected and influential one in Indian society. The most talented Indians were attracted to the study and practice of law. The profession dominated the public life of the country and played a prominent role in the national struggle for freedom. “There was no movement in any sphere of public activity—educational, cultural, or humanitarian—in which the lawyers were not in the forefront.” However, after independence the relative prestige and public influence of the profession declined.

Agrarian Land Reform in Egypt1

THE NEED FOR LAND REFORM in Egypt-where 18 million of the 23 million people, or 73 per cent2 of the population, are engaged in agriculturewas recognized many years ago. The problems of the fellahin (peasants) were discussed under the Farouk and earlier regimes. Under the Farouk regime in 1945 an agrarian reform law was proposed. But that was as far as it got. Five years later a land reform bill was passed and the following year a minimum wage law for agricultural and industrial workers was placed on Egypt's statutes. But these laws were not implemented. It remained for the Naguib regime to pass a more satisfactory agrarian reform law on September 9, 1952, and for the Gamal Abdel Nasser regime to take steps to implement and modify this law in 1953 and 1954. A special law passed in 1953 confiscated the lands still in the hands of the royal family. This law, however, in place of compensation, granted a monthly living allowance and provided homes for those of the royal family who needed such aid. The royal family lands are being sold or rented to peasants. The income obtained by the government for the sale of the royal lands is being used for education and medical services, such as schools, student aid, hospitals, and social centers.