Earlier Literatures Research Articles

Research Advancements on the Correlation Between Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage of Different Etiologies and Imaging Markers of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

The purpose of this review is to identify the correlation between ICH and CSVD imaging markers under SMASH-U classification by searching and analyzing a large number of literatures in recent years, laying a theoretical foundation for future clinical research. At the same time, by collecting clinical data to evaluate patient prognosis, analyzing whether there are differences or supplements between clinical trial conclusions and previous theories, and ultimately guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment through the analysis of imaging biomarkers. In this review, by searching CNKI, Web of Science, PubMed, FMRS and other databases, the use of "spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage", "hypertensive hemorrhagic cerebral small vessel disease", "cerebral small vessel disease imaging", "Based cerebral small vessel diseases", "SMASH the -u classification" and their Chinese equivalents for the main search term. We focused on reading and analyzing hundreds of relevant literatures in the last decade from August 2011 to April 2020, and also included some earlier literatures with conceptual data sources. After screening and ranking the degree of relevance to this study, sixty of them were cited for analysis and elaboration. In patients with ICH, the number of cerebral microbleeds in lobes, basal ganglia, and the deep brain is positively correlated with ICH volume and independently correlated with neurological functional outcomes; white matter hyperintensity severity is positively correlated with ICH recurrence risk; multiple lacunar infarction independently predict the risk of ICH; severe brain atrophy is an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in the long term in patients diagnosed with ICH; and the number of enlarged perivascular spaces is correlated with ICH recurrence. However, small subcortical infarct and ICH are the subject of few studies. Higher CSVD scores are independently associated with functional outcomes at 90 days in patients diagnosed with ICH.

Beyond Transplant: A Network Innovation Model of Transnational Regulatory Change

Abstract Seeking inspiration from different legal systems in order to solve common policy problems is a core enterprise of comparative law. However, dominant understandings in comparative law and regulatory theory about how norms, rules, and formal institutions move across borders are increasingly inadequate in the face of modern transnational policy challenges. Solving transnational problems requires regulatory innovation, complex coordination, and even competition among private and public actors in multiple jurisdictions, as well as much faster policy responses than most countries can achieve either domestically or multilaterally. Accelerating solutions to emerging transnational problems therefore demands a new focus within comparative law on how transnational legal innovation works and how to leverage its benefits faster on both a global and local scale. This Article proposes a conceptual framework to ground this effort—a “network innovation” model of transnational law formation. Building on earlier literatures on legal transplant, policy diffusion, institutional change, and transnational legal ordering, as well as studies of firm-level innovation, this approach recognizes that new norms, rules, and other institutions are sourced from, coordinated by, and transmitted through transnational networks of public and private actors. Moving beyond prior literatures, however, it views transnational law formation as an aggregating process of innovation where the resulting outputs are the complex product of multiple experimental sites and sources. This approach offers a more accurate descriptive account of transnational regulatory change and points to network innovation processes as central to solving common or collective transnational problems. This Article illustrates the proposed framework with case studies of efforts to build sustainable financial systems. It concludes by suggesting strategies to accelerate network innovation and considering how this theoretical paradigm might inform new directions in comparative law.

Minimal length scale correction in the noise of gravitons

In this paper we have considered a quantized and linearly polarized gravitational wave interacting with a gravitational wave detector (interferometer detector) in the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) framework. Following the analysis in Phys. Rev. Lett. 127:081602 (2021), we consider a quantized gravitational wave interacting with a gravitational wave detector (LIGO/VIRGO etc.) using a path integral approach. Although the incoming gravitational wave was quantized, no Planck-scale quantization effects were considered for the detector in earlier literatures. In our work, we consider a modified Heisenberg uncertainty relation with a quadratic order correction in the momentum variable between the two phase space coordinates of the detector. Using a path integral approach, we have obtained a stochastic equation involving the separation between two point-like objects. It is observed that random fluctuations (noises) and the correction terms due to the generalized uncertainty relation plays a crucial role in dictating such trajectories. Finally, we observe that the solution to the stochastic equation leads to time dependent standard deviation due to the GUP insertion, and for a primordial gravitational wave (where the initial state is a squeezed state) both the noise effect and the GUP effects exponentially enhance which may be possible to detect in future generation of gravitational wave detectors. We have also given a plot of the dimensionless standard deviation with time depicting that the GUP effect will carry a distinct signature which may be detectable in the future space based gravitational wave observatories.

Recent Advancements in Typical Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reactions Focused on Targeting Arene Nucleophiles

AbstractThis review delves into recent advances and significant breakthroughs in the field of the catalytic Friedel–Crafts alkylation of targeted arenes or heteroarenes. Though a few earlier literatures are referenced, the main emphasis of this review focuses on the literature mainly published between 2015 and March 2023.1 Introduction2 History and Background3 Alcohols as Alkylating Agents4 Aldehydes and Ketones as Alkylating Agents5 Alkyl Fluorides as Alkylating Agents6 Epoxides as Alkylating Agents7 Cyclopropanes as Alkylating Agents8 Conclusion and Outlook

A retrospective study of the malignant change of odontogenic keratocyst

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a common cystic lesion of the maxilla and mandible. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from OKC or dysplasia occurring in OKC is rare. This study aimed to explore the incidence and clinical features of the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC. In this study, 544 patients diagnosed with OKC were collected. Among them, 3 patients were diagnosed as SCC arising from OKC, and 12 patients were diagnosed as OKC with dysplasia. The incidence was calculated. Clinical features were analyzed by chi-square test. In addition, a representative case reconstructing mandible with vascularized fibula flap under general anesthesia was reported. And cases reported before were reviewed. The incidence of the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC, which are highly associated with the clinical features of swelling and chronic inflammation, is about 2.76%. But the relevance between the dysplasia and malignant transformation and age, gender together with pain is not statistically high. All in all, the clinical features of swelling and chronic inflammation can be considered as characteristics of the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC. Although the pain isn't statistically relevant, it may be a dangerous clew. Also, combined with earlier literatures, the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC shows unique features of radiographs and histopathology.

Enablers to achieve zero hunger through IoT and blockchain technology and transform the green food supply chain systems

Food security necessitates a multifaceted strategy, ranging from social protection to providing healthy food. Change in existing food systems is needed to create a more equitable and sustainable society. Hunger is one of the significant challenges in the world that arise due to food insecurity, bad quality, food waste, and losses that leads to damage of public health. The implementation of green food supply chain management (GFSCM) practices in the food supply chain helps in lowering food wastage, carbon emissions, food quality, and safety. To strengthen food security/safety and quality, digital transformation of the supply chain is required, and IoT and blockchain can help in achieving this. Digital transformation of GFSCM has helped to improve food security, safety and quality control. This study identifies modern enablers of food security, safety and quality that transform the GFSCM through Internet of things (IoT) and blockchain to reduce hunger. Zero hunger goal is far behind in India as India reported 117th rank in hunger index, indicating an urgent need to study the digital transformation in green food supply chain towards achieving food quality and security. In this study twelve enablers out of 16 suggested in earlier literatures has been selected and reconfirmed with the feedback of seventeen academia and Industrial experts from Indian food supply chain. We used a two-step combined Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) technique to examine the enablers contextual interrelationships and significance weights. Findings reveal that IoT and blockchain technologies are the main actuators of the contemporary GFSCM enabling system. ISM provides eight core enablers system that can transform the GFSCM digitally to achieve food quality and security along with achieving zero hunger (SDG2). Inventory management is the least ranked enabler, whereas IoT and blockchain are the top two. Towards achieving zero hunger, some management, theoretical, and policy implications have been suggested.

Adaptation to climate change in the UK wine sector

This research contributes to literature on private sector adaptation, examining business-level adaptation to climate change in the UK wine sector. The research adopts a temporal and relational view of adaptation, through a sector-wide, value chain lens and through considering adaptation to both climate variability and longer-term change. Using the lens of ‘a good year’ and ‘a bad year’ in the sector, we consider the role of extreme events in adaptation decision-making and learning. We focus, unusually, on both opportunities and risks of climate change. Results show businesses increasingly see climate change as an opportunity for the UK wine sector. Yet climate risks remain and propagate along value chains, through supply and demand. This produces winners and losers in ‘good years’ and ‘bad years’, as well as over longer timescales. We find businesses along the value chain take steps to engage in extensive proactive adaptation behaviour, often right from business design and development. Business relationships condition climate risk exposure and adaptive capacity and adaptation decisions within one business can influence risks and opportunities throughout the value chain. Our results also reflect and develop organisational adaptation theories. We find businesses continually refine their adaptation strategies in response to climate variability and extreme events. They enhance adaptation learning by experimenting with new technologies and strategies. Irregular and extreme events can become important focal or tipping points in creative iteration and innovation of adaptation strategies, including for longer-term climate change. Our results stand in contrast to earlier literatures which suggest that businesses consider climate change to be too uncertain, or long-term, to engage in adaptation. Instead, climate change has become a master-narrative within the wine industry, through which sector actors often interpret their experiences and orient their business design and activities. Results indicate a strong dependence on own experience in adaptation decision making, that risks creating adaptation lock-in. We propose a typology of proactive private sector adaptation responses.

Analysis of 7T SRAM Cell Based on MTCMOS, SVL and I-SVL Technique

Objective: To design and propose an optimized Volatile 7T based SRAM cell in terms of leakage currents and dynamic power. Methods: The methodology involved is Multi threshold Voltage CMOS (MTCMOS), Self Controllable Voltage Level (SVL) and Improved Self Controllable Voltage Level (I-SVL). Findings: The proposed work demonstrates that 7T based SRAM cell using I-SVL method is efficient in terms of leakage currents and dynamic power. Also, Comparative Leakage current and dynamic power analyses are done between MTCMOS, SVL, and I-SVL methods The Proposed work based on I-SVL is significant than the MTCMOS and SVL Technique. All the circuits are developed using the Cadence virtuoso tool and spectre simulator is used to carry out the simulation. Novelty: The paper proposes Low power Volatile Memory cell based on 7T with improvements in leakage and dynamic power values in comparison with the earlier literatures. The proposed I-SVL based cell is 89% and 85% efficient in terms of dynamic power in comparison with the earlier references. Keywords: Improved – Self Controllable Voltage Level (I-SVL); Improved Lower SVL (I-LSVL); Improved Upper SVL (I-USVL); Multi threshold Voltage CMOS(MTCMOS); Self Controllable Voltage Level (SVL); SRAM

Software protection and software piracy

AbstractThis paper explores the dynamic long‐term relationship between software protection and software piracy rates across 108 countries over the period of 20 years (1994–2015), with the help of the ARDL model. The analysis employs a new way of utilising the membership duration of Trade related Intellectual Property Rights agreement and World Intellectual Property Organisation Copyright Treaty agreements of different countries in a panel framework, apart from constructing an index of copyright software protection by focusing on enforcement provisions. The paper overcomes various shortcomings of earlier literatures by thoughtful inclusion of independent variables and methodological techniques. Results show that both copyright software protection and income share a negative long‐term relationship with software piracy. Even the enforcement provisions are important in mitigating software piracy. In addition, the model finds a negative relationship between demand for intellectual property protection and software piracy rates.

The Edited books in Multidimensional approaches of C.W. Thamotharam Pillai

C.W. Thamotharam Pillai has got an important place among the Tamil Scholars of Jaffna. He became the forerunner in the field of editing and printing earlier literatures. He has been the first to edit and publish Tholkappiyam, the earliest Tamil grammar of Tamil language and kalitthokai, a representative of sangam literatures. Thus, he has been considered as the model for the followers. Not only he has been considered significantly as an editor, but as a scholar of multidimensional contributer also. His contributions as an editor, a creative writer, the first editor of a daily, a person with social and religious attitudes are discussed in the paper with illustrations. His contributions to Tamil grammar and literature have been reviewed from the point of view of the above six dimensions.

Back to the future: Covid-19 and the recurring debate over social determinants of disease, and health.

Since the 1980s, a large literature has developed on the social determinants of health, primarily non-communicable diseases for which mortality and morbidity can be shown to change across a socioeconomic gradient. Primarily regional or national in focus, they are joined, today, with an increasing focus on international health and the effect of inequalities between nations effect disease generation and spread. Similar and earlier literatures first considered socioeconomic factors influencing disease incidence and intensity primarily at local and regional levels. One such literature was primarily “sanitarian,” focusing on general infrastructure needs (safe water, for example) to create a beter health environment. A second, primarily nineteenth century literature focused on social inequalities and the epidemic diseases in specific populations. This paper seeks to review these separate foci and then combine them into a more comprehensive understanding of both the general and specific determinants of health and disease at local, national, and international scales of address. It notes that while disease dynamics have been long known that current literatures typically consider socioeconomic determinants at local, national, and global scales as a new phenomenon.

Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace from Inception to Certification

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) does not require any preface for its potential applications in various engineering and technological sectors. This article comprehensively discusses about the application of additive manufacturing technique specifically aerospace components. The structure of this article begins with an introduction to the current state‐of‐the‐art MAM technologies with the aid of patent landscape analysis. Any manufacturing starts with understating of the manufacturing cycle, so herein, the aerospace manufacturing cycle has been discussed commencing from the design phase and followed by the process parameters selection. The immediate effect after printing is the selection of evaluation parameters, wherein the surface texture analysis of AM printed components is discussed. This paves to discuss about the specific alloys such as titanium alloy and Inconel alloys which are widely used in the aerospace industry. This analysis paves a path for the utilization of these materials to manufacture specific aerospace components which are also discussed. Thereby, the impact of MAM over the aerospace sector and the guidelines to decision making on the suitable variant of MAM has been discussed clearly with the help of earlier literatures. Finally, the qualification and certification procedure are discussed therein, leading to the conclusion about the future scope of MAM in the aerospace sector.

Frequency of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease in Japanese clinical study settings: A meta‐analysis

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the accurate frequency of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), those with positive evidence of amyloid accumulation in brain but without significant cognitive decline, is an important basis of conducting clinical trials for the development of disease‐modifying therapies for AD. Many of earlier studies reporting the frequency of preclinical AD among cognitive normal (CN) individuals have based on the clinical study cohort from Western countries (e.g., 38% in ADNI cohort or 33% in AIBL cohort), and the evidence about the frequency in Asian country cohorts is limited. In Japan, J‐ADNI cohort is one of the few cohorts that published the frequency of preclinical AD: it was 23% in J‐ADNI, to be lower than in ADNI or AIBL. The potential region‐specific difference in the frequency of preclinical AD may have influence on the required number of participants to recruit to AD clinical trials. In this study, we aim to estimate the frequency of preclinical AD in the clinical study settings in Japan, using meta‐analysis by incorporating some additional unpublished Japanese cohort study data.MethodWe reviewed earlier literatures reporting frequency of preclinical AD among CN (CDR‐global = 0) participants, and also reviewed the original data of 4 Japanese cohort study (i.e., AMED‐Preclinical, Brain/Minds Aging Imaging Study, J‐ADNI, and A4 study screening conducted in Japan), and included those who were diagnosed as CN (CDR = 0) at the study participation. These cohort data were meta‐analyzed with random‐effect model.ResultIn total, 238 CN participants in 5 different groups were evaluated, and among them 44 turned out to be amyloid positive. The overall frequency of preclinical AD (of any stage) was estimated as 18% (95% CI: 13‐23%), with the low statistical heterogeneity of I2 = 0% (as plotted on a forest plot in Figure). In meta‐regression while incorporating 14 earlier literature data, being the Japanese cohort had no association with the frequency of preclinical AD (p = 0.305).ConclusionIn the current meta‐analysis, there were no evidence to suggest the frequency of preclinical AD in clinical study settings of Japan is different from that of Western countries.

Demarcation of Coastal Dune Morphology and Dune Patterns using Geospatial Models: A Case Study from Manapad Coastal Stretch, Tamil Nadu, South India

Abstract Coastal sand dunes are the dynamic depositional landform which are formed near the coast, due to aeolian activity. Coastal sand dune acts as a natural barrier against coastal erosion hence its periodic monitoring is essential. Modification of this landform due to anthropogenic activities was observed in the coastal stretch towards the south of Tamil Nadu, even though these dune ecosystems were meant to be conserved and preserved in the coastal zone regulation notification. Present study, focuses on finding key techniques required to demarcate the morphological parameters such as ridge line, crest portion, toe, dune orientation, and its pattern from the open source ALOS World 3D (AW3D) DEM for periodic monitoring of coastal dune ecosystems. Topographic models such as hill shading, slope, aspect, curvature, and hybrid techniques were performed. The outcomes obtained from topographic models were validated with spatial profiling and field survey. From the study it is observed that, hybrid techniques particularly slope overlaid on hill shade, slope, gaussian stretched hill shade image, and spatial profiling are the key techniques to bring out the morphological variations and the parabolic dune patterns, which were hitherto not reported in earlier literatures. Gaussian stretched hill shade image enhanced the micro landforms which were difficult to extract from normal hill shading. The slope image of the study is found to be more informative in exhibiting the minor dunes and patterns compared to shaded relief image. The ridge portion of the dune, crest and limb portion and coastal plains were differentiated based on the slope value ranges. The hybrid image formed by overlaying slope and curvature data on hill-shaded image is more informative in providing most of the parabolic patterns formed by micro and meso scale dunes. Spatial profile could be used as an additional tool to validate the information’s derived from topographic models, wherever there is limitation in field accessibility.

Inductance Calculation of HTS Transformers with Multi-segment Windings Considering Insulation Constraints

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers with multi-segment windings have been proposed in earlier literatures for the hysteresis loss reduction and short circuit electromagnetic force mitigation. The optimum distributive ratios for these multi-segment windings have been determined in earlier literatures. Asymmetrical seven segment winding with its optimum distributive ratio (k = 1/12) results in minimization of short circuit electromagnetic forces under normal tap and any adjusted tap. However, insulation design and leakage inductance calculation for the multi-segment winding of an HTS transformer have not been addressed in past literatures. Insulation design is one of the most crucial aspects in the transformer design, especially for high voltage power transformers. The analysis and optimization of the electric field distribution over the winding’s segments insulation in these HTS transformers provide the required dimensions for precise determination of the leakage inductances. In this paper, for the first time, winding insulation design and leakage inductance calculation of a 200 MVA, 230/20 kV HTS transformer with asymmetrical seven segment winding (and k of 1/12), are carried out. The analytical method besides a two-dimensional (2D) finite element method (FEM), through COMSOL Multiphysics software, is utilized for insulation design and calculation of leakage inductances of this transformer.

ISLĀTTIL PEṆKAḶIṈ URIMAIKAḶ: ORU KŌṬPĀṬṬU RĪTIYILĀṈA PĀRVAI [WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ISLAM: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

The Spiritual, political, economic, and social rights of women are discussed at various levels. However, violence and oppression against women continue to increase. The charisma of Islam on women's rights is very strong. Thus, the study aimed at examining the concept of Islam in respect of women with the help of its primary sources, Holy Quran, and al-Hadith. Based on the review of the earlier literatures, the study was conducted with the analysis of the research articles, books and internet information on feminism along with information on the spiritual, social, economic and political rights of women found in the primary sources of Islam, classical Islamic literatures and the written works of modern Muslim scholars. The major finding of this study is that although the primary sources of Islam have a history of more than 1400 years, Islam has given proper guidelines for the complete guarantee of women's rights in the modern world and women have enjoyed them in the early Muslim community. This study will be a supportive to future studies based on the concept of Islam on women.

Gapless Dirac surface states in the antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4

We use high-resolution, tunable angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the electronic properties of single crystals of MnBi2Te4, a material that was predicted to be the first intrinsic antiferromagnetic (AFM) topological insulator. We observe both bulk and surface bands in the electronic spectra, in reasonable agreement with the DFT calculations results. In striking contrast to the earlier literatures showing a full gap opening between two surface band manifolds along (0001) direction, we observed a gapless Dirac cone remain protected in MnBi2Te4 across the AFM transition (TN = 24 K). Our data also reveal the existence of a second Dirac cone closer to the Fermi level, predicted by band structure calculations. Whereas the surface Dirac cones seem to be remarkably insensitive to the AFM ordering, we do observe splitting of the bulk band that develops below the TN . Having a moderately high ordering temperature, MnBi2Te4 provides a unique platform for studying the interplay between topology and magnetic ordering.

What do energy modellers know? An ethnography of epistemic values and knowledge models

This article considers academic energy modelling as a scientific practice. While models and modelling have been of considerable interest in energy social science research, few studies have brought together approaches from philosophy of science and anthropology to examine energy models both conceptually and in the applied sense. We develop a conceptual approach on epistemological ethics that distinguishes between epistemic values – such as accuracy, simplicity, and adequate representation – and non-epistemic values – such as policy relevance, methodological limitations, and learning – built into energy models. The research question is: how do modellers articulate and negotiate epistemic values and what does this imply for the status of models in scientific practice and policymaking? The empirical part of the article draws from ethnographic fieldwork and interviews amongst 40 energy modellers in university research groups in the UK from two complementary arenas: scholars preparing their PhD in modelling and scholars working in a large-scale energy modelling project. Our research uses ethnographic methods to complement themes recognised in earlier literatures on modelling, demonstrating what models and modellers know about the energy system and how they come to know it in particular ways.

Psychological Contract: It’s Influence on Attrition in Manufacturing Sector

Human resources in organisations are the only resources capable of exercising their intelligence and intellect. Naturally greater the distance and difference from their pre-entry expectations and post-entry experiences, more is the possibility of attrition. Organisations thus lose experienced employees. The researchers here have identified the factors behind the break of psychological contract by the employees. Predicting attrition is a challenging task for the Human Resource (HR) managers and employers. So, after analysing the loopholes in the earlier literatures, the researchers have attempted to discover the common components of psychological contract breach and violation causing attrition. Method of factor reduction has been used here. Finally, the authors have introduced two factors: (i) Effect of post-separation betrayal on psychological contract(PC) and attrition, (ii) Impact of global trade-war on the same , i.e., PC and attrition. The present article is instrumental for employers in identifying as well as controlling break of psychological contract and arresting attrition in manufacturing sectors. New factors, identified by the present authors, open up a new scope for future research in the manufacturing sectors.

Kinetics and physics during composting of various organic wastes: Statistical approach to interpret compost application feasibility

Surge in the demand for compost applicability in enhancing the overall soil health has prioritized the need to evaluate and interpret the engineering aspect of composting and quality product. Although studies on various facets of biological and chemical properties are plenty, its interplay with waste degradation rate, and physical properties were barely investigated in terms of compost applicability. Rate of degradation varies for different wastes that dramatically affects the transformation of organics. Present research on composting of optimized mix proportions from earlier literatures for 5 different organics namely, water thyme (Drum A), water hyacinth (Drum B), vegetable waste (Drum C), sewage sludge (Drum D) and industrial sludge (Drum E) were done in 550 L rotary drum composter for 20 d in batch-mode. Compost applicability was interpreted on factors like degradation kinetics, physical (BD, FAS, etc.) and nutritional (K, Na, P, etc.) properties along with their interdependency via the statistical route (scatterplot matrix and principal component analysis). High organic matter loss (64%) in Drum B and improved bulk density (756 kg m−3) in Drum A inferred better suitability for soil application. Compost for all the drums (except Drum D) were observed to be well-graded in nature (coefficient of uniformity > 3 and coefficient of curvature ≥ 1) and could be utilized as an “artificial soil” in foundations or embankments to improve the physical characteristics of the soil. Present investigation through multivariate (statistical) approach are imperative to truly master the production of desired compost for both agro and engineering applications.