Early Items Research Articles

A - 137 An Item-Level Analysis of the Boston Naming Test in a Sample of Veterans as it Relates to Age and Education

Abstract Objective The Boston Naming Test (Kaplan et al., 1983) is a 60-item test designed to measure confrontational naming ability. Word-finding difficulty is a prominent feature of aphasias, with picture-naming ability being a reliable predictor of lexical retrieval ability (Herbert et al., 2008). Lower performance on the BNT is found among older age groups and individuals with lower educational attainment (Zec et al., 2007). Notably, an item-level analysis of the BNT has not been analyzed in a Veteran population. There is great importance in properly accounting for demographic variables when interpreting patient test results. Methods An item-level confirmatory factor analysis examined mean BNT scores in a veteran sample (n = 517) ages 20–79 (M = 51) with years of educational attainment (M = 13). The purpose of this study was to conduct an item-level factor analysis of the unique cohort effects of both age and education on the Boston Naming Test within a Veteran population. Results The BNT solution explained 60.95% of the variance, and components reflected early and late trials. Within the rotated components matrix, education contributed to late items (36–60) whereas age contributed to early items (11–45). Conclusions These results indicate the importance of properly accounting for demographic variables such as age and educational attainment when interpreting test results unique to a Veteran population. Higher educational attainment is associated with increased performance on later items, whereas older age is associated with decreased performance on earlier items. It may be informative to consider item-level performance when assessing confrontational naming ability.

«Рукописный портулан Каспийского моря 1519 года» Весконте Маджоло как источник по исторической географии Прикаспия

Research objectives: To conduct a detailed comparative analysis of the toponymic source known as “Hand Drawn Portolan of the Caspian Sea (1519)” by Vesconte Maggiolo, and ascertain the range and chronology of its sources. Research materials: At the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, there were a few navigational maps – portolan charts – created in Italy which contained rather precise outlines of the coastline of the Caspian Sea. The present Portolan excels all earlier items in terms of precision of the depicted topographical realities of the region. The quality of the map we are examining was surpassed only in the seventeenth century after Peter I’s hydrographic expeditions. The high level of shoreline’s precision also strongly suggests that the map was based on authentic topographic input. Maggiolo’s map contains 136 geographical names. Results and novelty of the research: For the first time ever in domestic scholarship, we conducted a comparative historical analysis of the hand drawn portolan chart of the Caspian Sea. We also proved the correlation of some toponyms of the West Caspian region with the Timurid and local sources that covered the military campaigns of Amir Timur in the region. In our view, the “Hand Drawn Portolan Chart of the Caspian Sea (1519)” created by Vesconte Maggiolo is one of the most notable among similar works. It finds many common features with the portolan from the island of Lesina, but also contains some common elements with the Mallorca cartographic school and Fra Mauro, Egerton MS 73, and Egerton MS 2083. This research allows us to extend and systematize our understanding of Italian cartography in relation to the Caspian region. It also details or adds some facts about the presence of Europeans in this region during the Golden Horde era. Based on this topographic and toponymic analysis, we furthermore come to a conclusion that the portolan in question is derived from a protograph created in the first half of fifteenth century, reflecting the realities of the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2020-2021

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2020-2021, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2020 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2019-2020

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2019-2020, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2019 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved onlyrecently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography

Digital Property Revisited

In Chapter 5 of my book “Collisions in the Digital Paradigm: Law and Rulemaking in the Internet Age” I discussed what I called the property problem and whether a digital file could amount to property. My main argument against such a proposition was based upon technological realities – digital material was paradigmatically different from earlier items or forms that could amount to property. It was a difficult position to sustain, especially in light of the decision of the New Zealand Supreme Court in Dixon v R. I considered that the property problem was a true collision in the digital paradigm – a collision between accepted theory which had incrementally developed over the years and which had developed defining characteristics for items of property, and the technological realities of digital data. Furthermore, the particular collision in the digital paradigm is that, with so much information being digitised – and important information at that – it may well be that current remedies for breach of confidence, copyright infringement and the like do not provide a sufficient remedy nor deterrent particularly when the behaviour is accompanied by clear instances of dishonesty associated with the appropriation of information which can be converted into something of value. The difficulty is, as was observed in the case of Your Response Limited v Data Team Business Media Limited that the law of unintended consequences may come into play. My view at the time was that the confluence of data on the one hand with information on the other placed the law in an invidious position. Data or electromagnetic impulses scattered across a medium could not be property although the “merger theory” utilised by US Courts seemed to provide a possible solution. I concluded Chapter 5 with the following observation, “The issue of virtual property remains an open question and much depends upon the nature of the terms and conditions that exist between the provider and the customer. It may be that legislation will address this problem in the future, recognising that in a paradigm of continuing disruptive change, changes to perceptions of whether what may fall within the category of intangibles may have value needs to be recognised along with a further recognition that existing remedies under “traditional” fields of law such as intellectual property and breach of confidence may be too limited to accord sufficient protection. The concept of no property in pure information could remain. Information that is not associated with a medium could remain as intangible. But the digital file associated with a medium would have a level of tangibility sufficient to attract the protection of the civil and criminal law.” The cases discussed in this paper seem to provide the pathway that I tentatively identified. Hence the title “Digital Property Revisited”. In the paper I discuss two cases – one, a case about whether or not there can be property in the contents of files on a computer and hard drive including emails. The second case involves a consideration of cryptocurrencies and whether these can be property within the context of a company insolvency. The two cases are interrelated in that they deal with different aspects of digital material and which is presented in a different way. An analytical pathway to determine whether these and other types of digital data may be property is proposed.

Prioritization within visual working memory reflects a flexible focus of attention.

When motivated, people can keep nonrecent items in a list active during the presentation of new items, facilitating fast and accurate recall of the earlier items. It has been proposed that this occurs by flexibly orienting attention to a single prioritized list item, thus increasing the amount of attention-based maintenance directed toward this item at the expense of other items. This is manipulated experimentally by associating a single distinct feature with a higher reward value, such as a single red item in a list of black items. These findings may be more parsimoniously explained under a distinctiveness of encoding framework rather than a flexible attention allocation framework. The retrieval advantage for the prioritized list position may be because the incongruent feature stands out in the list perceptually and causes it to become better encoded. Across three visual working memory experiments, we contrast a flexible attention theory against a distinctiveness of encoding theory by manipulating the reward value associated with the incongruent feature. Findings from all three experiments show strong support in favor of the flexible attention theory and no support for the distinctiveness of encoding theory. We also evaluate and find no evidence that strategy use, motivation, or tiredness/fatigue associated with reward value can adequately explain flexible prioritization of attention. Flexible attentional prioritization effects may be best understood under the context of an online attentional refreshing mechanism.

Memory for temporal order in novel sequential action

ABSTRACT Order is critical for many daily activities. Developmental research has shown that memory for order in action is the least prioritised in a processing hierarchy, and is sensitive to deviant input. The current research investigated these aspects of sequence learning are also present in adults. Participants learned a novel sequence across several exemplars with either easy- or difficult-to-categorize items, which either did or did not involve a deviant order on one exemplar, and were later asked to recall the sequence. Memory for individual sub-actions and order was stronger in the easy conditions, and the deviant order significantly deteriorated ordered recall in the difficult condition only. These findings support the theorised processing hierarchy, with the presence of a deviant order having a larger effect on memory when the load at the earlier item stage is increased. These results have implications for theories of working memory and learning in real-world contexts.

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2018-2019

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2018-2019, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2018 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography.

Письменные источники на тибетском языке из фондов Национального музея Тувы

В фондах Национального музея Республики Тыва хранится коллекция рукописей и ксилографов на тибетском языке, которая насчитывает примерно 20000 единиц хранения. Статья рассматривает историю формирования и исследования коллекции, анализируются различные аспекты изучения тибетских рукописей и ксилографов. Источниками выступила внутренняя документация музея (книги поступлений) и ряд научных работ по теме.Первое поступление предметов зафиксировано в 1954 г. Фонд пополнялся неравномерно, в разные годы и из разных источников, но все же можно предположить, что основная часть коллекции тибетских рукописей и ксилографов поступила из бывших библиотек буддийских монастырей Тувы.Почти 80% всей коллекции тибетских рукописей и ксилографов в фондах Национального музея в Туве составляют тексты культового и религиозно-обрядового содержания и труды буддийского канона. Один из них — редкий буддийский канон Ганджура, единственный в Туве. Был издан в Монголии, в Урге в 1908–1910 гг., найден в пещере в Кызылском районе, вероятно спрятанный во время репрессий священнослужителей 1930-х гг. Состоит из 94 томов и имеет 9 разделов. Представлены их названия на тибетском языке и санскрите.Значительную часть тибетской коллекции в музее составляют небольшие по объему канонические сочинения из Ганджура в многочисленных изданиях-дубликатов. Отдельной группой является учебная литература, которая использовалась при изучении буддийской философии в монастырях. Ее не издавали в Туве, завозили из Бурятии и Монголии. Но тексты религиозно-обрядовой и бытовой практики издавали в печатнях крупных монастырях-хурээ Тувы. Мы можем судить об этом по коллекции резных ксилографических деревянных досок-клише, которые использовали для книгопечатания. Подчеркивается, что тем самым музейные коллекции проливают значительный свет на развитие буддизма в Туве.

The role of retrieval during study: Evidence of reminding from self-paced study time.

The reminding effect (Tullis, Benjamin, & Ross, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143[4], 1526-1540, 2014) describes the increase in recall of a studied word when a related word is presented later in the study list. However, because the process of reminding is thought to occur during study, measures of test performance are indirect indicators of the process of reminding and are subject to influences that arise during testing. The present research seeks evidence of reminding during encoding. In two experiments, self-paced study times were used to index the online process of reminding. In Experiment 1, pairs of repeated words, related words, and unrelated words were included in a study list. Study times were shorter for words related to prior words in the list, but only when the lag between those two words was short. Relatedness affected study time by inspiring a reduction in the threshold for termination of study for related words under massed conditions. Experiment 2 replicated the reduction in study time for related words and further showed that the study time allotted to an associate of an earlier item predicted better memory for that earlier word on a cued-recall test. In this experiment, an advantage in memory was observed for related words, and self-paced study time of one word during encoding was predictive of later memory for a related word. These results suggest a link between the action of reminding at study, as indexed by changes in the distribution of study time, and later benefits to remembering, as revealed by the reminding effect.

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2017-2018

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2017-2018, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2017 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography.

General Synod of the Church of England

This report covers the groups of sessions held in February 2017 and July 2017. Both groups of sessions saw significant amounts of legislative business, with earlier items being completed and new items being introduced. A number of them gave effect to proposals emerging from the simplification strand of the Archbishops’ Council's ‘Renewal and Reform’ programme or were in other ways intended to simplify or streamline the Church's substantial body of statute law; in a related area, one was directed towards simplifying the procedures for changing that law.

Release from output interference in recognition memory: A test of the attention hypothesis.

Retrieval results in both costs and benefits to episodic memory. Output interference (OI) refers to the finding that episodic memory accuracy decreases with increasing test trials. Release from OI is the restoration of original accuracy at some point during the test. For example, a release from OI in recognition memory testing occurs when the semantic similarity between stimuli decreases midway through testing, suggesting that item representations stored on early trials cause interference on tests occurring on later trials to the extent that the earlier items share features with the latter items. In two recognition memory experiments, we demonstrate release from OI for words and faces. We also test whether release from OI is the result of interference or is due to a boost in attention caused by reorienting to a novel stimulus type. A test for the foils presented during the initial test list supports the interference account of OI. Implications for models of memory are discussed.

Mei Lanfang quanji 梅 蘭芳全集 ( The complete works of Mei Lanfang ). Edited by Fu Jin 傅謹. 8 vols. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe and Zhongguo xiju chuban she, 2016

Mei Lanfang quanji 梅 蘭芳全集 (The complete works of Mei Lanfang). Edited by Fu Jin 傅謹. 8 vols. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe and Zhongguo xiju chuban she, 2016 David L. Rolston (bio) David L. Rolston University of Michigan David L. Rolston David L. Rolston is Associate Professor of Chinese Language and Literature in the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Michigan. After working and publishing on traditional Chinese fiction (with an emphasis on traditional Chinese fiction commentary and its influence on later writers), for some time he has turned his attention primarily to traditional Chinese theater in general and Jingju (Peking opera) in particular. While studying in Taiwan in the early 1980s he discovered that Jingju was a convenient avenue to at least one kind of Chinese past. He participated in student productions and worked at Fuxing Opera School in Taiwan. He has taught and lectured at the National Academy of Chinese Theater Arts, and produced English language introductory material and subtitles for Jingju and Kunqu troupes in Taiwan, Beijing, and the U.S. He is presently working on a book on the “textualization” of Jingju (the writing down, circulation, and consumption of Jingju plays in various written forms). Correspondence to: David L. Rolston, Department of Asian Languages and Cultures, University of Michigan, 202 South Thayer Street, 5151 STB, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1608. E-mail: drolston@umich.edu. Footnotes 1. Mei Shaowu 梅紹武, ed., Mei Lanfang quanji 梅蘭芳全集 [Complete works of Mei Lanfang], 8 vols. (Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu, 2000). 2. The older collection only included 66 pieces, earliest one dated 1945 (a total of only two were published before 1949), in its equivalent volume (Volume 3). The earliest item in Volume 1 of the new collection dates from 1919. 3. Mei Lanfang began publishing autobiographical works as early as 1943. Two examples from that year, “Sishi nian xiju shenghuo” 四十年戲劇生活 (Forty years of theatrical life) and “Zhuiyu xuan huiyi lu” 綴玉軒回憶錄 (Memoirs from Zhuiyu Studio), are included in Volume 1 of the collection (pp. 90–102 and 103–12). 4. The preface, however, does not indicate that the two versions of the diary (see below) were published in string-bound facsimile form under the same title by the publishing house of the National Library in Beijing (Guojia tushu guan chuban she 國家圖書館出版社) in 2015 (in this edition, the edited version is reproduced in photo-reprint form while material from the original version is given in typeset form). The one-page preface of the diary reproduced in the facsimile version does not appear in the new edition of Mei’s collected works. Copyright © 2018 The Permanent Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature, Inc.

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2016-2017

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2016-2017, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2016 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included.For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography/

Beta-band activity represents the recent past during episodic encoding

While much research has focused on understanding how individual stimuli are encoded in episodic memory, less is known about how a series of events is bound into a coherent episode. Cognitive models of episodic memory propose that information about presented stimuli is integrated into a composite representation reflecting one's past experience, allowing events separated in time to become associated. Recent evidence suggests that neural oscillatory activity may be critically involved in this process. To examine how oscillatory activity contributes to binding of information across events, we measured scalp EEG as participants studied categorized lists of people, places, and objects. We assessed their memory for the lists using free recall, allowing us to characterize the temporal and semantic organization of the studied items in memory. Using pattern classification, we identified EEG activity during encoding at a range of frequencies and scalp locations that was sensitive to the category of presented stimuli. In the beta band (16–25Hz) at right posterior electrodes, we observed activity that was also sensitive to the category of recently presented stimuli. This neural activity showed two characteristics consistent with a representation of the recent past: It became stronger when multiple items from the same category were presented in succession, and it contained a fading trace of the previous category after a category shift. When items were separated by an inter-item distraction task, this integrative beta-band activity was disrupted. Distraction also led to decreased semantic organization of the studied materials without affecting their temporal organization; this suggests that distraction disrupts the integration of semantic information over time, preventing encoding of items in terms of the semantic context of earlier items. Our results provide evidence that beta-band activity is involved in maintaining information about recent events, allowing construction of a coherent representation of a temporally extended episode in memory.

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2015-2016

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2015-2016, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2015 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography.

Effective scheduling of looking and talking during rapid automatized naming.

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) is strongly related to literacy gains in developing readers, reading disabilities, and reading ability in children and adults. Because successful RAN performance depends on the close coordination of a number of abilities, it is unclear what specific skills drive this RAN-reading relationship. The current study used concurrent recordings of young adult participants' vocalizations and eye movements during the RAN task to assess how individual variation in RAN performance depends on the coordination of visual and vocal processes. Results showed that fast RAN times are facilitated by having the eyes 1 or more items ahead of the current vocalization, as long as the eyes do not get so far ahead of the voice as to require a regressive eye movement to an earlier item. These data suggest that optimizing RAN performance is a problem of scheduling eye movements and vocalization given memory constraints and the efficiency of encoding and articulatory control. Both RAN completion time (conventionally used to indicate RAN performance) and eye-voice relations predicted some aspects of participants' eye movements on a separate sentence reading task. However, eye-voice relations predicted additional features of first-pass reading that were not predicted by RAN completion time. This shows that measurement of eye-voice patterns can identify important aspects of individual variation in reading that are not identified by the standard measure of RAN performance. We argue that RAN performance predicts reading ability because both tasks entail challenges of scheduling cognitive and linguistic processes that operate simultaneously on multiple linguistic inputs.

Selected English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2014-2015

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2014-2015, covering the period since the publication in the fall of 2014 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each year’s bibliography is supplemented by earlier items, which were only retrieved recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography.

Not all summary statistics are made equal: Evidence from extracting summaries across time.

Over the past 15 years, a number of behavioral studies have shown that the human visual system can extract the average value of a set of items along a variety of feature dimensions, often with great facility and accuracy. These efficient representations of sets of items are commonly referred to as summary representations, but very little is known about whether their computation constitutes a single unitary process or if it involves different mechanisms in different domains. Here, we asked participants to report the average value of a set of items presented serially over time in four different feature dimensions. We then measured the contribution of different parts of the information stream to the reported summaries. We found that this temporal weighting profile differs greatly across domains. Specifically, summaries of mean object location (Experiment 1) were influenced approximately 2.5 times more by earlier items than by later items. Summaries of mean object size (Experiment 1), mean facial expression (Experiment 2), and mean motion direction (Experiment 3), however, were more influenced by later items. These primacy and recency effects show that summary representations computed across time do not incorporate all items equally. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that summary representations operate differently in different feature domains, and may be subserved by distinct mechanisms.