Ear Emergence Research Articles

Otorhinolaryngology Morbidity Pattern among Patients Attending Outpatient Clinic of Suez General Hospital

Otorhinolaryngological disorders constitutes to one of the major causes of morbidity in any hilly area. Morbidity pattern has several determining factors like socio-economic status, basic education, occupation of parents, socio-cultural practices, living environment. Ear, nose and throat emergencies are common in all communities. Early diagnosis and management will result in reduction of morbidity and mortality.

Agro Meteorological Indices Influenced by Varying Sowing Environment and Varieties of Wheat in Western Maharashtra Plain Zone

An agro-meteorological investigation was undertaken during rabi, 2016 and 2017 at Farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Agriculture, Pune, Maharashtra State (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatment comprised of four varieties viz. V1: NIAW-301 (Trymbak ) V2: NIAW-917 (Tapovan), V3: NIAW-1415 (Netravati) and V4:NIAW-1994 (Phule Samadhan) as main plot and four sowing windows viz., S1: 43rd MW (22-28 October), S2: 45th MW (5-11November), S3: 47th MW (19-25 November) and S4: 49th MW (3-9 December) as sub plot treatments. The agrometeorological indices indicated more values for 45th MW (5-11November) and 47th MW (19-25 November) sown wheat crops and lowest values in late sown crop. Days to crown root stage, tillering stage, ear emergence stage, 50% flowering stage, milking stage, dough stage and physiology maturity matched closely with observed values for all sowing environments. It revealed that the grain yields were significantly higher in NIAW-1994 (51.07 and 48.52 qha-1) and significantly superior to the rest of the wheat varieties. This was followed by NIAW-917(45.72 and 43.43 q ha-1), NIAW-301(43.57 and 41.27 q ha-1). The variety NIAW-1415 recorded significantly lower grain yield (40.89 and 38.84 qha-1) during 2016 and 2017, respectively. The grain yield was maximum at 47th MW sowing window (50.40 and 47.88 qha-1), the grain yield of 45th MW (47.94 and 45.42 qha-1) were at par with 47th MW sowing window. This was followed by 43rd MW sowing window (43.88 and 41.68 q ha-1), 49th MW sowing window (39.04 and 37.07 q ha-1) during 2016 and 2017, respectively.

Physiological Basis of High Nighttime Temperature-Induced Chalkiness Formation during Early Grain-Filling Stage in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Heat stress during the grain-filling stage seriously affects grain quality in rice. However, very limited information is available regarding the effects of short-term high nighttime temperature (HNT) on grain chalkiness formation in rice. In this paper, the effects of HNT at the early grain-filling stage (7 days after ear emergence) on rice chalkiness formation and the potential causes were investigated by using two rice varieties that differed in susceptibility to high temperature. Although the HNT treatment at night dramatically increased the grain chalkiness in Jiuxiangzhan (JXZ) and Huanghuazhan (HHZ), the increase was greater in JXZ compared to HHZ. The net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value were significantly reduced by HNT treatment in the flag leaves of JXZ, while no significant differences were observed in HHZ. Furthermore, HNT treatment reduced the antioxidant enzyme activity in the flag leaves of JXZ, while the opposite was observed in HHZ, exhibiting increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, HNT treatment altered the endogenous hormone levels, enhanced the enzymatic activities related to starch biosynthesis, and accelerated the filling rate in grains of JXZ when compared to HHZ. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation exhibited that the starch granules in the endosperm of JXZ were loosely packed together and more starch granules with small pits were produced after HNT treatment. Based on these data, we inferred that HNT stress during the early stage of rice grain filling accelerated the grain-filling rate but shortened the grain-filling duration by changing the endogenous hormone levels and enhancing the enzymatic activities responsible for starch biosynthesis, resulting in significant changes in the morphological structure and arrangement of starch granules and eventually causing the occurrence of grain chalkiness.

Role of seed infection for the near and far distance dissemination of wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum.

Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT) is a devastating fungal phytopathogen causing wheat blast disease which threatens wheat production particularly in warmer climate zones. Effective disease control is hampered by the limited knowledge on the life cycle, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of MoT. Since MoT mainly infects and colonizes the inflorescences of wheat, infection, invasion routes and colonization of MoT on wheat ears and in wheat seeds were investigated in order to assess potential seed transmission pathways. MoT was spray inoculated on two wheat cultivars (Sumai 3, susceptible and Milan, resistant) at three ear maturity stages [full ear emergence, growth stage (GS) 59; mid flowering, GS 65; and end of flowering, GS 69]. Incidence of MoT on Sumai 3 seeds was 100% and 20-25% on Milan. MoT sporulation rate on Sumai 3 contaminated seeds was more than 15 times higher than on Milan. Repeated washes of seed samples for removing paraffin fixation hampers seed microscopy. To overcome the damage of seed samples, we used hand-sectioned seed samples instead of paraffin-fixed microtome samples to facilitate microscopy. The colonization of MoT within various seed tissues was followed by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Invasion of MoT in seeds predominantly occurred in the caryopsis germ region, but entry via other seed parts was also observed, confirming the potential of intense colonization of MoT in wheat grains. Fungal spread in wheat plants growing from MoT infected seeds was monitored through plating, microscopic and molecular techniques. Under greenhouse conditions, no spread of MoT from infected seeds to seedlings later than GS 21 or to ears was detected, neither in Milan nor in Sumai 3. We therefore conclude, that MoT may not systemically contaminate inflorescences and seeds in neither susceptible nor resistant wheat cultivars. However, initial blast symptoms, only found on seedlings of Sumai 3 but not Milan, resulted in the formation of new conidia, which may serve as inoculum source for plant-to-plant dissemination by airborne infection of plant stands in the field (short distance spread). Ultimately the inoculum may infect young inflorescences in the field and contaminate seeds. Our findings again stress the risk of long-distance dissemination of wheat blast across continents through MoT-contaminated seeds. This underlines the importance of mandatory use of healthy seeds in strategies to control any further spread of wheat blast.

The Level of School Teachers' Knowledge About First-Aid Management and Control of Epistaxis in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia.

Epistaxis is an acute episode of nasal bleeding commonlycaused in children bytraumatic injuriesin aschool setting.It is one of thecommonear, nose, and throat emergencies, which should be managed with first-aid measures.To the best ofour knowledge, no studieshave been conductedamong school teachers in the Qassim regionofSaudi Arabiaregarding this information. Thisstudythusaimed to assess levelsof knowledge about first-aid management and control of epistaxis among school teachers intheQassim region, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study using avalidatedonline questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms. Informationwas collectedregarding sociodemographic characteristics, and eight items assessed participants'knowledgeaboutepistaxis and its management. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the factors associated with good levelsof knowledge. The study had atotal of 1,152 participants, of which 69.7% were female. The mean of knowledge was 3.29 (SD=1.39, range: 0-7). Only 19.4% of participants had a good level of knowledge. In multivariate analysis, females and those whohadreceived informationon firstaid to stop nose-bleedswere significantly associated with good knowledgelevels(adjusted odds ratio {AOR}: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.18-2.51,p=0.005; and AOR: 3.38, 95% CI: 2.47-4.64, p<0.001, respectively). Less thanone-quarter of participants had good knowledgelevels. Health education sessions for teachers are highly recommendedand should specifically targetmale teachers.

Creating a community leadership role for non-complex ENT care.

In Ireland, 68,000 patients are waiting for their first Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) outpatient (OPD) appointment. One third of referrals pertain to non-complex ENT conditions. Community-based delivery of non-complex ENT care would facilitate access in a timely manner, locally. Despite the creation of a micro-credentialling course, community practitioners have encountered barriers to implementing their newly acquired expertise, including a lack of peer support and subspecialty resourcing. In 2020, funding was secured through the National Doctors Training and Planning Aspire Programme for a fellowship for ENT Skills in the Community, credentialled by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. The fellowship was open to newly qualified GPs with the aim of developing community leadership in ENT, providing an alternative referral resource, providing peer education and creating an advocate for the further development of community-based subspecialists. The fellow started in July 2021 and is based in the Ear Emergency Department at the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin. They have been exposed to non-operative ENT environments, developing diagnostic skills and treating a range of ENT conditions through the utilisation of microscope examination, microsuction and laryngoscopy. Multiplatform educational engagements have provided teaching experience including publications, webinars reaching approximately 200 healthcare workers each and GP-trainee workshops. The fellow has been facilitated in building relationships with key policy stakeholders and is presently working on a bespoke e-referral pathway. Promising early results have secured funding for a second fellowship. Key to the success of the fellowship role will be will be ongoing engagement with hospital and community services.

Recidivantna epistaksa kao posledica masivnog invertnog papiloma sinonazalne regije

Introduction: Inverted papilloma is the most common benign tumour of the sinonasal region characterized by a locally destructive growth pattern, a tendency to recur, and a risk of malignant alteration. It grows from the epithelium of the sinonasal mucosa. One of its clinical signs is epistaxis, which is an emergency condition. This case report aims to acquaint Emergency Medicine physicians with inverted papilloma as an emergency condition in some patients. Case report: A 75-year-old woman presented to our Ear, Nose and Throat Emergency Room complaining of repetitive left-sided nose bleeds. Clinically, histopathologically, and using radiology scans, we confirmed the diagnosis of inverted papilloma and the patient was surgically treated. Conclusion: In patients with recurrent nose bleeds, an accurate diagnosis of inverted papilloma is needed for planning surgical treatment to avoid recurrence, local destruction and malignant alteration of the tumour.

Adaptability of high-protein barley genotypes under the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region

Background. Barley grain is unique raw material of versatile uses. More than 60% of the grain produced In the Volga-Vyatka region goes directly to fodder production purposes. One of the urgent tasks is to develop high-yielding cultivars with good grain quality, thus reducing protein deficiency in farm animal feeds and meeting the need for fodder grain that increases every year. Its successful solution requires a search for new high-yielding and high-protein source genotypes adapted to the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region and their involvement in the breeding process.Materials and methods. Experimental work was carried out in 2018–2020 at the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky, Kirov. Protein content in grain, yield, resistance to lodging, and duration of the growing season of 31 barley accessions were assessed. The barley collection was studied according to the International COMECON List of Descriptors for the Genus Hordeum L. and Methodological Guidelines. Protein content was measured using a universal rapid analyzer (INFRAMATIC 8620).Results and conclusions. Protein content had a strong correlation with Selyaninov’s hydrothermal coefficient in the interphase period from ear emergence to maturity (r = 0.85); the sum of effective temperatures during the entire growing season (r = 0.75); and precipitation in the period from seedling emergence to maturity (r = 0.67). Traits of breeding value (yield, lodging resistance, environmental plasticity, and stability) were observed in the following accessions: k-30574 (‘Filippa’, Sweden), k-30256 (‘Rodos’, Poland), ya-52 (‘Crusades’, Great Britain), k-35415 (NCL 95098, Argentina), k-30892 (‘Naran’, Russia), k-15619 (‘Polyarny 14’, Russia), ya-4 (752A, Switzerland), k-30349 (Landrace, Peru), k-5983 (Local, Afghanistan), k-3506 (Local, India), k-2929 (Local, China), k-2930 (Local, China), and k-5210 (‘Makbo’, Australia).

Drought-tolerance of transgenic winter wheat with partial suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene

The global climate changes and the consequent increase in the number of soil and air droughts during the vegetation period of grain crops require the development of new strategies to adapt plants to those yield-decreasing stressors. A relevant way of increasing drought-tolerance of cereals is the use of biotechnological methods, particularly RNA interference, which can down-regulate the activity of plants’ genes and increase concentration of stress metabolites that perform osmoprotective functions during drought. We studied the tolerance to soil moisture shortage in transgenic plants of winter wheat with partial suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene, obtained using the technology of short interfering RNAs. We analyzed physiological and biochemical parameters and structural elements of yield productivity of 4 wild genotypes and their transgenic lines with reduced activity of proline dehydrogenase in the conditions of 7-day drought during the late booting–ear emergence. We determined that the presence of double-stranded RNA suppressor of the proline dehydrogenase gene in transgenic lines led to increase in the level of accumulation of free proline in flag leaves. At the same time, its concentration in transgenic lines was higher than in untransformed plants of the wild genotypes in both drought conditions and conditions of sufficient moisture. We found that against the background of water deficiency, the total chlorophyll content in leaves of plants of transgenic lines was significantly higher, and the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll was lower than in plants of the wild genotypes, suggesting mitigation of the negative impact of drought on the plants of transgenic lines. Lacking soil moisture, genetically altered lines of wheat had significantly higher parameters of the structure of grain yield compared with untransformed genotypes. At the same time, we observed genotypic difference according to grain productivity in biotechnological plants. Therefore, the results we obtained confirm the perspectives of using the technology of short interfering RNAs to increase tolerance of winter wheat to water deficiency.

The Potential of Genome-Wide Prediction to Support Parental Selection, Evaluated with Data from a Commercial Barley Breeding Program.

Parental selection is at the beginning and contributes significantly to the success of any breeding work. The value of a cross is reflected in the potential of its progeny population. Breeders invest substantial resources in evaluating progeny to select the best performing genotypes as candidates for variety development. Several proposals have been made to use genomics to support parental selection. These have mostly been evaluated using theoretical considerations or simulation studies. However, evaluations using experimental data have rarely been conducted. In this study, we tested the potential of genomic prediction for predicting the progeny mean, variance, and usefulness criterion using data from an applied breeding population for winter barley. For three traits with genetic architectures at varying levels of complexity, ear emergence, plant height, and grain yield, progeny mean, variance, and usefulness criterion were predicted and validated in scenarios resembling situations in which the described tools shall be used in plant breeding. While the population mean could be predicted with moderate to high prediction abilities amounting to 0.64, 0.21, and 0.39 in ear emergence, plant height, and grain yield, respectively, the prediction of family variance appeared difficult, as reflected in low prediction abilities of 0.41, 0.11, and 0.14, for ear emergence, plant height, and grain yield, respectively. We have shown that identifying superior crosses remains a challenging task and suggest that the success of predicting the usefulness criterion depends strongly on the complexity of the underlying trait.

Sulfur uptake and distribution, grain yield, and quality of hybrid and inbred winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under early and late waterlogging

AbstractBackgroundWaterlogging at early and later growth stages could affect sulfur (S) uptake, distribution, yield, and quality of winter wheat. We hypothesized that the hybrid winter wheat variety (Hyvento), with a high degree of heterosis and genetic diversity, is likely to uptake and utilize S more efficiently and withstands waterlogging better than the inbred wheat variety (Kredo).AimsThe objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of 2‐week waterlogging at the end of tillering stage (Feekes Stage 6) and/or ear emergence stage (Feekes Stage 10.1) on grain yield, yield components, S‐uptake and its partitioning, and composition of grain storage proteins (glutenins and gliadins) of hybrid (Hyvento) and inbred (Kredo) winter wheat varieties.MethodsPlants were grown in large containers (120 L) in a semi‐controlled greenhouse and harvested three times immediately after each waterlogging treatment and at agronomic maturity. Grain yield, S concentration in different plant organs, total protein content, and patterns of gluten proteins (gliadin and glutenin) and their subunits (by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in grains were evaluated.ResultsGrain yield of the inbred variety was more negatively affected under early and late waterlogging than the hybrid variety and was associated with reduced grain size. The decline in grain yield was significantly higher under late waterlogging (30%–31%) than early waterlogging (17%–18%). Compared to the hybrid variety Hyvento, the waterlogging‐induced decline in S concentration in grains, husk, and straw was markedly lower in the inbred variety Kredo. While early waterlogging did not affect total grain protein content in either of the varieties, late waterlogging significantly reduced the total grain protein content (18%) in the inbred variety Kredo. Similarly, the grain gliadin content of the hybrid variety was not affected by both waterlogged conditions, whereas 32% and 23% reductions were recorded for the inbred variety under early and late waterlogging, respectively. Nevertheless, waterlogging significantly increased the proportion of S‐poor high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits and ω‐gliadin in the inbred variety.ConclusionIt could be inferred from the present study that hybrid winter wheat variety is relatively resistant to waterlogging than the inbred wheat variety, and thereby produces higher grain yield. Efficient uptake and metabolism of S could be one of the mechanisms conferring waterlogging resistance in winter wheat.

666 Rugby Tackle: A Cause of Delayed Onset Laryngeal Oedema

Abstract Case Presentation A 14-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with facial and neck swelling, hoarseness and dysphagia. The symptom onset was 24 hours after a rugby tackle to the neck and shoulder. Examination found significant bilateral lower facial and neck swelling. Blood results and observations were normal. Fibreoptic nasendoscopy (FNE) revealed diffuse oedema of arytenoids and soft tissue around the larynx. Computed Tomography (CT) neck with contrast demonstrated diffuse inflammatory changes in the submental and submandibular regions extending to the suprasternal notch, the aetiology for this was indeterminate. He responded to medical treatment with regular intravenous dexamethasone, intravenous antibiotics and as required, adrenaline nebulisers. He was discharged after two days and was able to return to school the following week. Discussion Laryngeal oedema is an ear, nose and throat emergency which can result in airway obstruction. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection. However, rarely other precipitants including blunt trauma are reported. This is the first case reported in the literature of delayed laryngeal oedema from a common sporting injury. It is important to recognise and consider trauma as a cause in patients with delayed laryngeal oedema, especially when no other obvious underlying cause is present. This case highlights the importance of thorough history taking to detect trauma. After ensuring a secure airway, systemic steroids are effective against trauma-induced laryngeal oedema and prophylactic antibiotics should be considered to avoid oropharyngeal contamination. FNE, CT and a minimum 24-hour observation period with specialist involvement are essential for neck trauma management.

Impacted Toothbrush in the Oropharynx: A Case Report

Background&#x0D; Foreign body impaction in the throat is a common presentation in the Ear, Nose and Throat emergency room and may be associated with dare consequences.&#x0D; Case Report&#x0D; A nineteen-month-old female was rushed to the Accident and Emergency Unit, University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City with a history of foreign body in the throat of three hours duration. Examination revealed a broken toothbrush impacted the posterior oropharyngeal wall.&#x0D; She had impacted foreign body removed under local anaesthesia.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Foreign bodies in the throat can be fatal if not promptly managed. Impacted toothbrush in the throat could be life-threatening due to respiratory embarrassment. Therefore, a good toothbrush should be used, caution should be taken while brushing and toddlers should have their teeth brushed by adults.&#x0D;

Maize prolificacy under contrasting plant densities and N supplies: I. Plant growth, biomass allocation and development of apical and sub-apical ears from floral induction to silking

In limited-production regions for maize (Zea mays, L.) crop, late sowing date and low plant densities are progressively adopted. At low plant densities, the expression of prolificacy (i.e., more than one fertile ear per plant) can stabilize maize yield throughout environments. However, the limited adoption of N fertilization can reduce kernel set on the apical (E1) and sub-apical ear (E2) and consequently crop grain yield at low plant densities. Five Argentinian maize hybrids with different degrees of prolificacy (1.37–1.92 ears pl-1 at 4 pl m-2 irrigated and without N limitations) were cultivated under contrasting plant densities (4 and 8 pl m-2) and N fertilization rates (70 and 270 kg N ha-1) to analyze (i) plant biomass, biomass allocation in E1 and E2 (BAE1 and BAE2), and floret differentiation of both ears from floral induction to silking stage, (ii) the anthesis-silking intervals of E1 and E2 (ASIE1 and ASIE2) and the silking interval between E1 and E2 (ESI), and (iii) silk extrusion of both ears. From the eight-ligulated leaf stage onwards, low N availability and high density decreased plant biomass and BAE2 without modifying BAE1. Additionally, N stress reduced floret differentiation of E2 in the less prolific hybrids (DK-747 and DK-7210). On the contrary, E1 and E2 of the most prolific hybrids (DK-3F22, DK-4F37 and DK-664) showed similar temporal patterns of growth and floret differentiation. These hybrids presented the highest proportion of exposed silks in both ears coinciding with their highest BAE1 and BAE2, which possibly modulated silk elongation. Finally, under the most stressful environments, the lower BAE2 than BAE1 at silking increased ASI of both ears, ESI and reduced the proportion of plants with silks of E2 exposed to pollen. The latter response (i.e., low proportion of plants with silks extrusion in E2) was more pronounced in less prolific hybrids. Therefore, floret differentiation and BA in E2 of the most prolific hybrids would be more stable in the face of changes in nutritional offer, a prevalent scenario of limited-production regions.

Emergency Ear, Nose and Throat Admissions in Northern Ghana

Background: Ear, nose and throat (ENT) emergencies are common in the north of Ghana; however, there are no published reports. We conducted a retrospective study of ENT emergencies at the ENT Unit of the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH).Methods: This was a four-year review of patients admitted for emergency care at the ENT Unit of the Tamale Teaching Hospital between January 2013 and December 2016. Analyzed parameters included age, sex, diagnosis and outcome of treatment.Results: A total of 390 patients were admitted for ENT emergency treatment during this period. Thirty-eight patients were excluded on account of incomplete information with 352 patients included in the final analysis. The sex distributions of patients were 209 males and 143 females with a male to female ratio of 1.46:1. The age range was 6 months to 81 years with a mean age of 27.2 ± 21.2 (median age of 25.5) years. Peak age incidence was in 0-10 age group. The most common indications for ENT emergency admissions were maxillofacial injuries (22.7%), foreign body ingestion (17.9%), deep neck (multi-)space abscesses (14.5%) and upper airway obstruction (8.2%). Fifteen patients (4.7%) admitted for emergency care died.Conclusion: The most common indications for ENT emergency admissions from our study were throat related conditions and maxillofacial injuries that were treated successfully in 89.4% cases.

Effects of growth stage on nutritional value of barley and triticale forages for goats

The nutritional composition and in vitro gas production of barley and triticale forages at tillering, stem elongation, and ear emergence stages were studied. The mean crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content was higher in barley than triticale. The supplementation of wheat grain in in vitro incubation had no effect on the gas production of barley and triticale forage. The nutritive value of barley and triticale forages is highly influenced by growth stage and is high during the early stage of growth during tillering and stem elongation. Barley and triticale forages have potential as feed for dairy goats and although barley had a higher CP content, both have adequate ME and CP levels to meet the nutritional requirements of adult goats with 50 kg body weight in early lactation.

Predicting A Growing Stage of Rice Plants Based on The Cropping Records over 25 Years — A Trial of Feature Engineering Incorporating Hidden Regional Characteristics —

This study tries to predict date of ear emergence of rice plants, based on cropping records over 25 years. Predicting ear emergence of rice plants is known to be crucial for practicing good harvesting quality, and has long been dependent upon old farmers who acquire skills of intuitive prediction based on their long term experiences. Facing with aging farmers, data driven approach for the prediction have been pursued. Nevertheless, they are not necessarily sufficient in terms of practical use. One of the issue is to adopt weather forecast as the feature so that the predictive performance is varied by the accuracy of the forecast. The other issue is that the performance is varied by region and the regional characteristics have not been used as the features for the prediction. With this background, we propose a feature engineering to quantify hidden regional characteristics as the feature for the prediction. Further the feature is engineered based only on observational data without any forecast. Applying our proposal to the data on the cropping records resulted in sufficient predictive performance, ±2.69days of RMSE.

Pattern of ENT Emergencies in Tertiary Level Hospital

Background: Emergencies in ENT practice has a wide spectrum and management of each condition requires specialized skills. Crucial decisions are necessary to save patients life in hurried situations.&#x0D; Objectives: This study is carried out with an objective to find out pattern of ENT emergencies in tertiary level hospital.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross sectional study was done in two major tertiary level hospitals (Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study was conducted in a period of six months and took into account all inpatient and outpatient emergencies in this period. These included 496 patients either admitted as emergency or took emergency treatment without admission from department of ENT and Head-Neck surgery of two tertiary level hospitals.&#x0D; Results: 496 patients of between age ranges 2 months-80 years with a mean age 26.3 years were included. Male female ratio was 1.9:1.55.65% patients are from rural area. The total throat related cases were maximum (40.52%) in comparison to ear (32.26%) and nose (27.22%). Inflammatory condition in pharynx (46.27%) is the most common among throat related emergencies, followed by foreign body in throat (32.26%). Fish bone impaction is the most common (33.36%) emergencies among foreign body in throat. Foreign body in throat was mostly seen in 0 to 10 age group. Acute upper respiratory tract infection is the highest (27.96%) among the pharyngeal emergencies. Laryngeal emergencies with stridor were most common (47.62%) among laryngeal, tracheal and bronchial emergencies other than foreign body. Among the otological emergencies external ear emergencies other than foreign body (40%) was most common. Vegetables foreign body in the ear was most common (40%) among the foreign body in ear. Foreign body in ear mostly found in 0 to 10 age group. Traumatic injury to external ear is the most common (18.75%) among external ear emergencies other than foreign body. Among the sinonasal emergencies epistaxis was most common (39.26%). Most of the cases were managed surgically (71.97%) 87.5% cases were recovered from emergencies with overall mortality of (1.21%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Epistaxis emerged as the leading cause of ENT emergencies followed by foreign body in ENT region. Most of the ENT emergencies were managed surgically under local anaesthesia. So, presence of otolaryngological department in thana and district level hospital could avoid unnecessary referral.&#x0D; Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2022; 30: 67-74

Induction and potential role of summer dormancy to enhance persistence of perennial grasses under warmer climates

Abstract The persistence of perennial herbaceous species is threatened by increasing aridity. However, summer dormancy is a strategy conferring superior survival to grasses adapted to hot and dry summers. The role of temperature on the induction of summer dormancy was investigated in the perennial grass Dactylis glomerata to analyse the potential expression of this strategy under warmer climates. We tested seven populations of D. glomerata originating from Morocco to Norway across the same latitudinal gradient in a five‐site experiment. One population of the highly summer‐dormant grass Poa bulbosa was used as a reference. Plants were grown from autumn in pots under full irrigation for 1 year mostly under open‐air shelters. Heading date (ear emergence preceding flowering) was recorded and foliage senescence was assessed from end of spring until autumn. The maximum plant senescence under summer irrigation indicated the level of dormancy expression. Summer dormancy onset, release, expression and duration were modelled as a function of climatic variables. From north to south, the duration of summer dormancy of the Mediterranean populations of D. glomerata and P. bulbosa ranged from 0 to 122 days, and 79 to 200 days, respectively. P. bulbosa was always completely dormant, while dormancy expression of D. glomerata was positively correlated with the sum of temperatures from winter onset (R2 = 0.57) and with the mean of minimum temperatures in summer (R2 = 0.73). Dormancy onset, release and duration were also positively correlated with thermal time from winter onset, while the duration of summer dormancy was longer as maximum temperatures increased. Mapping the European regions with climates allowing the expression of summer dormancy in D. glomerata showed that the potentially inductive areas for this strategy may expand in parallel with increasing summer aridity under a future climate warming scenario. Synthesis. The large phenotypic variability of the expression of summer dormancy in D. glomerata was driven by temperature, suggesting that this strategy may have a greater role in higher latitudes to increase plant survival over the predicted hotter and drier summers. Leveraging this strategy for the choice and selection of suitable populations could enhance future adaptation of major perennial grasses to climate change.

Response of Maize Hybrids in Drought-Stress Using Drought Tolerance Indices

This study was conducted to investigate the response of maize hybrids to drought stress and to select the most drought-tolerant cultivar compared to other hybrids. The experiment was performed on six maize hybrids in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under regular irrigation and limited irrigation in the vegetative and reproductive stages in Iran. Drought tolerance indices (TOL, MP, GMP, STI, SSI, and HAR) for the grain yield of genotypes were calculated, and principal component analysis was based on them. The results obtained from estimating the indices showed that the SC647 and KSC704 hybrids, while having good performance in both conditions, also have drought tolerance. Examining the correlation between drought tolerance indices and yield in both conditions, among the indices used to detect drought tolerance, STI, MP, and GMP indices can be considered suitable for selecting high-yielding hybrids in these conditions. The principal components analysis on the stress-tolerance index showed that MP and GMP indices could be used as the best indices with high coefficients to select stress-tolerance hybrids. SC647 and KSC704 hybrids were identified and selected as hybrids with high tolerance to moisture stress. The results of drought tolerance indices in the emergence stage of the crest showed that the KSC260 hybrid has the lowest level of stress sensitivity. SC647 hybrids showed the lowest susceptibility to drought stress in the ear emergence stage.