Ear Width Research Articles

EarCV: An open‐source, computer vision package for maize ear phenotyping

AbstractFresh market sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is a row crop commercialized as a vegetable, resulting in strict expectations for ear size, color, and shape. Ear phenotyping in breeding programs is typically done manually and can be subjective, time consuming, and unreliable. Computer vision tools have enabled an inexpensive, high‐throughput, and quantitative alternative to phenotyping in agriculture. Here we present a computer vision tool using open‐source Python and OpenCV to measure yield component and quality traits relevant to sweet corn from photographs. This tool increases accuracy and efficiency in phenotyping through high‐throughput, quantitative feature extraction of traits typically measured qualitatively. EarCV worked in variable lighting and background conditions, such as under full sun and shade and against grass and dirt backgrounds. The package compares ears in images taken at varying distances and accurately measures ear length and ear width. It can measure traits that were previously difficult to quantify such as color, tip fill, taper, and curvature. EarCV allows users to phenotype any number of ears, dried or fresh, in any orientation while tolerating some debris and silk noise. The tool can categorize husked ears according to the predefined USDA quality grades based on length and tip fill. We show that the information generated from this computer vision approach can be incorporated into breeding programs by analyzing hybrid ears, capturing heritability of yield component traits, and detecting phenotypic differences between cultivars that conventional yield measurements cannot. Ultimately, computer vision can reduce the cost and resources dedicated to phenotyping in breeding programs.

Body Weight Prediction of Thalli Sheep Reared in Southern Punjab Using Different Data Mining Algorithms

This study is conducted to predict the body weight (BW) for Thalli sheep of southern Punjab from different body measurements. In the BW prediction, several body measurements viz., withers height, body length, head length, head width, ear length, ear width, neck length, neck width, heart girth, rump length, rump width, tail length, barrel depth and sacral pelvic width are used as predictors. The data mining algorithms such as Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), Exhaustive CHAID, Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are used to predict the BW for a total of 85 female Thalli sheep. The data set is partitioned into training (80 %) and test (20 %) sets before the algorithms are used. The minimum number of parent (4) and child nodes (2) are set in order to ensure their predictive ability. The R2 % and RMSE values for CHAID, Exhaustive CHAID, ANN and CART algorithms are 67.38(1.003), 64.37(1.049), 61.45(1.093) and 59.02(1.125), respectively. The mostsignificant predictor is BL in the BW prediction of Thalli sheep. The heaviest BW average of 9.596 kg is obtained from the subgroup of those having BL > 25.000 inches. On behalf of the several goodness of fit criteria, we conclude that the CHAID algorithm performance is better in order to predict the BW of Thalli sheep and more suitable decision tree diagram visually. Also, the obtained CHAID results may help to determine body measurements positively associated with BW for developing better selection strategies with the scope of indirect selection criteria.

Differences in Correlation Values in Sex Determination based on Ridge Density of Hypothenar, External Ear Anthropometric and Canine Index

Hypothenar region is an area that is often contacts with surfaces during activities, and the ear is proven to be more consistent than face identification in passive biometrics. While, the teeth are hardest part in the human body which covered inside the oral cavity. These 3 parts of the body have a great role forensic identification especially in determining sex. The aim of this study is to know differences in correlation values in sex determination based on ridge density of hypothenar region of the palm, external ear anthropometric and canine index. This was a cross sectional study with observational analytic design, include 500 medical students in Kariadi Hospital Semarang Central Java Indonesia, age 21 - 26 years old, who are included in inclusion criteria, male (n = 250), female (n = 250). Ridge density is measured by calculating the average number of hypothenar palm ridge on the side of the top, middle and bottom; each area is 5×5 mm2 in measurement. External ear anthrophometric consists ear length, ear breadth, base auricular, lobe length and lobe width. Canine index is calculated by dividing mesiodistal width and intercanine distance in 4 regions. Spearman correlation test between ridge density of hypothenar region palm prints, external ear anthropometric, mandibular canine index and sex shows significant correlation with p-value = 0.000. There is no significant difference between maxillary canine index and sex (right maxillary p-value = 0.112 and left maxillary p-value = 0.082). There are differences in correlation values in sex determination based on ridge density of hypothenar region palm prints, external ear anthropometric and mandibular canine index. Ridge density of hypothenar region palm prints and ear length are show strong correlation in sex determination.

Ear morphology and morphometry as potential forensic tools for identification of the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba populations of Nigeria

BackgroundThe human external ear is unique in every individual in terms of shape, size and dimension making it suitable in forensic anthropology for sex estimation and personal identification purposes. The study aimed to evaluate sexual dimorphism and ethnic specificity of the external ear in major Nigerian ethnic populations.ResultsThere was variation in the morphological features of the external ear of the sampled subjects. The external ear features vary in the right and left ears in both sexes of the ethnic groups. All variables were statistically significant (p < 0.05) except ear width. Univariate discriminant function gave sex prediction accuracies between 56.4 and 57.3% for left and right ears, respectively. Population-specific sex prediction accuracy using stepwise discriminant analysis of left ear variables ranged 58–69.7% and 57.5–74.2% for right ear.ConclusionThe ear parameters showed potential for sex estimation, but cannot be solely relied upon for personal identification.

Variability in human external ear anthropometry- Anthropological and forensic applications.

The human auricle has attracted the attention of forensic scientists since a long for its unique morphological characteristics. In modern times, these unique features can be captured by CCTV cameras, which may be extremely useful during the identification process in a criminal investigation. Unique morphological characteristics such as Darwin's tubercle, shape, and size of the ear, different morphological features of the helix, tragus, lobule, etc. are frequently used in the identification and individualization process. The human ear was not only accessi-ble for its morphological and morphometric variations, but also its existing bilateral, sex, and population differences. The present study was conducted on 140 individuals (71 males and 69 females) aged between 18 and 30 years. The data were collected from the colleges of Nahan city of Sirmaur district in Himachal Pradesh state of North India. Various anthropometric measurements were taken independently on the left and right ear of each individual with the help of a pair of sliding calipers using a standard method. These linear measurements were physiognomic ear length, physiognomic ear breadth, ear length above tragus, distance from tragus to antihelix, distance from tragus to the helix, lobule height, and lobule width. Auricular index, lobular index, and lobular ear index were calculated from the aforementioned measurements. Further, an independent t-test/ Mann Witney U test and paired sample t-test/ Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were applied for the evaluation of sex differences and bilateral differences in the human ear, respectively. For the prediction of sexual dimorphism, discriminant function analysis was applied. Physiognomic ear length, physiognomic ear breadth, ear length above tragus, distances from tragus to antihelix (left ear only), and tragus to helix exhibited significant sex differences on both sides (p<0.05). Significant bilateral differences (p<0.05) were reported for all the measurements of the ear in males except for lobule height, whereas, significant side differences (p<0.05) were shown for ear length above tragus, distance from tragus to helix, and lobule width among females. The discriminant function model showed 82.10% accuracy for determining sexual dimorphism. The study highlighted sexual dimorphism and bilateral differences in ear morphometry in a north Indian population and provided a database of anthropometric variables in the human ear for forensic and anthropological uses.

Anthropometric Study of Human Ear: A Baseline Data for Ear Reconstruction.

Creation of an auricular framework plays the main role on first stage of microtia reconstruction. The size of framework is determined based on the size of the contralateral healthy ear and customized with Nagata theory. The height of rib that added behind the previous framework is the same with the projection of the normal ear. But the height of rib needed and framework in bilateral cases is unknown. A population based auricular framework pattern and projection are urgently needed. This study aimed at determining the mean values of normal anthropometric measurement of external ear and projection of human ear in males and females and their comparison on either sides and in either sex. Measurements are taken from 524 subjects (96 men and 428 women) aged 17 to 35 years using a Vernier caliper. The parameters measured were total ear height, ear width, lobular height, lobular width, upper pole, middle upper pole, middle pole, lower middle pole, lower pole, each subject's right and left ears. Comparisons between gender were performed by independent t test and paired t test for comparison between right and the left ear. All dimensions were significantly different between male and female ( P < 0.05) except the right lobular height ( P > 0.05). There was no significant difference both side among groups (P < 0.05) except total ear height on female group (P > 0.05). All projection dimensions were significantly different between male and female. There was no significant difference of auricular projection of right and left auricular on the male (P < 0.05) groups except the projection of lower pole. There were significant between auricular projection of right and left ears on the female groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the normal anthropometric study will have implication in the ear reconstruction especially on bilateral cases as a baseline for reconstruction.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF AURICLE IN POPULATION OF UTTAR PRADESH

External ear consists of auricle or pinna and external acoustic meatus. The auricle projects to a variable and individual degree from the side of the head. According to many studies conducted on morphometry of external ear; the size, shape and the orientation of each external ear is unique as ngerprint but it can be generalized. Males have larger ears as compared to females. The present study is attempted provide anthropometric data on normal adult male and female auricles from population of Uttar Pradesh. To st AIM: udy the anthropometric measurements of auricle in population of Uttar Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 420 adults (210 males and 210 females) who were randomly selected from the population of Uttar Pradesh. The parameters measured were, ear length, ear breadth lobule length and lobule width of both ears. RESULTS: In our study, we found that both the ears are equal dimension except for lobule breadth, irrespective of the sex. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of normal ear dimensions is important in the diagnosis of congenital malformations and acquired deformities, and in planning of treatment. The data presented in this study would help the clinician to produce an anatomically correct ear during its reconstruction.

Phenotypic characterization of Dagri cattle of Gujarat

A hill cattle population locally known as Dagri reared by tribals from eastern border districts of Gujarat adjoiningto Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, mainly Dahod and Chhotaudepur and to some extent Panchmahal, Mahisagarand Narmada was investigated for its phenotypic characterization. A total of 606 animals were examined for bodymeasurements. Body weight of the newborn calf (4) and preweaning weight (24) were recorded by actualmeasurement on the weighing scale while, the body weight of animals above 1-year (606) was derived from bodymeasurements using standard formula. Body measurements in males, females and heifers were taken on 606 animals. Milk composition was studied in milk samples from 50 cows. Draughtability was also studied on 11 pairs ofbullocks. Dagri animals possessed predominantly white coat colour (males 95.45%; females 86.89%). Muzzle colour was mainly black (males 95.45%; females 91.59%). Eyelids were mainly black (males 100%; females 98.22%). Horn and tail switch were mainly black while hoof colour was mainly pale black. Horns were curved and oriented upward-outward. Forehead was straight. Ears were small oriented horizontally. Dagri cattle had small hump, dewlap and naval flap. The udder was bowl shaped, small sized with round tipped cylindrical teats and with no prominent milk vein. The means (cm) for chest girth, body length, height at withers and hip height were 134.40±4.03, 115.46±3.37, 106.66±2.11 and 109.13±1.84, respectively, in adult males and 128.93±0.35, 110.82±0.34, 102.46±0.28 and 104.99±0.26, respectively, in adult females. The means (cm) for face length, tail length, horn length, horn circumference, hump height, navel length, dewlap length, forehead width, ear length and ear width were 35.86±1.00, 67.33±1.37, 21.64±2.65, 18.00±0.85, 10.00±0.66, 05.87±0.54, 78.40±2.57, 15.66±0.54, 21.06±0.78 and 10.00±0.32 respectively in adult males and 35.95±0.10, 66.91±0.25, 19.26±0.29, 12.91±0.10, 06.98±0.06, 01.40±0.06, 72.86±0.35, 13.12±0.05, 19.23±0.11, 10.50±0.06 cm, respectively, in adult females. The mean body weight (kg) at different age groups, viz. birth weight, pre-weaning weight, body weight at 12 months, body weight at 24 months and adult weight were 16.75±0.25, 27.12±2.02, 60.02±19.85, 108.08±13.72, 223.85±14.70, respectively, in males and 13.0±1.0, 27.1±3.01, 66.5±7.16, 116.7±8.67, 169.63±1.21, respectively, in females. Reproduction traits, viz. age at first oestrus, age at first mating, age at first calving were 32 to 42, 42 to 48 and 48 to 60 months, respectively, in females. Production traits, viz. daily milk yield, lactation length and lactation milk yield were 1.75 kg, 120–240 days and 75–600 kg, respectively. These data were derived from farmers’ personal interview at their doorstep. Milk fat and SNF percentage were 4.08% and 9.18%. This lesser known population of hilly cattle was not recognized and registered as distinct breed before this investigation. This study played a major role in recognition and registration of this population. As a result of these efforts it is now recognized and registered as new cattle breed with accession no. INDIA_CATTLE_0400_DAGRI_03046.

Stature Estimation and Formulation of Regression Equation from Ear Anthropometry in Haryanvi Population

Background: Human beings are unique in number of physical characteristics like shape and form ofan individual. These characteristics are influenced by a wide range of racial, ecological, psychological,geographical, gender and biological variations. Human external ear is often overlooked during anthropometricmeasurements. The structure of human ear is so much variable that even two ears are different in sameindividual and it also varies according to age, sex, race and ethnic group.Authentic anthropometric data ofear for a particular population is necessary for designing of ear products for occupational environments, tofind out the age, sex and stature of an individual in that population. This data on ear measurements can alsobe helpful in forensic and medico-legal cases for personal identification of an individual. The main objectiveof the study is to find any relationship between ear parameters and stature and also to formulate regressionequation for estimation of stature in Haryanvi adult Jaats.Methods: The present study was conducted on 300 healthy Haryanvi Jaats (150 females and 150 males)aged 20 to 60 years. Measurements of ear length, ear breadth and stature were taken on each subject.Conclusion: Ear length and ear breadth are not significantly correlated with stature (p&gt;0.05) in both thesexes except ear breadth which is significantly correlated with stature in males (p&lt;0.05).The present study concluded that stature cannot be estimated from ear length and ear breadth in Haryanvipopulation.

Stature Estimation and Formulation of Regression Equation from Ear Anthropometry in Haryanvi Population

Background: Human beings are unique in number of physical characteristics like shape and form ofan individual. These characteristics are influenced by a wide range of racial, ecological, psychological,geographical, gender and biological variations. Human external ear is often overlooked during anthropometricmeasurements. The structure of human ear is so much variable that even two ears are different in sameindividual and it also varies according to age, sex, race and ethnic group.Authentic anthropometric data ofear for a particular population is necessary for designing of ear products for occupational environments, tofind out the age, sex and stature of an individual in that population. This data on ear measurements can alsobe helpful in forensic and medico-legal cases for personal identification of an individual. The main objectiveof the study is to find any relationship between ear parameters and stature and also to formulate regressionequation for estimation of stature in Haryanvi adult Jaats.Methods: The present study was conducted on 300 healthy Haryanvi Jaats (150 females and 150 males)aged 20 to 60 years. Measurements of ear length, ear breadth and stature were taken on each subject.Conclusion: Ear length and ear breadth are not significantly correlated with stature (p&gt;0.05) in both thesexes except ear breadth which is significantly correlated with stature in males (p&lt;0.05).The present study concluded that stature cannot be estimated from ear length and ear breadth in Haryanvipopulation.

English

The study was carried out in a community goat breeding program at three villages of Bhaluka upazila in Mymensingh district to characterize Black Bengal goat (BBG) by coat color phenotype and morphological body measurements. Data on coat color and body measurements were collected among 200 BBG populations along with different ages and sexes from three villages and analyzed statistically by SPSS 17.0. Among the studied population, black coat color was the highest (53%), followed by brown bezoar (16%), silver bezoar (15%), black with toggenburg pattern (9%), dutch belt pattern (5%), solid brown (3%), and non-distinguished (1%). The average body weight, body length, chest girth, wither height, head length, head width, ear length and ear breadth were 1.36&plusmn;0.03 kg, 19.40&plusmn;0.10, 23.72&plusmn;0.08, 22.88&plusmn;0.04, 8.42&plusmn;0.02, 6.41&plusmn;0.01, 6.64&plusmn;0.04 and 3.61&plusmn;0.01cm, respectively at birth. The body weight, body length, chest girth and wither height of male kids were significantly (p&lt;0.05-p&lt;0.001) higher than those of female kids at birth. All the parameters were linearly increased with progressing ages and at 12 month age those traits averaged as 14.38&plusmn;0.13 kg, 47.51&plusmn;0.17, 56.94&plusmn;0.13, 47.17&plusmn;0.29, 17.42&plusmn;0.09, 10.77&plusmn;0.07, 14.42&plusmn;0.08 and 6.06&plusmn;0.03 cm, respectively. At six month and onward, all the body measurements in males were significantly (p&lt;0.05-p&lt;0.001) higher than those of females. Strong positive correlations were found among body weight, body length, chest girth, and wither height (ranging from 0.88 to 0.99). From this study, it can be concluded that rather than sex, there have no distinct morphological differences among BBG population of different areas and different coat color variants. Keywords: Black Bengal goat, characterization, color morphology, body measurement

Inbred and hybrid sweet corn genotype performance in diverse organic environments

AbstractThe value of selection in conventional breeding trials of cultivars destined for organic systems depends on the correlation between systems and relative heritability of key traits. Genotype × environment interaction is a common phenomenon in plant breeding trials. Thus, multiple‐environment testing to identify stable genotypes is a high priority for organic systems. In addition, because organic systems have limited inputs to buffer the environment, they may have greater spatial heterogeneity, which may be better accounted for by additional spatial blocking terms beyond traditional randomized complete‐block design. Over 2 yr, we evaluated 100 hybrid and 40 inbred sweet corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes in 11 trials in organic systems across six locations and evaluated the addition of augmented incomplete block and row–column design to estimate the performance of sweet corn genotypes. Hybrids differed in their performance for all tested traits. Inbred parents differed in per se performance and general combining ability for all traits. For the hybrid entries, modeling spatial factors beyond the replicated complete blocks improved the model fit for days to anthesis, plant height, ear height, husk protection, ear width, and ear length. For inbred entries, modeling spatial factors beyond the replicated complete blocks improved ∖ model fit for plant height, ear height, tenderness, and ear width. Wricke's ecovalence (W2i) was a useful measure of stability, correlating reasonably well with two of the three stability statistics considered in this analysis. Based on Wricke's ecovalence, some inbred parents were more stable than others across tested environments in their combining ability for all traits.

Quantitative characteristics of weaned Saburai goats in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province

This study aims to determine the quantitative characteristics of Saburai goats in Gisting and Sumberejo district, Tanggamus regency. This research was conducted in June–July 2019 in Tanggamus regency. This study uses a survey method and the research sample is determined by purposive sampling. Testing data in this study using t-test. As an observation unit, there were 71 male and 79 female Saburai goats when weaning. The variables in this study were body length, shoulder height, chest circumference, chest width, ear width, ear length, and body weight. Data from observations and analysis of variances uses a 5% significance level. The results showed that the quantitative characteristics of male Saburai goats in Tanggamus regency, body length (48.21±3.13 cm), shoulder height (48.46± 3.31 cm), chest circumference (53.54±2.53 cm ), chest width (15.89±1.75 cm), ear width (7.32±0.98 cm), ear length (13.82±1.77 cm) and body weight (20.31±3.42 kg). Quantitative characteristics of Saburai goats female in Tanggamus regency, body length (45.29± 3.61 cm), shoulder height (44.35±3.40 cm), chest circumference (49.54±4.54 cm), chest width (15.00± 1.59 cm), ear width (7.49±1.59 cm), ear length (13.37±2.28 cm) and body weight (18.32± 3.32 kg). Comparison of quantitative characteristics of male and female Saburai goats in Gisting district was not significantly different (P>0.05) with quantitative characteristics of male and female Saburai goats in Sumberejo district. From the results of this study concluded that the characteristics of the saburai goats in Gisting and Sumberejo were not different.

Antia-Buch versus Franssen-Frechner Technique.

Background:We performed a retrospective study comparing 2 patient groups. Each cohort included 22 cases of skin cancer of the external ear. Each patient required resection of the affected part of the external ear, followed by flap reconstruction.Methods:The patients in Cohort A underwent external ear reconstruction with a classic Antia-Buch flap, as described by Antia and Buch in 1967: The defect was closed by mobilizing an advancement flap from the root of the helix (upper ear), which was closed in a V-Y fashion, after a rim of healthy scaphal cartilage was resected to allow approximation of the skin. The patients in Cohort B underwent external ear reconstruction with a modified Antia-Buch flap, as presented by Franssen and Frechner in 2010. Here, a wedge of skin was removed from the ear lobe (lower ear), to allow mobilization of an advancement flap from the caudal end of the ear, to close the defect.Results:Both techniques allowed tension-free closure. Cohort B, however, required less dissection of the ear. The entire cephalic ear remained unaffected and no scaphal cartilage was sacrificed, thus preserving ear width, with scars that were overall less visible. Also, the loss in ear height associated with Cohort B was easily symmetrized by contralateral ear lobe reduction.Conclusions:Cohort B achieved closure with less ear dissection, achieving excellent morphological outcomes. The patients in Cohort B had superior levels of satisfaction with scars and ear symmetry than those in Cohort A.

Use of MARS algorithm for predicting mature weight of different camel (Camelus dromedarius) breeds reared in Pakistan and morphological characterization via cluster analysis.

Mature weight is a significant trait that can be influenced by age, sex, breed, production system, and climate conditions in camels. In camel breeding, it is essential to describe breed standards of the studied camel breeds as part of morphological characterization and to determine morphological traits positively influencing mature weight within the scope of indirect selection criteria. This study was to find the best one among candidate models in prediction of mature weight from several morphological traits measured for eight camel breeds (Bravhi, Kachi, Kharani, Kohi, Lassi, Makrani, Pishin, and Rodbari) raised under Pakistan conditions. The morphological measurements taken from the camels in the study were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), mature weight (MW), age of ridding (ARD), face length (FL), face width (FW), head length (HL), head width (HW), ear length (EL), ear width (EW), neck length (NL), neck width (NW), hump length (HL), hump width (HuW), heart girth (HG), withers height (WH), body length (BL), fore leg length (FLL), and hind leg length (HLL), respectively. In the prediction of mature body weight as a response variable, the optimal MARS predictive model with 15 terms selected by train function of the caret package produced very high predictive performance without encountering overfitting problem. Goodness of fit criteria were estimated to measure predictive quality of the MARS model using ehaGoF package available in R environment. Morphological characterization of the camel breeds was performed with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) on the basis of Euclidean distance-Single linkage. At the first step of hierarchical cluster analysis, the similarity level of Bravhi and Kachi camel breeds was the highest with 85.3569 (%). At the second step, Makrani joined to new cluster of Bravhi and Kachi camels found at the first step, and the similarity level of the new cluster comprising Bravhi, Kachi, and Makrani breeds was found as 84.5562 (%). MW was significantly correlated with BW (0.677), WW (0.536), HL (0.524), HuW (0.529), and ARD (0.375) at P < 0.01, and there was the highest correlation of 0.994 between HHL and FLL (P < 0.01). As a result, it could be suggested that results of MARS modeling may help camel breeders to reproduce the elite camel populations and to describe characteristics associated positively with MW within the scope of indirect selection criteria.

Morphologic characterization of the Blanche de Montagne, an endemic sheep of the Atlas Mountains.

The present study aims to investigate the morphological characteristics of the Blanche de Montagne sheep breed, mainly known by its long white fleece. The morphological characterization was performed on a total of 70 unrelated individuals of both sexes, having between 2 and 8 teeth and belonging to 13 farms located in the Ouarzazate region. The body measurements studied were body weight, body length, chest circumference, height at withers, rump height, chest depth, chest width, hip width, head length, head width, ear length, ear width, horn length, cannon circumference, wool length, and tail length. These measurements averaged 28.2±8.10 kg, 65.8±6.25 cm, 73.5±6.71 cm, 59.5±4.39 cm, 59.5±4.72 cm, 27.4±2.90 cm, 19.8±2.70 cm, 21.0±2.14 cm, 19.2±1.57 cm, 11.0±1.01 cm, 9.71±1.02 cm, 5.47±0.53 cm, 43.2±13.8 cm, 7.44±0.77 cm, 10.9±3.56 cm, and 31.8±4.36 cm, respectively. Descriptive statistics presented an overall coefficient of variation less than 15%, showing a homogeneous morphostructure of the breed. Most characters were small in relation with the low productivity of pastures. Moreover, 77.5% of correlation coefficients among the different body measurements were positive and significant, reflecting the strong morphological harmony of the breed, suggesting a long period of adaptation to its environment. The variance analysis showed that sex influenced the measurements, with males having the highest values. Similarly, individuals with 6 or 8 teeth showed higher values than those with 2 or 4 teeth. Through the comparison with other Moroccan breeds, the variation of some morphological traits was found in relation to some climatic parameters (mainly winter temperatures) and feeding supplementation.

A Comparison of the Anthropometrical Measurements of External Ear between Normal persons and Diabetic Patients in Iraq

The human ear is an important distinguishing organ of the human face. Defects on the auricle surface of the ear may allow a person to be identified. Since the auricle's structure is complex, a plastic surgeon needs to know its different auricular dimensions, which will be useful for designing an ear prosthesis that will aid in forensic recognition of the person. Objectives: The objective of the current study to compare the anthropometric measures of Pinna bilateral external ear in normal and diabetic patients in Iraq with sexual differences Subject and Methods: Research performed at the Al-Faiha General Hospital outpatient clinic and the Basra Teaching Hospital. Two groups were obtained from 95 patients with an average age of 40-60 years in normal as well as Type II diabetes mellitus. Vernier caliper measured anthropometric measurements of the outer ear, including total ear length (TEL), total ear width (TEW), total lobules length (TLL) and total lobules width (TLW), to the nearest 0.1mm. Results: Each group in our study consisted of 55 female patients (58%) and 40 male patients (42%) aged 40-60 (50±9.8). In the study, high measurements were found when comparing anthropometric measurements in male and female persons. It was observed, in each group, that the measurements of the right ear for males and females are larger than the left ear and there were significant differences in anthropometric measurements (P&lt;0.05). As for the results of patients with type II diabetes, there were a decrease in all parameters, but there were no significant differences except for the overall width of the ear. Conclusion: In this study, anthropometric measurements between normal persons and diabetics were measured with proposals for the planned surgical correction of congenital ear defects and hearing aids in normal persons and diabetics at increased risk of future hearing loss, so that these anthropometric data enhance the level of hearing.

Yalova Genotipinin Morfolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Bazı Çevre Faktörlerinin Etkileri

Objective: This study aimed to determine the live weight, the body measurements and their morphological features, and the effect of some environmental factors on morphological characteristics of Yalova sheep.Materials and Methods: The research material was consisted of 1-5≤ year old 250 ewes from 5 flocks and 1-4 year old 70 rams from 13 flocks. Live weight, withers height, back height, rump height, body length, tail length, rump width, chest width, chest depth, chest girth, thigh circumstances, cannon bone girth, head length, head width, forehead width, ear length and ear width of Yalova genotype was measured.Results: The average live weight of Yalova genotype was found as 55.63 and 85.75 kg for ewes and rams, respectively. Overall means of some characters of ewes were found as withers height, back height, rump width, body length, rump width, chest width, chest depth, chest girth and tail length 71.30, 70.40, 71.21, 71.43, 22.70, 21.53, 32.72, 93.41 and 20.50 cm, respectively. The effect of flock factor for ewes were found to be statistically significant on rump height (p&amp;lt;0.05) and body length, (p&amp;lt;0.01), and on all of the other examined features (p&amp;lt;0.001). For ewes, the age factor was statistically significant on live weight, chest depth, chest girth, head length (p&amp;lt;0.001) and ear length (p&amp;lt;0.05).Conclusion: Yalova genotype was revealed morphological characteristics different from pure Kıvırcık sheep. Besides Yalova genotype is different from other indigenous breeds due to its short tail with low fleece or no naked tail.

Effect of age, sex and local government area on linear body measurements of WAD goat in Ogun State, Nigeria

One hundred and twenty West African Dwarf goats were used in this study. Observations were made from twelve different towns in Yewa North, Yewa South and Abeokuta North Local Government. West African dwarf goats were evaluated for phenotypic variation at different ages ranges from 1, 2 and 3 years. Variations in live weight and body measurements such as height at wither; body length, heart girth, fore limb length, hind limb length, face length, ear length, ear width, hip width and tail length were taken. The local government areas significantly (P&lt;0.05, 0.001) affected body length, fore limb length, ear length, ear width, hip width and live weight. Age and sex significantly (P&lt;0.01) affected all the body measurements. The mean live weight by age groups are 6.61 + 0.31kg, 13.10 + 0.60kg and 20.18 + 0.95kg for ages 1,2 and 3 respectively. The coat colour varied from black, brown, grey to white in WAD goats. Some colours were in patches, some uniform while others were spotted

Soil Water Profiles, and Growth and Yield of Waxy Corn as Affected by Different Tillage in Upland Converted from Paddy Field

In Korea, rice consumption per capita has steadily been reducing, and hence the harvested area of paddy rice decreased by 18% from 892,074 ha in 2010 to 729,814 ha in 2019 during last decade, leading to the potential to stimulate upland crop production in converted-upland from paddy field. Here, we examined how tillage practice, rotary (RT) in 12cm depth vs. rotary combined with deep tillage (RTDT) in 25cm depth, would affect vertical profiles (0 to 40 cm at 10 cm interval) of soil water and, growth and yield parameters of waxy corn (Zeay Mays L., ceratina, cv. Ilmichal) grown as sequential cropping of barely in upland field converted from paddy field. With rainfall and sprinkler irrigation, vertical profiles of soil water were varied greatly (20 cm > 40 cm > 30 cm > 10 cm) over whole season in RTDT plot, but not in RT plot. Tillage treatments did not alter plant height, SPAD value, ear setting height, ear number, ear length and ear width of waxy corn. However, the RTDT significantly increased stem diameter by 7.7% (27.1 mm vs. 29.1 mm), above-ground biomass by 28.3% (1,170 g m-2 vs. 1,501 g m-2) and ear fresh yield by 22.4% (1,278 g m-2 vs. 1,564 g m-2). The results suggest that tillage management is likely to be an option to secure upland crop production in drained-paddy which has a potential of crop loss by excessive moisture injury. However, the results that we observed were derived from the first-year upland field converted from paddy field, highlighting a necessity of further studies in second- and third-year upland field converted from paddy field to clarify the long-term effect of tillage practices on waxy corn production. Vertical profiles of soil water in upland field converted from paddy field were varied greatly in rotary combined with deep tillage plot (B), but not in rotary only plot (A).