E-shaped Patch Antenna Research Articles

Intrusion detection in machine learning based E-shaped structure with algorithms, strategies and applications in wireless sensor networks

In the everyday world of computer applications, from the cloud to the Internet of Things, distributed sensor networks are essential (IoT). These computer application devices are often connected to Arduino network connection and microcontrollers such sensors and actuators. Thus, a defensive network with an IDS serves as the need for contemporary networks. The intrusion detection system has unavoidably evolved throughout the years, but despite this, it remains a difficult study topic since the current intrusion detection system uses signature-based approaches rather than anomaly detection. Therefore, improving the current intrusion detection system is challenging since it is difficult to find zero-day attacks in IoT networks when dealing with varied data sources. Filtered Deep Learning Model for Intrusion Detection with a Data Communication Approach is presented in this study. The five steps that make up the suggested model are Initialization of Sensor Networks, Cluster Formation and Head Selection, Connectivity, Attack Detection, and Data Broker. It was discovered that the suggested model for intrusion detection outperformed both the current Deep Learning Neural Net and Artificial Neural Network. In comparison to the most popular algorithms, experimental findings revealed a superior result of 96.12 % accuracy. The E-shaped patch antenna is a brand-new single-patch wide-band microstrip antenna that is presented in this research. A microstrip antenna's patch has two parallel slots built into it to increase its bandwidth. Investigating the behaviour of the currents on the patch allows for the exploration of the wide-band mechanism. A broad bandwidth is achieved by optimising the slot's length, breadth, and location. Finally, a 40.3 % E-shaped patch antenna is developed, made, and tested to resonate at 7.5 and 8.5 GHz for wireless communications. Additionally displayed are the reflection coefficient, VSWR, radiation pattern and directivity.

Compact Wideband E-Slotted E-Shaped Patch Antenna for Ku-Band Phased Array Applications

Compact Wideband E-Slotted E-Shaped Patch Antenna for Ku-Band Phased Array Applications

Wideband E-shaped Patch Antennas for Advanced Wireless Terminals

Low-profile patch antennas have become ubiquitous in wireless terminals, especially as devices have become smaller and demand more functionality out of their RF subsystems. While their shape and size is attactive for many applications, their narrow bandwidth hinders their usage in many systems. With the rise of computer-aided design, many patch antenna design concepts have been presented with enhanced bandwidth capabilities. The E-shaped patch antenna, whose original shape presented in the early 2000’s resembles the letter E, offers compelling performance with reasonable manufacturing complexity. In it most basic form, this antenna was linearly polarized and either wideband or dual-band. Over the last two decades, many variations of the E-shaped patch have been presented in literature: circularly polarized, miniaturized, frequency reconfigurable, or even polarization reconfigurable. This paper summarizes these efforts in realizing novel functionalities with a relatively simple design geometry.

E-shaped patch antenna for GaAs-based broadband THz detectors

High-performance broadband terahertz (THz) photodetectors are of great interest driven by lots of applications. To improve the performance of the THz photodetector in a wide spectral coverage, the E-shaped patch antenna with three slots is proposed and studied in theory. GaAs-based homojunction interfacial work function internal photoemission (HIWIP) broadband THz detector is used as an example to demonstrate the effect in broadband detection. Due to the combined effect of the antenna and the microcavity, E-shaped patch antenna microcavity HIWIP increase the optical coupling efficiency in a broadband range from 2.1–20 THz by an average of four times. Considering the requirement to reduce the dark current, the etched E-shaped patch antenna microcavity HIWIP only retaining the active region beneath the antenna is further investigated. In contrast to the reference HIWIP, the coupling efficiency is improved by an average of 15 times in 2.3–20 THz. The high coupling efficiency of both structures leads to the significant improvement of the responsivity, noise equivalent power, and detectivity in a wide spectral coverage theoretically, which makes it possible to realize higher operating temperatures. Such a design scheme of E-shaped patch antenna structure provides a guideline for broadband THz detectors and can be used for other THz detectors.

Multi-Band Array Antenna Sharing a Common Aperture with Heterogeneous Array Elements

This paper proposes a multi-band array antenna that shares a common aperture with heterogenous array elements. The multi-band array antenna includes one printed dipole antenna for the S-band and 3 × 3 array E-shaped patch antennas for the X-band. The current directions of the printed dipole and E-shaped antenna are orthogonal to each other, which properly diminishes the mutual coupling interference. To decrease the mutual coupling interference among the X-band components, we placed cavities using multiple vias surrounding the X-band components. To check the validity of the proposed design, the unit-cell was expanded to a 12 × 12 X-band array configuration, and then the beam steering properties were examined. The proposed antenna’s average gains are 5.2 dBi in the S-band and 5.2 dBi in the X-band. The bore-sight gain of the extended array configuration on the ship mast is 35.6 dBi. The results confirm that the proposed design is suitable for MFR applications even in a shared aperture.

Embroidery Electro-Textile Patch Antenna Modeling and Optimization Strategies With Improved Accuracy and Efficiency

In this article, we present systematic modeling and optimization strategies for embroidery electrotextile patch antennas, including material characterization, detailed modeling, stitch density study, and surrogate-based optimization. A detailed full-wave model that accounts for the complex embroidery features is proposed, with the effects of stitch density analyzed and validated through measurements for both rectangular and E-shaped patch antennas. A textile tailored surrogate optimization technique is then implemented to accelerate the computationally expensive full-wave evaluation for the detailed full-wave model, saving almost an order of magnitude of the computation time compared with canonical optimization. The methodologies presented in this article provide a pathway for both improved accuracy and efficiency in designing embroidery electrotextile patch antennas.

Scanning Angle Extension of a Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array Using Electromagnetic Band Gap Ground

A compact phased array with extended beam steering characteristics for the millimeter-waveband of the fifth-generation (5G) applications is presented in this communication. An E-shaped patch antenna placed on an electromagnetic bandgap ground (EBGG) with operating bandwidth of 24.2–27.5 GHz is used as the basic building block of the eight-element linear array. The array utilizes both the in-phase reflection characteristic for broad element radiation pattern and the bandgap characteristic for mutual coupling reduction for limited inter-element spacing of the proposed array. The existence of the EBGG enables a compact array with the inter-element spacing of around 0.4 wavelengths at the center frequency, yet the isolation between each element is still above 17 dB within the whole band of interest, which also helps to increase the array directivity at large scanning angles. The scanning angle of the array with the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure ranges from −75° to 75° at 26 GHz within 3 dB scanning loss. The proposed EBGG extends the antenna array’s spatial coverage and enables a compact size of the array, which is very attractive for 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) application.

Design of a broadband U-slot loaded E-shaped patch antenna using characteristic mode analysis

This article introduces a characteristic mode analysis (CMA) based broadband and high gain microstrip patch antenna by embedding U-slot into an E-shaped patch in a single-layer radiating structure. The design and analysis of the antenna utilize the CMA to obtain the inherent modal currents induced in the E-shaped radiator. Out of possible radiating intrinsic modes, an undesired higher-order mode (HOM), adjacent to the upper band of the E-shaped patch, is efficiently excited with a secondary radiating slot (U-slot) to increase the bandwidth. Additionally, the U-slot creates another HOM with proper polarization and broadside radiation. Consequently, the overlapping of these new excited modes with the primary operating band of the E-shaped patch exhibits a broader bandwidth of 64.7% (4.7–9.2 GHz) and a peak gain of 10.6 dBi with an overall dimension of 1.4λ0×1.4λ0×0.1λ0 (λ0 being the free-space wavelength at a centre frequency of ≃ 7 GHz). The fabricated prototype agrees well with the simulation results, and the radiation patterns remain consistent over the entire bandwidth. Due to planar and broadband features, the proposed antenna is suitable for low-cost WLAN, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi 6E, and sub-6 GHz applications.

60-GHz Wideband L-Probe Circular Slotted E-Shaped Patch Antenna Array

In this study, a 60-GHz wideband L-probe circular slotted E-shaped patch antenna array was presented. The novelty of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) An E-shaped patch was added to the L-probe to further expand the bandwidth of the existing L-probe patch. 2) The E-shaped slot was modified to a circular slot to improve the overall performance, including the radiation pattern, S₁₁, and cross-polarization of the original E-shaped patch antenna element. When compared to the original L-probe patch, the bandwidth was improved from 9.4% to 24.8% for the proposed antenna element. Furthermore, when compared with the triangular-shaped and rectangular-shaped slots, the cross-polarization level is improved by 3.5 dB and 2.5 dB, respectively. The proposed antenna was designed as a 2x2 array structure, and the size of the antenna array corresponded to 6.4 mm×6.4 mm×0.375 mm. The measured results of the proposed antenna array revealed 11.42 dBi peak gain, 25.8% fractional 3-dB gain bandwidth, and 44.7% -8 dB S₁₁ bandwidth.

A wideband millimetre-wave antenna array for 5G and next generation thin mobile terminals

ABSTRACT A millimetre-wave antenna array with a wide bandwidth and a high return loss for 5G and next generation thin mobile terminals is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna array is designed on the basis of the E-shaped patch antenna elements and an H-shaped feed network, and it uses the multilayer patch structure to achieve broad bandwidth. According to the simulated and measured results, the 15-dB bandwidth of the antenna array can cover 30.85–34.36 GHz. The proposed design is made of low-cost Rogers laminates with a simple structure so that it can be used in thin mobile terminals.

Designing of a 2x2 E-shaped Microstrip Patch Grid Antenna

In this work, a 2×2 grid of E-shaped patch antennas is proposed. The design of the grid is achieved through the design of a single element, the design of a 1×2 array and finally the design of the 2×2 grid on an FR4 epoxy substrate of thickness 1.5 mm. A corporate feed network of microstrip lines is used to excite the array. The performance of each stage is studied in terms of the return loss parameter, the far field gain, and the beam-widths are observed in each case from simulation results. The resonant frequency in each case is 3.8 GHz. It is observed that as the number of elements is increased, the beam-width reduces. In other words, the directivity is increased. Further, it is also observed that the gain and bandwidth is the minimum for the single patch, followed by that of the 1×2 array and the maximum for the 2×2 grid. Thus, the construction of the grid leads to increase in gain, bandwidth and directivity of the antenna.

Triangle Shaped Antenna Design for IoT-based Lorawan Applications

The antenna has a massive potential in the world of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the miniaturized antenna design is a massive task as lorawan applications consume relatively lesser power. The design in this paper is a miniaturized E-shaped patch antenna for LoRa devices. The patch’s physical dimensions for the proposed antenna are 160mm*170mm*1.6mm on the FR-4 board. The simulated results were found satisfactory and can operate over the 868 MHz frequency band.

Triple-Band Single-Layer Rectenna for Outdoor RF Energy Harvesting Applications.

A triple-band single-layer rectenna for outdoor RF energy applications is introduced in this paper. The proposed rectenna operates in the frequency bands of LoRa, GSM-1800, and UMTS-2100 networks. To obtain a triple-band operation, a modified E-shaped patch antenna is used. The receiving module (antenna) of the rectenna system is optimized in terms of its reflection coefficient to match the RF-to-DC rectifier. The final geometry of the proposed antenna is derived by the application of the Moth Search Algorithm and a commercial electromagnetic solver. The impedance matching network of the proposed system is obtained based on a three-step process, including the minimization of the reflection coefficient versus frequency, as well as the minimization of the reflection coefficient variations and the maximization of the DC output voltage versus RF input power. The proposed RF-to-DC rectifier is designed based on the Greinacher topology. The designed rectenna is fabricated on a single layer of FR-4 substrate. Measured results show that our proposed rectenna can harvest RF energy from outdoor (ambient and dedicated) sources with an efficiency of greater than 52%.

3-D Printed Microfluidics Channelizing Liquid Metal for Multipolarization Reconfigurable Extended E-Shaped Patch Antenna

In this article, we present a novel multipolarization reconfigurable extended E-shaped patch antenna with liquid metal (LM) tunable slots. The polarization reconfiguration is achieved by tuning and switching the slots with continuous movement of LM plugs in the 3-D printed microfluidic channels. The proposed antenna topology is reconfigurable among multipolorizations including dual circular polarizations (RHCP and LHCP) and linear polarizations with arbitrary orientation within the xy plane with a single feed. A thorough and comprehensive circuit model analysis for asymmetric E-shaped patch is presented. A prototype has been designed, fabricated, and assembled with an improved in-house developed process flow. The measurement results on constructed prototypes show good agreement to the full-wave simulation.

An Energy-Efficient 10-Gb/s CMOS Millimeter-Wave Transceiver With Direct-Modulation Digital Transmitter and I/Q Phase-Coupled Frequency Synthesizer

A fully integrated energy-efficient 10-Gb/s millimeter-wave transceiver with direct-modulation digital transmitter (TX) and I/ Q phase-coupled frequency synthesizer in 65 nm CMOS is presented. The transceiver consists of a direct-conversion receiver (RX), a digital TX with on-chip QPSK modulation, and a quadrature local-oscillation (LO) generation network with a 20-GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer. A T/R switch is integrated to interface with an E-shaped patch antenna. The QPSK modulation is directly realized in the I/ Q digital power amplifier (DPA), which simplifies the TX complexity and reduces the power consumption. A 20-GHz sub-sampling PLL (SSPLL) and a quadrature phased-coupled injection-locked oscillator (QILO) are integrated on-chip to generate 60-GHz quadrature LO signals. The QILO utilizes in-phase coupling technique to improve the LO I/ Q matching and phase noise performance. The RX achieves 7.1-dB noise figure (NF) and 25- to 47-dB dynamic gain range. The LO phase noise measured at the TX output is -115.6 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset from 60 GHz carrier. The measured error vector magnitude (EVM) of the TX is -23.9 dB for 10-Gb/s QPSK signals at 7-dBm output power. The EVM of the over-the-air (OTA) modulation-demodulation system is -13.8 dB for 10-Gb/s QPSK signals. The transceiver achieves the 10-Gb/s data rate while consuming 340.4 mW. The energy efficiency is 34 pJ/bit. This work demonstrates the fully functional wireless link based on the proposed mm-wave transceiver, which highlights the possibility of energy-efficient solution for future high throughputs mm-wave wireless systems.

Comments on “Broadband Symmetrical E-Shaped Patch Antenna With Multimode Resonance for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications”

In [1] , it was stated “As shown in Fig. 3(a), near the longitudinal slot, the electric field is zero in the direction of the z -axis, and the resonance frequency f 1 of the TM10 mode can be derived as (1) , where c represents the speed of light in a vacuum, $\varepsilon _{e}$ represents the effective dielectric constant, $\Delta l$ represents the extending length due to the effect of the fringing field [2] , W represents the patch width, $W = 2w_{2} + 2w_{3} + w_{4}$ , as shown in Fig. 1, and $\Delta w$ represents the length when the electric field is zero in the direction of the z -axis, as shown in Fig. 3(a)”

Reply to Comments on “Broadband Symmetrical E-Shaped Patch Antenna With Multimode Resonance for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications”

We acknowledge the anonymous reader’s comments on the above article [1] . We have carefully checked the equations in [2] as well as the corresponding computer code. Equation (1) in [2] is incorrect, as kindly pointed out in the above-mentioned comments. It should be corrected as (2) in the comments. However, in our computer code, we used the correct equation. Thus, parameters f 1 and W in [2] are both correct.

The Grey Wolf Optimizer and Its Applications in Electromagnetics

The grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is a newly developed swarm intelligence-based optimization technique that mimics the social hierarchy and group hunting behavior of grey wolves in nature. Here, a detailed introduction of the GWO algorithm is given, after which, three sets of examples are investigated: first, numerical experiments on four benchmark functions are conducted; second, the GWO is applied to the synthesis of linear arrays with the aim of reducing the peak sidelobe level under various constraints; and finally, the performance of the GWO is further verified on the optimization design of two representative antennas, namely, a dual-band E-shaped patch antenna and a wideband magneto-electric dipole antenna. The results show that the GWO is capable of outperforming or providing very competitive results compared with some well-known metaheuristics such as the genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution. Thus, it may serve as a promising candidate for handling electromagnetic problems.

E-Shaped Patch Antennas for Multitasks/Uninterrupted 5G Communications

The future communication system is a fifth generation (5G) wireless communication. This communication system requires an antenna with a simple design, low traffic (high channel capacity), high gain, low cost, low power consumption (high battery life) and easy to fabricate in MMIC. The rectangular patch antenna (RPA) is a simple design, low cost, low power consumption and easy to analyze and fabricate. However, it has been affected by narrow bandwidth and single resonating frequency. That means, it has low channel capacity (high traffic) and used for the single task. These problems have been overcome by modifying the RPA. Two parallel slots have been placed on the RPA then it seems like English letter E. This modified RPA or E-shaped patch antenna (ESPA) will have the impedance bandwidth (wideband) or get a multi resonating point for enhancing channel capacity or multitask. The proposed antenna has been designed with optimized slots length and width, and position of inset fed to achieve for a wide bandwidth or a dual band with investigating the behavior of the current paths on the patch. HFSS 14V software uses to design and simulate RPA and ESPA at 28 GHz with the FR4 epoxy substrate material. Finally, the optimized proposed antenna’s results of dual-band and wideband have been resonating at frequencies of 29.12 GHz and 31.35 GHz, and impedance bandwidth 3.2 GHz respectively, and observing radiation pattern, gain and directivity are also observed.

Design of Multiband E-Shaped Patch Antenna with Hexagonal Slot for WLAN Applications

Abstract The objective of E-shaped patch antenna with hexagonal slot is to operate in the ISM band for different kind of applications, such as WLAN, GPS, and various modern wireless systems. The posit antenna is designed using FR4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Probe feed technique is used for this antenna design. A parametric study was included to determine the effect of design approaches and the antenna performance. The realization of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of boost (gain), return loss, and radiation pattern. The design was upsurged to confirm the best achievable result. This antenna resonates at three different frequencies at 1.6 GHz, 3.24 GHz, and 5.6 GHz with a reflection coefficient less than -10 dB and VSWR<2.