E-prime Software Research Articles

A Study on the Tone Perception of Mandarin by Native Speakers of Shaoxing Dialect

This article studies how native speakers of Shaoxing dialect perceive Mandarin tones, and whether there is a perceptual correspondence between the tone system of Shaoxing dialect and Mandarin tone system. Ten participants from the Shaoxing dialect area were selected to create six pairs of Mandarin tone opposition groups, with a total of 60 Mandarin perception samples. The perception experiment was conducted using E-Prime software. The subjects determine which tone in the dialect is similar to the Mandarin tone they hear, and then input the similar tone category. Finally, statistical analysis is conducted to calculate the similarity of tone classes between two tone systems and establish a tone perception model. The corresponding relationship between the perceived Mandarin tones by 10 native speakers of Shaoxing dialect and their own dialect tone system indicates that the Gaoping 55 tone in Mandarin is perceived as the Shaoxing dialect 33 tone, and the Mandarin tortuous 214 tone is perceived as the Shaoxing dialect 35 tone. There is a similar correspondence between the perception of tones in different tone systems, which has reference value for phonetic teaching.

The Association between Working Hours with Vigilance and Executive Function of Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Background. Vigilance and executive functions are integral to nursing practice. Prolonged working hours are associated with heightened fatigue and increased nursing errors. However, the impact of work duration on the vigilance and executive function of ICU nurses remains unexplored. Objective. This study aims to elucidate the association between ICU nurses’ working hours, vigilance, and executive function. Design. A cross-sectional study. Setting. Intensive care medicine department of a tertiary hospital in Zhengzhou, China. Participants. A total of 51 registered nurses who participated in 12 h shifts in the ICU completed the survey. Methods. E-prime software was employed to develop four test tasks to measure the vigilance and executive functioning of ICU nurses. The test was performed before the start of the shift and after 4, 8, and 12 h. Results. The analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the response time of vigilance for ICU nurses across shifts ( p = 0.503 ) or working hours ( p = 0.078 ). However, a significant difference existed in lapses across working hours ( p = 0.005 ), significantly increasing after 8 and 12 h. The analysis indicated a significant difference in Flanker effect size across different working hours ( p = 0.035 ). The analysis revealed no significant differences in the switch cost ( p = 0.200 ) or response accuracy ( p = 0.479 ) of the task switching across working hours. The response accuracy for the 2-back task differed significantly ( p = 0.003 ) across working hours. Conclusion. Limited evidence demonstrated that vigilance and specific aspects of executive functioning (inhibitory control and working memory) of ICU nurses were negatively correlated with the duration of their work in a real clinical setting. Furthermore, no vigilance and executive function differences were identified between day and night shifts. Implications for Nursing Management. Nursing administrators should reconsider scheduling 12 h shifts, shortening shifts, or implementing short rest periods to reduce fatigue and cognitive load. In addition, flexible scheduling and rationalizing the order of work may help reduce the possible risks associated with prolonged work.

A Vehicle Simulation Study Examining the Effects of System Interface Design Elements on Performance in Different Vibration Environments Below 3Hz.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between system interface elements' design features and interaction performance in simulated vehicle vibration environments. Touch screens have been widely used in vehicle information systems, but few studies have focused on the decline of touchscreen interaction performance and task load increase when driving on unpaved roads. The interaction performance (reaction time and task accuracy rate) with vibration frequencies below 3Hz (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5Hz) and different interface design elements was investigated employing a touch screen computer and E-prime software. The results indicate that vehicle vibration (below 3Hz) can significantly reduce interaction performance with a vehicle information system interface. An appropriate increase in the physical size of the interface design features (visual stimulus materials and touch buttons) can help to mitigate this negative effect of vibration. The results and findings of this study can be utilized for the design of information system interfaces as it relates to the vibration scenario of unpaved roads.

The link between self-uncertainty and conspicuous consumption: Tolerance of uncertainty as a moderator.

This study, based on self-affirmation theory, aims to investigate the impact of self-uncertainty on individual consumption behavior. Self-uncertainty was categorized into moral, cognitive, and interpersonal self-uncertainty, and different types of self-uncertainty were manipulated through four experiments, including a moral dilemma, a recall paradigm, and a picture quiz task written by E-Prime software to examine the effects of different types of self-uncertainty on conspicuous consumption and their possible boundary conditions. Our results show that moral, cognitive, and interpersonal self-uncertainty contribute to a stronger tendency to engage in conspicuous consumption. Our results also suggest that tolerance of uncertainty moderates the effect of self-uncertainty on conspicuous consumption, meaning that subjects with a high tolerance of uncertainty are less inclined to engage in conspicuous consumption than those with a low tolerance of uncertainty, even if they have high self-uncertainty. This study may provide an explanation for conspicuous consumption behavior, further validating the theory of compensatory consumption. Additionally, the results from this study also provide a reference for understanding people's decision-making behavior in an uncertain social context and can provide new guidance to control irrational consumption behavior.

How does the mural decoration of the long tunnel sidewall affect the driver's speed control ability?

Since a tunnel is dark and driving conditions are monotonous, drivers are prone to optical illusions, affecting driving safety in tunnels. Tunnel sidewall decorations can provide visual stimulation to prevent or reduce traffic crashes. Driving simulation experiments with a driving simulator and speed perception experiments with E-Prime software are performed to evaluate the influence of tunnel sidewall murals on the speed control of drivers in a long tunnel. Three mural designs (A2: 1.93 Hz, A3: 1.27 Hz, A4: 0.95 Hz) with different frequencies and a control group (no mural, A1) are evaluated. Four indicators of the driver’s speed control (speed, acceleration, stimulation of subjectively equal speed (SSES), and reaction time) are selected. The results show that the driver’s speed is significantly reduced in the middle of the tunnel and near the tunnel exit, and the driver's speed control is significantly enhanced by the murals. It is recommended to install murals in the middle and near the exit of the tunnel for optimal speed control. The SSES shows that tunnel murals affect drivers’ speed perception and alertness. As the frequency of the mural decreases, speed overestimation changes to underestimation, the degree of speed illusion increases, and the reaction time decreases. A difference is observed between the perceived and actual speed, and this difference depends on the mural’s frequency. Thus, choosing an appropriate mural frequency improves the mural’s effect. The results provide a basis for mural design on the sidewalls of long tunnels to improve tunnel safety, as well as a novel approach for speed reduction.

The Impact of Emotional States on Construction Workers' Recognition Ability of Safety Hazards Based on Social Cognitive Neuroscience.

The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries with grave situation owing to high accident rate and mortality rate, which accompanied with a series of security management issues that need to be tackled urgently. The unsafe behavior of construction workers is a critical reason for the high incidence of safety accidents. Affective Events Theory suggests that individual emotional states interfere with individual decisions and behaviors, which means the individual emotional states can significantly influence construction workers’ unsafe behaviors. As the complexity of the construction site environment and the lack of attention to construction workers’ emotions by managers, serious potential emotional problems were planted, resulting in the inability of construction workers to effectively recognize safety hazards, thus leading to safety accidents. Consequently, the study designs a behavioral experiment with E-prime software based on social cognitive neuroscience theories. Forty construction workers’ galvanic skin response signals were collected by a wearable device (HKR-11C+), and the galvanic skin response data were classified into different emotional states with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Variance analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to analyze the influence of emotional states on construction workers’ recognition ability of safety hazards. The research findings indicate that the SVM algorithm could effectively classify galvanic skin response data. The construct ion workers’ the reaction time to safety hazards and emotional valence were negatively correlated, while the accuracy of safety hazards recognition and the perception level of safety hazard separately had an inverted “U” type relationship with emotional valence. For construction workers with more than 20 years of working experience, work experience could effectively reduce the influence of emotional fluctuations on the accuracy of safety hazards identification. This study contributes to the application of physiological measurement techniques in construction safety management and shed a light on improving the theoretical system of safety management.

Восприятие эмоциональной лексики первого и второго языков в условиях языкового контактирования (тюркско-русский херитажный билингвизм)

Currently, the influence of a particular culture on all aspects of the society life is not in doubt. This also applies to the emotional sphere. It is believed that, despite the universality of emotions as a mental mechanism, there are emotions that are common to all ethnic groups and those ethnospecific emotions that are formed in a certain culture. Differences are largely manifested not only in the expression of emotions, including language expression, but also in their perception. This problem becomes especially relevant in the context of language contact, namely when addressing the problem of the relationship between emotionality and bilingualism. The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiarities of the perception of diminutives as representatives of the emotional vocabulary by Turkic-Russian bilinguals in the first and second languages. The experiment employed units of the Russian, Khakass, and Tatar languages, among which there were diminutives (the target group) – emotional words, that are a hallmark of Russian speech, but also available in the Turkic languages. The experiment was conducted using E-prime software first in groups of native Russian speakers and Turkic-Russian bilinguals on the material of the Russian language (23 people in each group), then in groups of Khakass-Russian and Tatar-Russian bilinguals in their native languages (16 and 17 people, respectively). The data were used for a covariance analysis, which showed that all groups of respondents needed much more time to respond to emotional words compared to neutral words (p (p<0.001), regardless of the language of the stimuli. At the same time, either frequency and/or length of the word significantly affects the reaction time. Comparison of the results obtained on the material of the native languages of bilinguals with the results obtained on the material of the Russian language showed that bilinguals react significantly longer to all groups of words (p<0.001). The results, on the one hand, do not confirm the data available in the literature on the advantage of processing emotional words in the first language. However, they correlate with the conclusions about the impact on perception of the type of bilingualism, in our case – heritage, late, unbalanced towards the second language.

Are online games a blessing or evil? The moderating role of self-worth

Online games have gained prominence in people's lives. While some studies have demonstrated that online games damage students’ cognitive flexibility, others have illustrated that they improve players’ cognitive flexibility. From the perspective of self-worth orientation theory, this study hypothesized that self-worth moderates the relationship between online game use and cognitive flexibility. To explore this hypothesis, 110 participants were recruited to report online game use, self-worth, and cognitive flexibility using E-prime software. The results showed that self-worth moderated the relationship between online game use and generalization, conceptual insight, cognitive focus, and conceptual plasticity. In the case of high self-worth, playing online puzzle games can improve students’ conceptual plasticity. In the case of low self-worth, playing online puzzle games reduces generalization, cognitive focus, and conceptual plasticity, while playing online shooter games reduces conceptual insight. These results indicate that self-worth moderates the impact of online games on cognitive flexibility, and high self-worth enhances this effect, while low self-worth weakens this effect, providing a basis for improving the cognitive flexibility of youths. This also provides a new perspective for teachers and parents to evaluate the influence of online games on children's cognitive flexibility development.

Can Tai Chi Improve Cognitive Function? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Tai Chi (TC) is a traditional Chinese martial art with demonstrated beneficial effects on physical and mental health. In this study, the authors performed a systematic review to assess the efficiency of TC in different populations' cognitive function improvement. Design: The present systematic review utilized the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (1915-), Wanfang (1998-), VIP (1989-), Chinese Biomedicine databases (1978-), PubMed (1950-), Web of Science (1900-), Cochrane Library (1948-), Embase (1974-), EBSCOhost (1922-), and OVID (1996-) databases to search and identify relevant articles published in English and Chinese from the beginning of coverage through October 17, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from the beginning of coverage through October 17, 2020 in English and Chinese were retrieved from many indexing databases. Selected studies were graded according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention 5.1.0. The outcome measures of cognitive function due to traditional TC intervention were obtained. Meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.4 software. We follow the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Results: Thirty-three RCTs, with a total of 1808 participants, were included. The study showed that TC could progress global cognition when assessed in middle-aged as well as elderly patients suffering from cognitive and executive function impairment. The findings are as follows: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale: mean difference (MD) = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.88-4.58, p < 0.00001, Mini-Mental State Exam: MD = 3.69, 95% CI = 0.31-7.08, p = 0.03, Trail Making Test-Part B: MD = -13.69, 95% CI = -21.64 to -5.74, p = 0.0007. The memory function of older adults assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale was as follows: MD = 23.32, 95% CI = 17.93-28.71, p < 0.00001. The executive function of college students evaluated by E-prime software through the Flanker test was as follows: MD = -16.32, 95% CI = -22.71 to -9.94, p < 0.00001. Conclusion: The TC might have a positive effect on the improvement of cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly people with cognitive impairment as well as older adults and college students.

The impact of verbal working memory on written translation: Empirical evidence and an initial model

Working memory refers to a metaphorical mental workspace involved in the temporary storage and processing of information which has been considered a key construct in Cognitive Translation Studies. This study investigates whether verbal working memory in the translator’s first and/or second language is related to written translation speed and quality. Through three selection tests, 33 student translators in the second or third year of their Master’s in Translation and Interpreting at nine Chinese universities were selected to participate. In the first test, processing and storage capacities of verbal working memory in their first and second language were assessed separately by means of a dual-task paradigm implemented in the e-Prime software suite. In the second study, participants translated a technical text from their second language to their first language. Their behavioural data were collected with a keylogger and the quality of their translations was evaluated by four expert translators. The correlation analysis suggests that the processing function of verbal working memory in the second language does affect logged translation speed; and that the processing function of verbal working memory in the first language has an effect on translation quality. Furthermore, through regression analysis, an initial model was established, which shows the precise structure of the impact of bilingual working memory on written translation. These findings have significant implications for translation skills training. It appears that additional verbal working memory training for both first and second languages would enhance the students’ translation skills.

Investigating distinct semantic processing ability in individuals with dementia using the n-back task

ABSTRACT Background Assessment of working memory is fundamental in any evaluation of cognitive abilities. Working memory is crucial in the processing of any linguistic stimuli. Encoding, storing, and manipulating information in working memory are critical for perception as well as cognition. The decline in working memory has been reported in normal as well as pathological aging. Aims The present study aimed to assess working memory capacity using a paradigm within E-Prime software and study its effect on linguistic processing ability in adults with and without dementia using the n-back task. Methods and Procedures A standard group comparison was carried out across 10 neurotypical individuals and 7 individuals with dementia. A working memory task (n-back) was employed and the effect of various semantic stimuli categories on working memory was identified. Outcome and Results The findings of this study revealed that individuals with dementia significantly differ in their working memory capacity when compared to neurotypical individuals. Poor working memory capacity could be due to the impaired ability to access semantic information of their linguistic ability and slow processing speed. Differences were also found concerning the processing of various semantic stimuli categories within both the study groups. Increased reaction time with poor working memory threshold was observed objectively in individuals with dementia compared to neruotypicals. The differences in terms of reaction time are attributed to the varied processing load put forth by different semantic stimuli within the working memory and to some extrinsic factors such as familiarity with the stimulus. Conclusions The study evidences the importance of objective working memory assessment in differentiating individuals with dementia and neurotypical individuals.

Testing a dual-process model of moral judgement in college athletes and non-athletes: Abstract reasoning or emotion control

Does participation in sport promote good character? Many academics have attempted to investigate this question from philosophical, sociological and psychological perspectives. Most recently, several psychologists have adopted a range of methods to investigate the relationship between sport participation and moral character. To do so, they eschew the lay methodological approach, which focuses on a concept of character couched in terms of good and evil. Instead, they rely on a cognitive developmental concept of moral judgement. Moral judgement is the process of deciding what is right or wrong based on social norms. In the context of the mode of cognitive moral development, the moral judgement of non-athlete college students was significantly more mature than that of athletes. With the development of theory and technique, a substantial body of research supports a dual-process theory of moral judgement, which involves an automatic-emotional factor in the process of moral judgement. To date, however, limited work has been performed to explore whether sport participation can alter moral judgement in the context of the dual-process theory. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the different moral judgement mechanisms between athlete and non-athlete college students. A total of 30 college students (including 15 high-level basketball players with at least five years of professional training experience) participated in this cross-sectional study. The moral judgement task, consisting of personal and impersonal dilemmas, was designed with E-Prime software. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS Devices 1100, fNIR Devices LLC, 4 dual-wavelength source probes and 10 optical detector probes paired to obtain 16 channels) was adopted to monitor haemodynamic activities in the prefrontal cortex while the subjects performed the moral judgement task. Significant experimental effects were observed in behavioural and haemodynamic performance. Both subject groups revealed more utilitarianism in impersonal dilemmas than in personal dilemmas. In addition, compared with the non-athlete group, the athlete group evoked a greater haemodynamic response in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-related channel (channel 13, channel 14 and channel 15) and evoked a decreased haemodynamic response in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-related channel (channel 3). Moreover, the peak latency in the athlete group was shorter than that in the non-athlete group. This study verified the dual-process theory of moral judgement in athlete samples. Individual differences were observed in temporal and spatial indicators during the moral judgement task. Taking brain function into consideration, our findings reflect an enhanced emotion control ability in the athlete group to suppress a prepotent response to moral dilemmas.

PO-267 Effects of long-term exercise on executive function for young people

Objective Executive function is a cognitive control process that monitors, adjusts and plans task activities. Relevant studies have shown that exercise have positive impacts on executive function of human body, but previous studies mostly focus on children or elderly, the study of young people is not in-depth. This study explores whether exercise affects the executive control function of young people&#x0D; by comparing who have the habit of exercising all the year round with who have been sedentary.&#x0D; Methods 12 graduate students from the Graduate School of Capital University of Physical Education and sports were taken as participants. According to the exercise habits, 6 participants with long-term exercise habits were divided into exercise group and 6 participants with sedentary and low-activity habits were divided into control group. The E-prime software was used to program classic arrows Flanker task to measure the execution control function of participants. The formal experimental procedure was divided into four blocks. The first and third blocks were consistent tasks, the second and fourth blocks were inconsistent tasks. The SPSS23.0 was used to analyze the experimental data.&#x0D; Results The behavior data were analyzed with 2 (exercise habit group)*2 (task type) repeated measurement ANOVA to investigate the responsiveness of different exercise habits to flanker task. The results showed that for accuracy, the main effect of task type was significant F (1,10) = 21.729, P =.001, 2 =.685, and the interaction effect between task type and group was significant F (1,10) = 7.519, P =.021, 2 =.429, indicating that the participants with long-term exercise habits had higher accuracy than those who with sedentary. The accuracy of consistent tasks is higher than inconsistent tasks. For response time, the main effect of task type was significant F (1,10) = 5.277, P =. 044, 2 =. 345; the interaction effect of task type and group was not significant F (1,10) =. 107, P =. 751, 2 =. 011, indicating that there were differences in response time between participants in the process of accomplishing consistent and inconsistent tasks, but there was no significant difference in the reaction time between participants with long-term exercise habits and sedentary.&#x0D; Conclusions Long-term exercise may has positive effects on executive function of young people, especially on accuracy of completing cognitive process, and the related brain mechanisms need to be further studied.&#x0D;

Working memory testing reveals neuroplasticity acutely and longitudinally after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)

Background and ObjectivesThere are increasing concerns about mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) because of its effects in later life. However, objective markers that help physicians quantify the injury are still understudied. We aim to investigate the underlying neuroplasticity reflected by working memory processing after mTBI.MethodsWe used cognitive brain challenges to explore neuroplasticity in acute mTBI. Brain activities during the N□back working memory (WM) test was investigated using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in an acute and longitudinal mild traumatic brain injury study. mTBI patients (n=22) and controls (n=9) (trauma patients without head injury), 18–50 years of age, were recruited from the emergency department of Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, CA. Brain challenges were administered using E‐prime software. Data were collected from 21 recording head sensors at four visits: within 1 week, 14 days, 30 days, and 6–12 months after injury (with some missing visits). Behavioral performance as well as spectral power were analyzed to compare the two groups. Brain WM processing were also evaluated by event‐related potentials (ERPs) P300, and corresponding EEG signal (ir)regularity or “noise” level measured by spectral entropy (SE). High SE means signal is more irregular and “noisier”.Results &amp; DiscussionBehavioral performance during 0‐back challenge was similar between the two groups, though mTBI patients had significantly lower accuracy than controls during 2‐back at the first visit. qEEG analysis revealed altered brain activities in mTBI group during 0‐back: alpha and beta power were lower in mTBI patients than controls at the second and third visit. Further, theta power during 2‐back at second visit were significantly higher (P=0.0099 and 0.0018) in controls (0.73+/−0.37 and 0.96+/−0.46) compared to mTBI (0.21+/−0.41 and 0.09+/−0.55) patients at the left and right temporal regions. When comparing regional theta power from first visit to second visit, controls were increased (p&lt;0.005), indicating a learning mechanism, while mTBIs were not changed (p&gt;0.10). SE analysis of the EEG signals during the P300 time window demonstrated more irregular or noisier brain signals in mTBI patients. These changes indicate neuroplasticity acutely and longitudinally after mTBI, consistent with learning impairment and “noisier” brain after mTBI. The spectral power and SE under WM challenge are sensitive measures of neuroplasticity after injury, and could be potential objective mTBI markers to help diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment management.Support or Funding InformationThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Efeitos do início da exposição linguística na consciência fonológica da Libras (L1) em crianças e adolescentes surdos

O presente estudo verificou o nível de consciência fonológica na Libras em crianças e adolescentes surdos bilíngues Libras/Português, com faixa etária entre 9 e 14 anos, com início da exposição à Libras, primeira língua, entre 0-4 anos de idade e após 4 anos de idade (precoce e tardia). A investigação foi conduzida por meio de um Teste de Consciência Fonológica da Libras (TCF-Libras) que contemplou os parâmetros configuração de mão (CM), locação/ponto de articulação (L) e movimento (M). O TCF-Libras foi apresentado em um computador com o software E-Prime, que registrou as respostas dos participantes (percentual de erro e tempo de resposta) no julgamento dos parâmetros CM, L e M. Os resultados revelaram efeitos positivos da aquisição precoce na consciência fonológica da Libras, corroborando com estudos anteriores sobre efeitos do início da aquisição da linguagem, em diferentes níveis linguísticos. Os achados reforçam a importância de as crianças surdas serem expostas à Libras desde o nascimento ou o mais cedo possível, o que permite o acesso completo de informações linguísticas, visando garantir o processo de aquisição da linguagem em período análogo às crianças ouvintes, e impedir a instalação de atraso linguístico e/ou comprometimentos futuros no desenvolvimento.

The impact of rhythm-based visual reference system in long highway tunnels

As typical weak visual reference systems, highway tunnels have low illumination, monotonous environment and few references, which may reduce drivers' speed perception ability and thus easily cause over- speeding and rear-end collision accidents. This study performed psychophysical experiments to assess the effect of interior visual environment on the driving safety of drivers by using the 3ds Max software, driving simulator, and E-prime software. A rhythm-based marking system was proposed to improve the visual environment of tunnels by arranging rhythm curves on side walls and note symbols on pavements, as well as multi-frequency markings (high, medium and low frequency). The accuracy rate of speed judgment and reaction time of drivers were analyzed by statistical methods and the logistics curve fitting method. The results showed that: (a) single-color rhythm markings enhanced the accuracy ratio of speed judgment by 3.33–11.66%, while multi-color rhythm markings increase this parameter by 3.33–25%. The accuracy ratio was increased by 18.33% for the second change of color in multi-color rhythm markings (t=72s); (b) for common highway tunnels, the reaction time of drivers showed a significant association with the driving duration in the tunnel. For tunnels with improved visual environment by rhythm markings, no significant relationship between the reaction time and driving time was noted, with drivers' fatigue effectively released; and (c) the driver reaction time depended on both the visual environment and driving duration. Rhythm markings in tunnels could effectively reduce driver reaction time. Multi-color markings had better effects than monochrome ones.

RETRACTED: The effects of perceptual load in processing emotional facial expression in psychotic disorders

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors and Editor-in-Chief. The Authors have recently discovered an error in the database that affects the results and, consequently, the discussion, conclusions and abstract of this article on the effects of perceptual load and task-irrelevant facial expression during a target-letter discrimination task in psychotic disorders. The error was discovered by the Authors during the analysis of new data using the same experimental task, but collected from a distinct clinical sample, and involves a systematic error in the database: pictures of one actor were coded as depicting the same valence (angry, happy, neutral) during the programming of the experimental task, regardless of the real facial expression portraited by the picture in each trial. As a result, the information provided by the ‘Emotion’ variable in the database, created by the E-Prime software for each participant during the performance of the task, was not correct. Because the Authors used the ‘Emotion’ variable to perform the statistical analysis, the results of lower accuracy for individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders in trials where the task-irrelevant stimuli are happy facial expressions - as revealed by a significant interaction between group and facial expression (p = .016) and between group, perceptual load and facial expression (p = .027) - are not correct, thus partially affecting the discussion, conclusions and abstract of the manuscript. Besides the ‘Emotion’ variable, the raw database contains the filename of the picture presented in each trial. Therefore, the Authors were able to correct the error and to re-analyse the data, and will proceed with the submission for publication of the corrected version of the manuscript. The error had no influence on the design and procedure of the experimental task, as the order of the pictures was fully randomized per participant. The Authors apologize for the inconvenience caused by these mistakes and agree with the retraction. The Authors advise all researchers to pay special attention when scripting/coding the stimuli to be used in the experimental tasks, and to confirm all scripting/coding with independent researchers, whenever possible, to prevent mistakes (Strand, 2021). The Journal apologizes that these errors were not detected during peer review.

The Lonelier, the More Conservative? A Research about Loneliness and Risky Decision-Making

Mountings of studies discussed about a variety of antecedent factors of risky decision making, however, loneliness, as a vital psychological state featured by affection, cognition as well as behavior, was seldom connected to risky decision-making. The current study aims to figure out whether loneliness would influence decision making under risks and the possible underlying mechanism. Two hundred and fifty participants attended our studies and completed gambling games via either pen-paper or E-Prime software. The results indicate that higher level of loneliness predicts less perceived self-control, which in turn leads to a tendency to avoid risks. However, this effect is only significant in gain scenarios rather than loss scenarios, suggesting there might exist an interaction between loneliness and condition factor. Our findings contribute to previous research by verifying that the preventive focused mind-set of loners can go beyond social events and influences decision making behaviors.

屏住呼吸对短时记忆的影响

目的：研究从集中注意力的生理方面出发探究屏住呼吸对短时记忆的影响，从而为注意与记忆的课题提供新的证据。方法：实验研究采用的是被试内设计，以0~9的阿拉伯数字随机组成的3~13位数字串为记忆材料。选取40名大四学生为被试，通过E-Prime程序来测量个体在正常呼吸条件下和屏住呼吸条件下的短时记忆广度的成绩。结果：1) 正常呼吸条件下与屏住呼吸实验条件下的短时记忆广度有显著差异(p 0.05)。结论：主动屏住呼吸对短时记忆广度有负面影响。 Objective: In this study the physiological aspects explore the impact of starting to focus on short- term memory to hold your breath, so as to provide new evidence for attention and subject of memory. Methods: This experimental study was designed to be tested within 3 to 13-digit string of Arabic numerals 0 to 9，the random component of memory material. Select 40 seniors were tested to measure the individual under normal breathing conditions and short-term memory span under conditions with bated breath to get through E-Prime software programming. Results: 1) There were significant differences between normal breathing conditions and short-term memory span under experimental conditions holding your breath (p 0.05). Conclusions: Holding your breath actively has a negative impact on short-term memory span.

The Study of the Double Color Matching of the Elderly Assistive Products Based on the Kansei Engineering

The purpose of this research is to study the cognitive preference of the old people in the color matching of assistive products. First of all, the elderly assistive products color matching was analyzed. Based on this point, the double color samples color matching software was designed, and there are 858 valid two Color harmony pictures were obtained. Secondly, there were 50 pairs of Kansei words were obtained through investigation and research. Using Multidimensional scaling method and Clustering analysis method, there were 5 pairs of representative Kansei words were extracted: Emotional-rational, Traditional-modern, Natural-technological, Massive-leggiere”, Rigid-soft. According to above, were aimed to give score to 20 subjects(Contains the elderly group and young group)through the E-prime software, using the Likert scale to grade 858 valid two Color harmony pictures. The perceptual evaluation value of 5 pairs of representative Kansei words with 858 valid two Color harmony pictures were obtained. Finally, the different cognitive preference of double color matching for assistive products of the old people was obtained through the statistical analysis. The results can not only provide reasonable color recommendations, but also shorten the production cycle.